ANALYSIS OF RIVER REGIME AND WATER BALANCE IN THE ĐETINJA RIVER BASIN

Author(s): Dragana Milijašević,Ana Milanović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

Water regime and water balance of the Đetinja River were analysed in this paper on the basis of a thirty-year data series on water level and discharge in the period from 1978 to 2008. The analysis of the Đetinja water level showed the mean annual water level of 53 cm in the mentioned period, whereas the lowest mean monthly water levels were in August, and the maximum mean monthly water levels in March and April. The average mean annual discharge of the Đetinja near Šengolj was 5.60 m3 /s of the observation period 1978-2008. The annual value of the average discharges was similar to the annual value of the mean monthly low and high waters. It has been concluded that the Đetinja River belongs to the moderate-continental variance of the pluvial-nival regime. The results of the research have shown that about 5.60 m3 /s of water is formed in the Đetinja Basin with specific runoff of 10.95 l/s/km2. Even though precipitation is not so low and ranges around 875 mm per year, the amount of the river inflow is smaller due to high evaporation of over 60%. Considering that the Šengolj hydrological station has been situated at 8.2 km from the mouth, and the station Stapari stopped working in 2002, there is an opinion that it would be significant to put the hydrological station in the part of the river course, as well as on larger tributaries.

WATER QUALITY OF THE DJETINJA RIVER

Author(s): Dragana Milijašević,Tamara Jojić Glavonjić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

Đetinja river waters аre used for water supply of settlements and industries in the basin. The length of the river is 75.25 km. Water quality along the flow changes.Results of biological and chemical analysis indicate the degradation of river ecosystems through the city of Užice and downstream. The problem of pollution and protection of surface water must be analyzed in detail because this is one of the most valuable natural resources in area. The paper describes the state of water quality of Đetinja, register the largest polluters and suggest measures for its protection.

ГЕОДИВЕРЗИТЕТ И ГЕОНАСЛЕЂЕ – САВРЕМЕНИ ТРЕНД РАЗВОЈА ГЕОМОРФОЛОГИЈЕ У СВЕТУ И КОД НАС

Author(s): Srđan Belij / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

By establishing the National Council for the Geoheritage of Serbia, with 16 working groups and a large number of experts, and by involvement in the activities of the ProGEO – European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage, a relatively new, interesting, and attractive activity filed was created in scope of the geo-professions, along with more favourable conditions and predispositions for a better organised approach and a more active relationship towards the geo-assets in our nature and for their more effective protection. Following the recommendation of the ProGEO – European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage, the Project "Inventory of the Geoheritage Objects in Serbia" was launched, with the purpose to collect data on proposals for the geoheritage objects that reflect the most important moments in the development of the Earth's crust on the territory of Serbia, with a recommendation to protect representative examples of particular value and save them for future generations. The working groups for geomorphology and speleology have collected data for a wider list of objects that, according to any criterion, fulfill the minimal conditions to be included into the inventory of geoheritage objects (210+80), from 650 and enlisted in the Register of Protected Natural Heritage Assets of Serbia.

REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE: PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY IN MOUNTAINOUS PART OF BULGARIA

Author(s): Nina Nikolova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2007

The aim of paper is to analyze temporal and spatial changes in monthly precipitation as well as extremely dry and wet months in mountainous part of Bulgaria. Study precipitation variability in mountainous part is very important because this part is the region where the rivers take its source from. Extreme values of monthly precipitation are important information for better understanding of the whole variability and trends in precipitation time series. The mean investigated period is 1951-2005 and the reference period is so called temporary climate - 1961-1990. Extreme dry precipitation months are defined as a month whose monthly precipitation is lower than 10% of gamma distribution in the reference period 1961-1990. Extreme wet months are determined with respect to 90% percentiles of gamma distribution (monthly precipitation is higher than 90%).The result of the research show that in mountainous part of Bulgaria during 1950s and 1960s number of extremely wet months is higher than number of dry months. Decreasing of monthly precipitation is a feature for 1980s. This dry period continues till 2004. The years 2000 makes impression as driest year in high mountains with about 7 extremely dry months. The second dry year is 1993. The negative precipitation anomaly is most clearly determined during last decade at study area. The present research points out that fluctuation of precipitation in mountainous part of Bulgaria are coinciding with regional and global climate trends.

