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Review of: Lovorka Čoralić - Milorad Pavić, Vještina plovidbe: navigacija svjetskim morima u doba velikih geografskih otkrića, Zadar: Sveučilište u Zadru, 2021, 195 stranica
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The need has arisen to revise the dialect division of the Karelian language using modern methods for processing big data. This article examines how this task can be handled using the cluster analysis algorithm through the case study of one of the most vivid phonetic markers of Karelian dialectal speech — the distribution of front fricative consonants, which depends on a variety of factors working individually or together in different proportions: position of the consonant in the word, front or back vocalism of the word, presence of the vowel i in the immediate vicinity, etc. The source material for the study was digitalized and coded dialectal data from “Programs for collecting material for the dialectal atlas of the Karelian language” (approx. 37 500 units) filled out in 1937—1950 in 146 settlements in Karelia. Mapping of the clustering output visualizes the formation history of Karelian supradialects and dialects, and enables a more precise drawing of certain isoglosses of the phonetic phenomenon in question. The results of the cluster analysis were verified by comparing against the data derived by processing the same dialectal material with the Cognate analysis tool of the LingvoDoc linguistic platform, and against the conclusions based on traditional linguistic geography methods as published by D. Bubrikh and P. Virtaranta. We can conclude from the study that the suggested technique can be applied as the basis for dealing with dialect division of the Karelian language.
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Multidisciplinary studies of various natural archives indicate contrasting changes in the human habitat in the high-mountainous southeastern part of the Russian Altai during the last 20,000 years. This period includes the final stage of the last glaciation and its degradation, the formation of the last giant ice-dammed lakes in the intermountain basins and their cataclysmic draining, considerable transformation of glacial landscapes to modern diverse and mosaic structure. Warmer and more humid climate in the first half of the Holocene was followed by cooling and repeated advances of mountain glaciers. The general trend to cooling and aridization in the second half of the Holocene is the most pronounced during the last two millennia. Deglaciation and final drying of intermountain basins boosted a renovation of the local ecosystems and established an environmental baseline of human occupation in the region. The arid climate, widespread permafrost and low population density determined a good preservation of archaeological heritage in the region, which is located at the crossroad between East and West, North and South. This paper presents the analysis of previously published and new data including newly obtained 14C and OSL dates, which allow to correlate climatically driven landscape transformations with habitat of ancient communities and cultures shifting in the region during the last 20, 000 years, as well as to assess the anthropogenic impact on the environment.
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The article presents the results of a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis of archaeological and palaeoecological data. The aim of the study was to identify climatic changes in the habitat and their impact on the formation of the palaeoeconomics of the ancient population, on the expansion or reduction of the area of archaeological cultures with foraging and producing economy. Based on the analysis of palaeosignals obtained by a complex of methods (pollen, botanical analysis of peat, charcoal analysis, determination of the ash content of sediments), the following intervals of changing conditions were identified: 7400—6800 calibrated years before present (cal. BP) — humidity reduction, 4850—4400 cal. BP — an increase in humidity, 3850—3150 cal. BP — decrease in humidity, 3150—2000 cal. BP — stable humid, with 1600 cal. BP — moisture reduction, 1250—700 cal. BP — minimal moisture. Changes in conditions are consistent with changes in the boundaries of the subzone of the southern taiga and forest-steppe, as well as with the range of cultures of Siberian hunters, fishers, gatherers and pastoralists. The results can be projected over the entire Siberian region.
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The article presents the results of research on the reconstruction of natural and climatic conditions and human adaptation to them. In order to identify the evolutionary stages of the natural environment of the Western Caspian region in the second half of the Holocene, buried sub-kurgan soils and bone remains in the Bogomolny Sands 1 mound were analyzed. Spore-pollen, anthropological and isotope analyses were carried out on soil and bone samples. Bioclimatic fluctuations of the natural environment were established based on the reconstruction of paleolandscapes (soils, vegetation) and associated changes in socio-cultural factors (changes in paleo-diet, anthropological characteristics).
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Scientists face with many limitations that affect the success of dendrochronological dating working with archaeological (architectural) sites in Western Siberia. Here we analysed 134 sites and carried out the existing limitations of the method in different natural areas. As a result, a connection between the efficiency of dendrochronological dating and the physical and geographical conditions of sites was found. Created algorithm allowed to assess the potential of dendrochronology for the forest-steppe, taiga and forest-tundra areas of Western Siberia. The scientific results presented in the article can be used to solve the problems of chronology and periodization of archaeological and architectural sites of Western Siberia, as well as to increase the overall efficiency of the application of the dendrochronological method.
