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Właściwości fizyczne i chemiczne poziomów próchnicznych gleb Pola Mokotowskiego w Warszawie

Author(s): Iwona Szumacher,Michał Konopski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

In 2006 and 2018, research was conducted on physical and chemical properties of soil humus horizons in the Pole Mokotowskie Park in Warsaw, Poland. As evidenced by laboratory testing on collected samples, soil richness in nutrients and optimal water retention conditions for plants have been maintained. However, the structure and composition of the soil have deteriorated, as a result of which soil water and air conditions are disturbed. The reason for this is probably intensified trampling and organizing mass events in the park. Due to the expected further increase in anthropopressure in the Pole Mokotowskie Park and the resulting adverse transformation in the structure of surface deposits, the ecological function of soils is expected to be depreciating.

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Antropogeniczne powodzie błyskawiczne na dwóch wybranych rzekach świętokrzyskich w XX w. – przyczyny i skutki

Author(s): Tomasz Kalicki,Paweł Przepióra,Piotr Kusztal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

In the 20th c., after the disappearance of the anthropogenic system of small water retention due to economicchanges, on the rivers (Kamionka, Czarna Konecka) appeared-previously unknown during the Holocenecatastrophicalflash floods caused by hydrotechnical failures. Geomorphological effects of those floods exceed manytimes the effects of secular processes.

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Redukcja ryzyka osuwiskowego w Polsce - działania ad hoc czy strategia?

Author(s): Izabela Laskowicz,Teresa Mrozek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

Landslides in Poland are strongly related to heavy and/or prolonged rainfalls, therefore, are one of the natural disasters. They are included in the National Crisis Management Plan, because they pose a serious threat especially to property and infrastructure. Measures taken after major landslide catastrophes of 1997 and 2010 showed the need to develop a strategy to reduce landslide risk, that is to work out coherent procedures that will allow to recover and rebuild after the disaster, to prevent or mitigate a potential disaster in the future as well as to get prepared for a new catastrophic event by a forewarning. Two large projects implemented since the first years of the 21st century, namely Landslide Protection Framework (OP) and Landslide Counteracting System (SOPO), are important elements of the emerging strategy, which although not yet framed in one document, already includes two important issues - reconstruction and prevention.

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Wpływ antropopresji na zmiany przepływu Neru w przekroju Dąbie

Author(s): Paweł Jokiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The unstable inflow of allochthone waters and antropogenic changes in the supply of most of the city's left-sided tributaries of Ner changed seasonal pattern of outflow. In the last 70 years they also contributed to changes of the maximum and the minimum discharge values, as well as to transformation of the river flow regime and the annual hydrographs (mean values and extremes). The aim of the article is to analyse directions and magnitude of mentioned changes in a light of natural and human-induced changes. The analysis is based on hydrological data including seasonal characteristics of runoff.

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Użyteczność badań GPR do identyfikacji cech wewnętrznych osadów rzeki Wisły na obszarach NATURA 2000

Author(s): Anna Lejzerowicz,Sebastian Kowalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

The paper presents the results of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements carried out in Natura 2000 areas near Warsaw. The research was carried out in two research areas: the first was located on the Vistula River flood terrace and the second on the lower upper terrace within the peatland. The antennas with frequency 250 and 500 MHz were used for GPR investigations. As a result of the conducted research, the internal architecture of river terraces has been illustrated and the relief of the old riverbed is depicted in the area where it is covered by peats. The presented research results confirm that the non-invasive method, such as GPR measurements, is useful in the interpretation of the internal architecture of sandy braided river deposits.

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Zróżnicowanie i zmiany cech wypływów wód podziemnych w zlewni górnej Bystrzycy Dusznickiej

Author(s): Malwina Kozek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The study presents the assessment of spatial distribution, including vertical variability of selected features of springs. For this aim, the data obtained during three hydrological mapping sessions in the upper Bystrzyca Dusznicka river catchment in the period of 1995–2018 was used. Thanks to the long-term observation series, comparative spatial analyzes of statistical distribution of spring’s selected features were possible. Furthermore, the variability of temperature, reaction and conductivity of rivers and springs were estimated, assessing these parameters along the tributaries course of the Bystrzyca Dusznicka river. Results for years of various precipitation conditions were compared. Presented analyzes allowed to identify and valorize the factors determining the variability and changes in springs characteristics during dry and moist years.

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Warunki powstania zjawiska downburst nad Wrocławiem w dniu 30 VI 2016

Author(s): Mateusz Solecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article presents the issue of downburst over Poland. Strong downdrafts are a great danger in aviation, but can also cause damage on the surface of the Earth. On the basis of synoptic maps, aerological and radar data the analysis of synoptic and thermodynamic conditions of the atmosphere in which the phenomenon occurred was conducted. The appearance of the cold front over Lower Silesia and the occurrence of V-notch radar signature over Wroclaw may have suggested the formation of a storm and the associated downburst.