КВАЛИТЕТ ВОДЕ РЕКЕ РАСИНЕ НИЗВОДНО ОД АКУМУЛАЦИЈЕ “ЋЕЛИЈЕ”

Author(s): Ljiljana Dimitrijević,Aleksandar Radivojević,Ninoslav Golubović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

The Rasina river begins on the slopes of the mountains Goc and Zeljin from the springs of the rivers Velika and Burmanska. After 92 km it flows into the Zapadna Morava, 5 km downstream from Krusevac, at 134 m altitude. In this study, the water quality of the Rasina in the territory of Krusevac will be analyzed, 35 km downstream from the Celije artificial lake, and also the quality of its confluents like: Gaglovska river, Trmcarska river, Lomnicka river. The testing of the Rasina water quality is performed on five profiles on the river itself, and on the mouths of its larger confluents. We will also talk about effluents of Krusevac industry and their influence on the water quality of the Rasina river, and about the possibilities of effluent control and removal of potential pollutants as well.

ПРИМЕНА ТЕЛЕДЕТЕКЦИОНИХ МЕТОДА И ГИС-а У ИСТРАЖИВАЊИМА ЕРОЗИВНИХ ПРОЦЕСА

Author(s): Sanja Mustafić,Predrag Manojlović,Slavoljub Dragićević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

Modern geomorphologic investigations of condition and change of the intensity of erosive process should be based on application of remote sensing methods which are based on processing of aerial and satellite photographs. Using of these methods is very important because it enables good possibilities for realizing regional relations of the investigated phenomenon, as well as the estimate of spatial and temporal variability of all physical-geographical and anthropogenic factors influencing given process. Realizing process of land erosion, on the whole, is only possible by creating universal data base, as well as by using of appropriate software, more exactly by establishing uniform information system. Geographical information system, as the most effective one, the most complex and the most integral system of information about the space enables unification as well as analytical and synthetically processing of all data.

ПРИМЕНА ГИС-а У ХИДРОЛОШКИМ ИСТРАЖИВАЊИМА - ПРИМЕР РЕКЕ ЛЕПЕНИЦЕ

Author(s): Ana Milanović,Dragoljub Štrbac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

The basic component of GIS technology (Geographical Information Systems) is the base of graphical data, which can be used for geographical definition of spaces elements- entities.As a new, modern, technology, it has more application in different hydrological researches. In GIS creation Lepenica river basin, it was applied softwares: Micro Station, GеоMedia, Surfer 7. Map and AutoCAD. After data base creation, it was enabled for users to get different informations of Lepenica river basin on the simple way. Getting data are used for creation of three thematic maps (altitude zones map, hydrographical net map and precipitation isoline map).

ГИС И РЕГИОН СКАДАРСКОГ ЈЕЗЕРА

Author(s): Dejan Radović,Milutin A. Lješević,Milan Kukrika,Toša Ninkov,Georg Džukić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

The Skadar Lake Region represents one of the most important centers of geodiversity and biodiversity for Western Balkan and SE Europe. The largest part of this Region has the status of the National Park since 1983. International recognition of the importance of Skadar Lake ecosystems come in 1995, when the Lake was designated as Ramsar site.The geographical information system (GIS) that we have created has provided an excellent tool for valorization and protection of all natural values and potential of Skadar Lake Region. The GIS of Skadar Lake Region is organized for the territory of about 4500 km2 and is divided (by type and format) into various data forms: Raster data: georeferenced raster topographic maps,satellite imaginary, digital model of precipitation, digital model of temperature; Vector data: geology, hydrogeology, hydrology (Adriatic sea, lakes, rivers, underground water, springs), soil,temperature, precipitation, irrigation areas, vegetation, biomes, border of protected areas, locality of important animal species, other important localities (archeological, cultural), border of NP, state border; Digital elevation model (DEM) -resolution 20 m and Database.Except of ecological conservation this information system will be helpful to a wide circle of users in the areas of natural, biotechnical, technical, economic and social sciences.