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W pracy omówiono zmiany usłonecznienia rzeczywistego nad Polską, zachodzące w latach 1966–2018. Zasadniczą analizę przeprowadzono dla szeregu rocznego usłonecznienia obszarowego, obliczonego z 11 stacji względnie równomiernie rozłożonych na obszarze Polski (zmienna UPLRK). Stwierdzono w przebiegu UPLRK wystąpienie nieciągłości, polegającej na skokowym wzroście tej wielkości w latach 1987–1989, a następnie pojawienia się w nim statystycznie istotnego trendu dodatniego. Zmiana przebiegu UPLRK i całkowita zmiana reżimu usłonecznienia nastąpiła w momencie zmiany „epok cyrkulacyjnych”, charakteryzowanych przez zmianę struktury frekwencji makrotypów cyrkulacji środkowotroposferycznej W, E i C według klasyfikacji Wangengejma-Girsa. Frekwencja tych makrotypów, poprzez sterowanie zmiennością cyrkulacji dolnej (polami SLP), steruje zmianami usłonecznienia. Wzrost frekwencji makrotypu W, z którym wartości UPLRK skorelowane są dodatnio, i jednoczesny spadek makrotypu E, z którym usłonecznienie skorelowane jest ujemnie, jaki nastąpił w momencie zmiany epok makrocyrkulacyjnych w latach 1987–1989, pociągnął za sobą odpowiednie zmiany zachowania się przebiegu usłonecznienia nad Polską. Zmiany frekwencji makrotypów W oraz E sterowane są przez zmiany rozkładu zasobów ciepła w poszczególnych akwenach Atlantyku Północnego. Tymi zmianami sterują zmiany cyrkulacji termohalinowej na Atlantyku Północnym (NA THC). W rezultacie obserwowane w latach 1966–2018 zmiany UPLRK odtwarzają zmiany zarówno warunków makrocyrkulacyjnych w atlantycko-europejskim sektorze cyrkulacyjnym, jak i zmiany faz NA THC. Pozwala to na twierdzenie, że zmienność UPLRK stanowi rezultat działania wewnętrznej dynamiki systemu klimatycznego, a nie stanowi, jak do tej pory się uważa, skutków antropogenicznych zmian koncentracji aerozoli w atmosferze. [The study discusses changes in the sunshine duration in Poland, occurring in the years 1966–2018. The main analysis was carried out on a series of annual area sunshine duration, calculated from 11 stations, distributed relatively evenly throughout the area of Poland (variable UPLRK). A discontinuity was found in the course of UPLRK, consisting a quantum leap of this value in the years 1987–1989, and then the appearance of a statistically significant positive trend in the course of UPLRK. A change in the course of UPLRK and the total change in the sunshine duration regime occurred at the moment of change in ‘circulation epochs’, characterized by a change in the frequency structure of the mid-tropospheric circulation of macro-types W, E and C according to the Wangengejm-Girs classification. The frequency of these macro-types, by controlling the variability of the lower circulation (SLP fields), controls changes in sunshine duration. An increase in the frequency of the W macro-type, with which the UPLRK values are positively correlated, and a simultaneous decrease in the frequency of the E macro-type, with which sunshine duration is negatively correlated, which occurred at the time of change of macro-circulation epochs in 1987–1989, resulted in corresponding changes in the behavior of the sunshine duration process in Poland. Changes in the frequencies of the W and E macro-types are controlled by changes in the distribution of heat resources in particular waters of the North Atlantic. These changes are controlled by changes in the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (NA THC). As a result, the changes in the UPLRK observed in the years 1966–2018 reconstruct changes in both the macro-circulation conditions in the Atlantic-European circulation sector and changes in the NA THC phases. This allows for a conclusion that the variability of UPLRK is a result of the internal dynamics of the climate system, and not, as it has been believed so far, the effects of anthropogenic changes in the concentration of aerosols in the atmosphere.]
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The article presents the results of research on the spatial dimension of selected aspects of socio-economic life in the countryside around Szadek in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a query of articles and notes from two provincial magazines published in the analyzed period: “Kaliszanin” and “Gazeta Kaliska”. It turned out that they contain a lot of valuable data, often unavailable in other types of historical sources. The research allowed to show the main directions of transformations and the variety of problems relating to socio-cultural issues, economic and agrarian activity and ownership relations in the analyzed area, and indirectly gave an opportunity to present the situation in rural areas in the Russian partition in the period after the enfranchisement of peasants.
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The paper discusses the issue of the Albanian ethnonym in the Middle Ages, starting from the fact that today they use the ethnonym Shqipetar for themselves and that other peoples know them as Albanians. It first points out the possibility that the former name was in use among the Albanians already in the 14th century, and then discusses the use of the ethnonym Albanians in the historical sources from the 11th to the 14th century. Since it originated from the geographical term Arbanum and was conditioned by it, the question arises оf how the ancestors of the Albanians were called before they came to Arbanum. Finally, the paper suggests a possible connection between them and the Vlach groups in the south of the Balkan Peninsula.
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The transformations of cultural landscapes are related to and result from environmental conditions and human impacts. The article describes the main directions of land cover changes in the vicinity of Pińczów in the years 1839–2000. The identified land use patterns were shown and discussed against the background of natural landscape characteristics, and anthropogenic influences associated with socio-political and economic situation of the region in the analyzed period.