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Intensywność cyrkulacji termohalinowej na Atlantyku Północnym a susze w Polsce

Author(s): Anna Styszyńska,Andrzej A. Marsz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The work considers the cause of the frequency of droughts occurrence variability in Poland. It was proven, that the frequency of droughts shows statistically significant relationship with intensity of thermohaline circulation (THC) in the North Atlantic. In periods of occurrence of positive phase the THC frequency of droughts’ occurrence in Poland grows up and it is about 3.6 times greater, than in periods of occurrence of negative phase the THC. The sign and the value of coefficient characterizing the THC determines the drought occurrence and its duration time. Changeability of the THC is not however the only factor influencing on droughts’ occurrence. The analyses show, that the probability of the Spring and Summer droughts’ occurrence in a year with a positive THC phase is considerably larger, if in period of Winter preceding the drought, the sign of NAO index will be positive. At present (the year 2019) we are presumably already after the culmination of the positive phase of the THC, lasting from the year 1989. As the long-term course of the THC changeability shows the quasi- periodicity, we can presume, that the strong positive trend of occurrence of droughts, lasting from the 80’ of 20th century, will undergo break down.

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Glacial morphology of the Šara Mountains

Author(s): Ljubomir Menković,Milovan Milivojević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2021

The paper defines and presents the forms of glacial relief formed, most likely, during the last Pleistocene glacial maximum (LGM). A graphic and textual presentation of almost all glacial forms is given on the entire territory of the Šara Mountains, on both sides of their main ridge, from Ljuboten in the NE to the source tributaries of the Radika River in the SW. Based on the height position and spatial development of glacial forms, the height of the snow line (ELA) was determined, glacier types were determined and defined, which is shown on two overview maps representing Pleistocene glacial morphology and reconstructed Pleistocene glaciers referring to the last Pleistocene glacial (MIS-2). Since these are the youngest glacial morphological traces on the Šara Mountains, they are the best preserved today.

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Changes in the extreme air temperature in Czech Republic

Author(s): Nina Nikolova,Martin Bárta / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This study is focused on air temperature in Czech Republic in relation to selected climatological indices for extreme hot and extreme cold days for the period 1961- 2017. The number of summer days (SU) and number of tropical days (SU30) have been chosen as the indicators of extreme hot days. For the indicators of extreme cold days, the number of frost days (FD) and number of icing days (ID) have been analyzed. The analyses are based on the daily data for air temperature measured at eight meteorological stations situated at the regions with different geographical and climate conditions. The data are freely available from the website of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. The results of the study show negative trend of extreme cold events and positive trend of extreme hot temperatures. With a few exceptions, the trend is statistically significant at p=0.05. The trend values for the indicators of cold days are higher than those for the indicators of warm days. The results show a faster change in air temperature for the cold part of the year.

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Hidrologinių sausrų identifikavimas Lietuvos upėse

Author(s): Gintarė Kugytė,Gintaras Valiuškevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: -/2021

Globally, hydrological droughts are most commonly identified based on various indices calculated from water flow values. However, the water flow rate is calculated from a flow rate curve that needs to be updated constantly, so it takes a long time to resolve its true value. For this reason, the possibility of identifying a hydrological drought on the basis of hourly and prompt treated water levels seems much more attractive. 8 water gauging stations (WGS) operating along 7 important rivers and covering the hydrological areas of visas in the Lithuanian region were selected for the study. In this study, a modified SPI function of the R programming language SPEI package (traditionally used to calculate the standardized precipitation index, SPI) was applied for the streamflow drought index (SDI) calculations. Given how it was applied to the SDI calculation, just like the baseline data, this was the ten-day mean water flow and then the water level. The suitability of water level data for SDI calculations was assessed by analyzing the relationships between SWLI (Standartized Water Level Index) calculated from water level data and SDI calculated from water flow information. SWLI and SDI in all 8 WGS are closely interconnected. It was found that the possibility of recurrence of droughts of different severity identified by both methods is significantly influenced by the profile of the river bed in a specific section. In areas where riverbanks have steeper slopes, the SWLI and SDI similarly describes the water situation and the recurrence of droughts. It is believed that a modified SDI methodology (SWLI), which is based on water level data, may become a good alternative in our country for identifying hydrological droughts.