Walory przyrodnicze i zagospodarowanie turystyczne wydm śródlądowych na przykładzie regionu łódzkiego

Author(s): Elżbieta Kobojek,Sławomir Kobojek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2019

The common perception is that in the central part of Poland the only natural elements useful for tourism and recreation include valleys of large rivers and reservoirs. What is commonly overlooked are forested inland dunes. The aim of this article is to analyse natural values of inland dunes and tourist development in the lowland part of Central Poland, specifically in the Łódź region. The authors indicated the recreational benefits of that landform. Having different shapes and reaching 20–30 m AGL, inland dunes are a major element of the morphology of the plains in the central part of Poland. Recreation and leisure in such areas are facilitated, apart from the diverse land relief, by good biological and climate conditions which exist in pine forests, which grow on dry and sandy soil. The presence of reservoirs with sandy beaches located in direct vicinity of the dunes is an additional benefit of some of the region’s towns and villages. Those three elements (diverse relief, pine forests, and bodies of water) offer extremely favourable conditions for leisure in the plains. Forested dune areas have for over 100 years stimulated holiday settlement processes, weekend leisure near people’s places of residence, and the operations of recuperation facilities (sanatoriums). They encourage lowland tourism in the form of hiking and cycling.

An exceptional meteorological phenomenon, difficult to forecast.

Author(s): Ion Marinica,Andreea Floriana Marinică / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The paper highlights the emergence and rapid evolution in Oltenia of a Cumulonimbus cloud during a summer night, in anticyclonic regime and the disastrous consequences of the considerable amount of water resulting during the rain. “The disaster that swooped in the morning of 5.VI.2003 on the inhabitants of two neighbouring villages. Hundreds of households have been swept away by the rain caused by torrential rain. A cloud passed over the village of Ţîntăreni in Gorj, and above the village of Fratoștița, which belongs to Filiași, Dolj County, as if it had broken in two, letting the water flow over the village. The skies started down the valley, taking everything in their path - fences, stables, cattle, birds, horses, dogs. At 7.30 AM, the flood reached the commune of Tînțăreni, devastating hundreds of other households. The villagers say that the plague started at 4.00 AM in Fratoștița” (“Gazeta de Sud”). The paper is part of an extensive series of studies on the evolution of climate risk phenomena and climate change in Oltenia (Bogdan Octavia, Marinică I., Mic Loredana-Elena 2008, Bogdan Octavia & Marinică I. 2009, Bogdan Octavia, Marinică I ., Marinică Andreea Floriana 2010, 2017; Ion Marinică, Andreea Floriana Marinică, 2016).

Fotografia dokumentacyjna w naukach o Ziemi

Author(s): Piotr Czubla,Joanna Petera-Zganiacz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2019

From the moment of invention to the present, photography is used in science, not only for documentary purposes, but also as an integral part of research methods. Photography has found its place in art, and the distinction between scientific and fine-art photography often remains a matter of agreement, resulting from the context in which it is presented. The purpose of the work is to show the specifity of scientific photography used in Earth sciences and to point out the rules which govern that kind of photography, as well as to emphasize that established principles of image composition are important in scientific photography. Technical aspects important in geological and geographical photography are presented, such as: selection of photographic equipment, exposure modes, recording of photos and camera modes. The use of different types of composition in photographic documentation in the above-mentioned scientific sub-disciplines are analysed. The choice of composition rules is subordinated to the nature of the documented objects, phenomena or processes. Scientific photography is governed by different rules when documenting geomorphological forms or atmospheric phenomena, processes occurring on the Earth’s surface, rock outcrops or small objects; other rules are useful in making photography for archiving, location, reportage, re-photography and landscape. A separate issue is the preparation of photos for publication, where they function as carriers of relevant information, supplementing the contents of a scientific text or scientific presentation. In the era of widespread photography many random images are created. It is particularly important to maintain discipline so that information noise resulting from an excessive number of shots does not get into scientific photography. It is important to use the advantages of digital photography in a reasonable way, subordinating scientific photography to its primary goal – complete and clear information about phenomena and processes occurring in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