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This paper analyzes the economic structure of the County of West Herzegovina. The study covers the period of fifty years (1961-2011), including five census years. Inaddition to the activity of the population, this paper will also pay attention to the population structure according to the activity it performs. Taking into consideration the factthat different classifications of activities were used in some censuses, the analysis will bebased on the classification of activity sectors. The development of economy in the 70’sand the employment of the qualified personnel caused the strengthening of the secondary and tertiary sector and some structural changes have been also achieved. The private business has been developing since the nineties and after democratic and all other changes in the area of the County. The cause of the poor increasing share of the activepopulation in the total is a depopulation, which has engulfed the largest part of theCounty, as well as the weak inflow of the active working population caused by reducedfertility and the burden on working contingent by aging population in 1991, that has multiplied. In the period 1961-2011, the number of young residents in the West HerzegovinaCounty decreased by almost 50%.
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The author is a geographer who argues in favour that the whole Croatian Adriatic Coast be called the Croatian Littoral, while the earlier region called by this name should be called Kvarnerski Bay (Kvarner).
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Cities play a very important role in contemporary international relations. We introduce the concept of city diplomacy in this paper. Many important themes addressed by cities within the framework of city diplomacy are those related to history. Cities often build their promotional narratives around them. We look at selected contemporary cities and their policies in the area of cultural diversity, taking into account the historical perspective. For many cities, the building of a community of memories and the running of a coherent narrative using history are becoming very important elements in strengthening their identity and image. The article will point to museums as an example of such activity.
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This paper analyses the case of Bolzano as a border city situated between Italy and Austria that had to deal with the unresolved issue of “difficult history” and “difficult heritage” after World War II. A particular emphasis is placed on the fascist Victory Monument as a symbol of the antagonism between the Italian and German-speaking population of the city, and the exhibition “BZ ‘18-’45: One Monument, One City, Two Dictatorships” as an example of dealing with “difficult heritage”.
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The process of so called “degermanization” of Wrocław involved, among other things, removing traces of German history from the urban space by displacement of former residents, changing street names, introducing new symbols and erasing German-language signboards. Despite the communist historical policy in Wrocław, many examples of post-German traces in the urban space have survived. The article describes Wrocław as a palimpsest, a city of intertwined German and Polish records, where old layers are not removed, but only given new meanings. It refers to the project “Spod tynku patrzy Breslau” (From under the plaster Breslau gazes), which aims to conduct a social register of Germanlanguage epigrams in the urban space. It describes the changes in attitudes towards post-German heritage over time, especially after 1989
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The impact of the geological and marine environment on the two islands is discussed along with its changes, based on the data obtained by the archaeological research and the geological history of both islands. As a conclusion a hypothesis on the site where the sanctuary of Aphrodite on Kythera must have been located is suggested.
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La decouverte de quelques pieces ornementales en ivoire clans une tombe a cremation du premier quart du Ill' s. av. J.-C. se signale par la presence d'un decor de lit funeraire. 11 s' agit d'un cas de rituel unique au sein de la necropole d'Orgame, celui de l'incineration du defunt a meme le lit de prothesis. Cette etude analyse l'origine et la typologique du lit, sa chronologie et les rapprochements entre les elements du decor preserves a Orgame et les decors similaires, identifies sur d'autres sites situes entre la mer Noire et la Mediterranee occidentale. Elle releve les nombreux exemples d'emploi de la meme technique et de motifs similaires. Elle met en evidence les coi:ncidences chronologiques entre les lits funeraires decouverts en mer Noire et la famille athenienne de Demosthene impliquee clans la production de lits, ainsi que les relations directes de cette famille avec certaines cites nord-pontiques. Enfin, elle etudie la signification sociale du lit decore, qui a pour but de faire ranger le jeune defunt au sein de l'elite orgamenienne, a l'exemple des cas livres par d'autres cites, de sorte que cette decouverte constitue un marqueur important pour l'histoire economique du site et de ses reseaux commerciaux.
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L'etude s'interroge a nouveau sur les particularites d'une frise avec griffons affrontes se_Eares par des elements d'origine vegetale qui decorent trois fragments d'entablement en calcaire decouverts a Mangalia (Callatis). On presente egalement quelques idees concernant une plaque en marbre sculptee avec un defile d'animaux, parmi lesquelles un griffon, de Histria. Enfin, sont egalement discutes des problemes du style, lies a l'appartenance architecturale et de la chronologie.
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The glass production in the areas of the Mediterranean basin, during the Hellenistic and the Early Roman Imperial periods experienced an unprecedented effervescence, regarding the manufacturing techniques, the raw materials, the specific vessel forms and their distribution, which radiated beyond the boundaries of the "civilized world". Glassware found in the Geto-Dacian sites from the northern Danube area is a testimony to this matter. The pieces found in the site from Carlomanesti, Buzau County, are not numerous, but they draw attention due to the variety of techniques in which they were made (core-made, cast-made, free blown), the materials from which they were made, and their use. The following of the contexts of discovery and distribution of vessels in the stratigraphy of the settlement raises challenging questions related to the pace of imports, the status, and the internal chronology of the settlement from Carlomanesti.
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