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SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERN OF TROPICAL CYCLONES: THE CASE OF CYCLONES OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Author(s): Bibi Hafsa,Raju Ahmed,Rocky Kumar / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

For the last few decades, the generalized pattern of tropical cyclones has gone through an unstable system transformation in the global changing climatic scenario. Thus, the broad aim of this research work was to explore the spatio-temporal changing pattern of tropical cyclones in the basin of the Bay of Bengal between 1985 and 2019. Cyclone track information data have been collected from Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) server and Bangladesh meteorological Department. The loss and damage statistics has been collected from different published sources. Geographical distributional characteristics such as mean center and standard directional distribution have been explored using the spatial statistical tool of ArcMap. The mean geographic center has been identified near the district of Bhola and Patuakhali. The cyclonic occurrences in the research area are oriented north–west to south–east according to standard directional distribution. Hot spot analysis was used to identify the most affected parts in the study area and found that there are no significant hotspots, but the distribution pattern is rather random. However, there are two minor concentration zones in the study area, one near Barguna and another one near Sandwip coast. SPSS software was also used here to analyze the relationship between cyclonic events and the loss/damage scenarios of the study area. The relationship between cyclonic velocity and damage of life and livelihood showed a strong correlation of .804 with a significance level of 99% (p < .01). Random cyclonic trends and patterns indicate a change in this region's climatic variability over the past 35 years.

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ESTIMATION OF SOIL EROSION DYNAMICS USING REMOTE SENSING AND SWAT IN KOPAONIK NATIONAL PARK, SERBIA

Author(s): Ivan Potić,Nina Ćurčić,Milan Radovanović,Gorica Stanojević,Slavica Malinović-Milićević,Stanislav Yamashkin,Anatoly A. Yamashkin / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Soil erosion is a global environmental and economic problem that is significantly related to land-use changes. Over the last decades, several mountain areas in Serbia were exposed to strong human pressure caused by winter tourism development. The largest ski center in Serbia is situated on Kopaonik Mountain within the boundaries of Kopaonik National Park, where the conflict between economic and conservation goals is rapidly growing. In this study, we calculated the sedimentation and surface runoff in three sub-basins in the area of Kopaonik ski resort for two years (1984 and 2018) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and analyzed the changes that occurred during the observed period. The results show an increase in surface runoff and sediment yield in sub-basins 1 and 3 and a decrease in sub-basin 2. The analysis of land cover change shows an expansion of evergreen forests, appearance of barren soil and urban areas, reduction of mixed forest sand pastures, and the appearance of deciduous forests. These findings indicate that in the area studied, the dominant processes are the development of tourism and natural re vegetation of abandoned agricultural land. Application of remote sensing techniques and SWAT contributes to identifying and monitoring land degradation problems and improving conservation and management practices.

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ASSESSMENT OF SHORELINE POSITIONAL UNCERTAINTY USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY FROMTHE EAST COAST OF INDIA

Author(s): Kongeswaran Thangaraj,Sivakumar Karthikeyan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The focus of this research was to assess the shoreline changes by comparing the satellite data from 1980 to 2020. The study area falls in the region between Kodiakarai and Nagapattinam of the east coast of India, which has frequently been distressed by storm surges and cyclones in the Bay of Bengal. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System(DSAS) detects and measures the erosional and accretional shoreline positions through the statistics of the Shoreline Change Envelope, Net Shoreline Movement, End Point Rate, Linear Regression Rate, and Weighted Linear Regression. The results show that the shoreline from Kodiakkarai to Nagapattinam suffered severe erosion of 17.7% in total with an average annual erosion rate of 3.4 m/year from 1980 to 2020 and the rate of erosion ranged between 0.1 m/year to 19.8 m/year. About 90.5% of the total shoreline was faced high erosion during the period between 2000 and 2010.The maximum erosion was about 1061 m from 2000 to 2010, the maximum accretion was found to be 1002 m in transects at Kodiakkarai during 2010 to 2020. After the effect of 2004 tsunami, the corresponding changes in littoral currents caused the drastic erosion and accretion in this shoreline. The DSAS prediction model shows that 19.3% of the current shoreline will erode in 2030. The maximum predicted erosion is 406 m at Kodiakkarai and the maximum predicted accretion is 148 m at Nagapattinam region. The coastal zone from Kodiakkarai to Nagapattinam needs special attention to prevent the erosion and it is recommended to build suitable coastal protection structures along the coast for sustainable development and to execute the coastal zone management for this region.