Historyczny układ hydrotechniczny w Jędrowie (województwo świętokrzyskie) zachowany w formach i osadach – studium geoarcheologiczno-konserwatorskie

Author(s): Paweł Przepióra,Paweł Kalicki,Sławomir Chwałek,Geoffrey Houbrechts / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2019

The water mill is one of the few objects in the Old Polish Industrial District that have been preserved in good condition. This also applies to the remains of hydrotechnical infrastructure that are still visible in the relief and traces of its functioning preserved in the sediments of the Kamionka River floodplain. Detailed analyzes using specialized research methods supported by a query of historical materials revealed the location of individual elements of this infrastructure, i.e. former reservoir, mill race, dyke. Part of this infrastructure is well preserved in the relief and visible on the digital elevation model. Other historical metallurgical activity traces are only visible after macro- and microscopic analysis of lacustrine and overbank sediments, i.e. charcoals, slags and microscopic iron balls. A forge operated in the place of the restored mill or nearby, as proven by archival materials. Currently, the water mill is being restored, and the research presented in the article was used to take this object along with the nearest surroundings under protection as a technical monument.

Zmiany w rzeźbie i problem zagospodarowania obszarów po wydobyciu surowców skalnych na przykładzie okolic Tarnowej (Polska Centralna)

Author(s): Daniel Przybyszewski,Maja Kruszyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2019

The purpose of the article is to determine changes in the development and relief of the post-extractive area that result from transformations related to aggregate mining. The area around the gravel quarry in Tarnowa was selected as the test area. On the basis of cartographic summaries and analyzes, changes in the topography were shown. Thanks to the field study using a drone, the development of the area after and during the exploitation of natural aggregate was presented. The direction of forest remediation in which the changes are heading is indicated. The concept of special reclamation was introduced, which will allow the development and use of post-mining areas in an alternative way.

Góra Zelce jako walor geoturystyczny Wyżyny Woźnicko-Wieluńskiej z uwzględnieniem analizy geomorfologicznej

Author(s): Aleksander Szmidt,Wojciech Tołoczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2019

Zelce Mountain in the Wieluń Upland has been protected since 1971 by reserve protection regarding karst forms of the Jurassic Mound. As a rule of thumb, protection is granted to natural forms, little transformed by human activity. In the case of Góra Zelce and the "Węże" nature reserve, we are dealing with a strongly anthropogenic transformation. These transformations resulted from many years of calcite exploitation for the needs of the steel industry. Numerous excavations and heaps remained, as well as cave corridors, mostly devoid of dripstone formations. For most of the period of operation of the reserve, cave facilities were available to the general tourist traffic. In recent years, access to caves has been closed for environmental reasons. The article presents the results of research on the transformation of the relief and the condition of the caves. The authors point to the possibility of limiting the reserve protection in the studied area.

Ocena gleb piaszczystych o opadowo-retencyjnym typie zasilania wodą na podstawie badania eksperymentalnego dotyczącego podsiąku kapilarnego

Author(s): Wojciech Tołoczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2019

Fine-grained sand was used in the experiment. It was confirmed that the capillary underflow increases soil moisture and slows down the flow of rainwater. The article demonstrates that capillary rise also occurs in soils made of sand. In sandy soils, the occurrence of groundwater is very important, because it affects the increase of humidity in the entire soil profile. Depriving sandy soil of the possibility of using groundwater (e.g. within the depression cone) prevents the best use of rainwater and causes worse humidity conditions.

Prace opublikowane w czasopiśmie Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Geographica Physica w latach 1997–2019

Author(s): Zbigniew Rdzany / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2019

Various aspects of dryness in Serbia

Author(s): Haim Kutiel,Jelena Luković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In this manuscript we analyze daily rainfall observational records from 22 weather stations located in different regions over Serbia in the period 1949-2007. We examine the characteristics of dryness by using the Dry Days Since Last Rain - DDSLR approach. In order to quantify the DDSLR we use three metrics for each weather station: severity, consistency and uncertainty. Results show that these three metrics vary independently of each other as well as that there is a weak relationship between them. Weather stations in the northern parts of Serbia, with moderate annual amount of rainfall less than 650 mm, present higher dryness conditions whereas the lowest values were obtained for central parts in Serbia. Limited number of studies examined drying tendencies in Serbia and neighboring countries so far. We consider Serbia as an area of particular interest because of its position in a frontier between Mediterranean conditions on the southwest and the continental inland.

Climate anomalies in south-west Romania in the spring of 2020, in the context of climate change

Author(s): Ion Marinica,Andreea Floriana Marinică / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The paper analyzes the climatic anomalies in Oltenia that occurred in spring 2020. After the Mediterranean winter of 2019-2020, the spring was excessively early on large areas, and on average very early. As a result, the vegetation started to develop very early, since the first part of March, and the flowering of the early fruit trees took place in the first half of March. In the first two months of spring there were 31 days in which the daily minimum temperatures were negative and there was hoar and frost on the soil surface. Thus, in March, minimum negative temperatures were registered in the intervals: 1.III, 6.III, 16-19.III, 23-31.III, ie 15 days. In April, minimum negative temperatures were registered in the intervals: 1-10.IV, 15-16. IV, 23-25.IV and 27.IV, totaling 16 days. The cooling of the weather culminated with the interval 22-25.III, in which the highest amounts of precipitation were registered in March but also in the whole cold season 2019-2020. There were blizzards that deposited a consistent layer of snow and banks formed, lasting 4 days being the longest in the cold season 2019-2020. The intense cooling of the weather after the warm winters are destructive climatic anomalies. The paper is part of an extensive series of studies on climate variability in southwestern Romania (Oltenia) in the context of climate change (I. Marinică, 2006, 2008; Marinicǎ I., Marinicǎ Andreea Floriana, 2016).

High water flow periods for the rivers from Someşean Plateau.

Author(s): Victor Sorocovschi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The period of high water flow from rivers is a complex phenomenon, which manifests itself in the form of large waters and floods. High flow periods are an important phase in the runoff of rivers, both by their extreme nature and by the effects they can produce on the components of the environment. The paper analyses several aspects related to the periods of water runoff from rivers: genetic factors, frequency, and temporal and spatial parameters of large waters and floods, case studies of the most representative floods, environmental, social and economic effects induced by floods.

Genesis of the pleistocene hummocky moraines in the Moračke Planine Mountains (Montenegro)

Author(s): Mirela Đurović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 2/2020

The Moračke Planine Mountains, situated in the central part of Montenegro, were the center of intensive Pleistocene glaciation. Specific type of moraines - hummocky ones, which have not been recorded in the southeastern Dinarides up to now, were recently identified and investigated in western part of the Moračke Planine Mts. Moraine material accumulated on limestone basement, where several tens of irregularly distributed hummocks and similar number of bowl-shaped dolines have been carved already. The hummocky moraines formed in the glaciokarst landscape where the well-developed karst morphology has been shaped before glaciation. Pre-glacial karst morphology determined the direction of glacier movement as well as its main morphological characteristics (thickness and width). During the most intensive glaciation phase (МIS 12) the Lukavičko-lukovski Glacier, spread out from the central part of mountain towards west, reaching a length of 16.5 km. Due to uneven glacier thickness, the deglaciation process led to its breaking and separation of the lower and shorter part from the rest of the icy mass. Stagnant state of the icy mass led to specific accumulation of moraine material in a form of numerous hummocks, whose melting produced a bowl-shaped dolinas in-between. The paleogeographic significance of hummocky moraines lies in the possibilities of more detailed studies of the Pleistocene glaciers specifics that arise from their evolution in glacio-karst conditions.