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Funkcjonowanie strefy krajobrazowej tundry na półkuli północnej na początku XXI wieku

Author(s): Agnieszka Sosnowska,Agata Kaźmierak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

The tundra biome is considered as sensitive to the climate change. Observed climate changes contributes to the significant transformation of landscape functioning. The aim of the study was to analyze selected climate condition and their impact on vegetation and soil cover in the tundra biome of the northern hemisphere. The increase in annual temperature and humidity contributes to the colonization of new areas by tundra vegetation and an increase in the thickness of active layer in the soil.

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Czasowa zmienność i przestrzenne zróżnicowanie ewapotranspiracji w zlewni nizinnej rzeki Łasicy

Author(s): Urszula Somorowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

Accurate quantification of evapotranspiration is necessary for understanding the water cycle at a local scale. At catchment scale, evapotranspiration might be approximated using remote sensing data useful in spatialtemporal analyses. In this study, the long-term and seasonal variability of evapotranspiration in the Łasica River catchment in the years 2003–2020 was assessed on the basis of data acquired from the SSEBop project (Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance). Additionally, using the index of precipitation utilization (WWO), the degree of precipitation consumption for the water demands of plants was determined. The highest evapotranspiration occurs in forest areas, slightly lower in marshy belts covered with meadow vegetation, and the lowest in agricultural areas and anthropogenically transformed areas. The spatial differentiation of evapotranspiration is particularly marked during the growing season, from April to October. Mean annual evapotranspiration sum is 403 mm, of which 96% falls on the growing season. Extremely low annual ET sums occurred in 2015 (329 mm), 2019 (342 mm) and 2003 (384 mm), while particularly high – in 2010 (455 mm) and 2013 (447 mm). In dry years, WWO is even 71–77%, while in particularly wet years, WWO is much lower and amounts to 54–58%.

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Piętra krajobrazowo-geochemiczne południowych stoków Kilimandżaro, Tanzania

Author(s): Iwona Szumacher / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

The aim of this paper is to identify and describe the landscape and geochemical zones on the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro. Characterization of individual zones was carried out based on a literature synthesis and author own study. The article contains description of four main zones and eight subzones. The Kilimanjaro’s altitudinal vegetation zones have proper description, but this overview provides a holistic description of the structure and functioning of the landscape.

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Changes in extreme climate indices in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Author(s): Slobodan Gnjato,Tatjana Popov,Marko Ivanišević,Goran Trbić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The study analyzes trends in extreme climate indices in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Based on daily maximum temperatures, daily minimum temperatures and daily precipitation during the 1961-2016 periods, a set of 27 indices recommended by the CCl/CLIVAR Expert Team for Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) was calculated in the RClimDex (1.0) software. Given the results, the extreme temperature indices displayed a warming tendency throughout the year (most prominent in summer). The positive trends in warm temperature indices were stronger than the downward trends in cold ones. The highest trend values were estimated for TXx, TNx, TX90p, TN90p, WSDI, SU25 and SU30. The extreme precipitation indices displayed trends mixed in sign (annually and seasonally), but all statistically insignificant. However, upward trends in R99p, RX1day, RX5day, SDII, R10mm and R20mm suggest an increase in the magnitude and frequency of intense precipitation events. Moreover, significant changes in distribution of majority temperature indices were determined, whereas shifts in precipitation indices were mostly insignificant. The observed changes in extreme temperature indices are related with large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns (primarily the East-Atlantic pattern) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. The negative correlation with the North Atlantic Oscillation, the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern and the Arctic Oscillation is found for majority of extreme precipitation indices.

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OD IMANJA DO ARBORETUMA

Author(s): Kasim Memić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 13/2021

Traveling through history, the area of today's City of Tuzla had a tradition of aesthetic, ornamental and dendrological arrangement of areas for rest and recreation in a wider locality today known to the public as the "Institute in Miladije". The level of arrangement of the mentioned area, which would have cultural-historical, aesthetic, scientific and tourist value, would be achieved by forming the Tuzla Arboretum on that area. Special attention in the Tuzla Arboretum would be focused on raising plantations of endemic and indigenous trees and shrubs from the territory of BiH

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BIODIVERZITET MAKROINVERTEBRATA ZOOBENTOSA NA PODRUČJU ZP KONJUH

Author(s): Elvira Jurida Hadžiahmetović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 13/2021

The negative impact of man on the environment, and thus on water streams nowadays, is increasingly present. Aquatic organisms are used as indicators of water quality in the research of harmful effects of technical and technological progress on liquid ecosystems. In this paper, the research of macroinvertebrate communities of zoobenthos of the river Oskova was performed, because the communities of these organisms represent a significant bioindicator of water quality. Samples were collected at the Zlača and Zobik sites. After determination, it was concluded that nine species were found in a sample of over a hundred individuals. The species found belong to the class Gastropoda, Hirudinea, Crustacea and Insecta.

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