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Административно-территориальная структура области Сарай (дельта р. Волга)

Author(s): Evgeniy M. Pigarev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the administrative-territorial structure of the political center of a Golden Horde region (vilayet) known as Sarai, which was located in the Delta of the Volga River. Research history of the largest towns and their environs is discussed. The administrative units are characterized in accordance with the chronology of historical events. The life span of the settlements and the stages in their development are determined through analysis and comparison of archaeological, numismatic and written data. The process of urbanization in the region is linked to the changes in the level of the Caspian Sea. Suggestions are made about the location of the first capital of Jochi Ulus (the city of Sarai) and the name of Krasny Yar town.

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Локализация комплекса из урочища Гашун-Уста (Ставропольская губерния, 1890 г.) и выделение золотоордынских владений в Центральном Предкавказье

Author(s): Vitaly A. Babenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes materials of the Kumo-Manych expedition, 1860—1861, that allow you to specify the localization of the Gashun-Usta stow on the territory of the Stavropol Governorate. In 1890, the expedition found a belt garniture and a belt-bowl, dated by Mengu-Timur’s time.The Gashun-Usta stow is localized in the vicinity of the Basanta village, Arzgirsky district, Stavropol region in the basin of the Chogray river (North-Eastern slopes of the Stavropol Upland), known for its numerous burials of the Golden Horde. It was the area for summer and winter pastures of the medieval nomads, and it can be associated with G. de Rubruk’s accounts on Bеrke’s encampments.

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Находки половецких каменных изваяний как источник по изучению географии половецких кочевий степного Прикубанья

Author(s): Yuriy V. Zelenskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author reviews places where Polovtsian stone sculptures were found on the territory of the Kuban steppe and Eastern Trans-Kuban. First statues were delivered to the Museum in the late nineteenth century, and are still delivered nowadays. Before the revolution, there was no regular reporting about original locations of such finds. In 1950s — early 21st century, statues were brought from villages located on the territory of the Central steppe area in the middle Kuban area and Eastern Trans-Kuban. Finds of the Polovtsian stone sculptures are a valuable source on the geography of the Polovtsian nomadic camps in the Kuban basin.

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Новые данные по исторической географии золотоордынских поселений Нижнего Подонья и Северо-Восточного Приазовья

Author(s): Alexander P. Minaev,Nikita I. Iudin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Settlements located in the North-Eastern Azov and Lower Don basin are of great interest for the study of trade and economic relations in 13th—14th cc. both with the center of the region, which was the Azak, and between rural sites. During the analysis of the material obtained from the settlements, it is possible to determine the nature of the settlement: whether it was a small town or a rural center, as well as to imagine the degree of involvement of each settlement in trade activities, and to give an overall picture of the development of commodity relations in the region.

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Вопросы исторической топографии и хронологии золотоордынских городов Нижневолжского Правобережья

Author(s): Olga A. Ilyina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article represents an analysis of the Golden Horde sites situated on the right bank of Lower Volga, which have been large urban settlements in the Middle Ages: Uvekskoe, Vodyanskoe, Mechetnoe fortified settlements, Ternovskoe fortified and open settlements. At the present time these settlements are completely or considerably destroyed, which makes us turn mainly to the research materials from the 19th — early 20th century. Basing on the analysis and correlation of archaeological, numismatic and written sources and urban planning, the author presents the topography of the settlements, main archaeological complexes (fortifications, living and household facilities, burials) and determines the time period and stages in development of these localities.

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Памятники золотоордынского времени в степях между Днепром и Доном

Author(s): Eduard E. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author studies sites of Golden Horde time found in the south-eastern part of Ukraine. The nature and climate of this region has three zones: Seversky Donets, Donetsky Kryazh and the Azov region. Different natural environment in these zones conditioned peculiar features of sites located here. In the steppes in Donetsky Kryazh, with their nomad population, the sites represent some barrow necropolises, seasonal camps and some individual finds. The Azov coast, along with sites left by the nomads, yields some stationary settlements, most of which emerged in the second half of 14th c. One of them had an adjacent ground necropolis (Lyapinskaya Balka). The steppe also yields burials of nomad elite, including Muslim ones (the stone from Guselshchikovo). The largest and most typical sites are located in the middle stream of the Seversky Donets (camps, small and large settlements, ground and barrow necropolises). A group of settlements with pseudo Early Russian ceramics had existed there from the previous time period. Next to some of these, some large Golden Horde centers emerge in 14th c. (at village Maiaki and town Raygorodok). It is noteworthy that both groups of settlements coexist in the middle stream of the Seversky Donets during the whole of the Golden Horde time.The rise on the considered territory dates to the second half of 14th c. With the fall of Mamay and accession of Tokhtamysh to power, the region lost its importance. The ultimate desolation of these lands started after the western territories of the Golden Horde had been devastated by Tamerlane in 1395.

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Турецкая карта Черного и Азовского морей из собрания Государственного исторического музея

Author(s): Igor V. Volkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author publishes a Turkish navigation map held by the State Historical Museum (Moscow). It is executed in the manner traditional for the European cartography, yet with Turkish inscriptions using Arabic alphabet. The map shows the Black Sea with its northern, eastern and southern shores (the western part is cut off ), as well as the whole of the Azov Sea. The article minutely studies stylistic features of the map. There is a table with the list of geographic names found on the map (toponyms and hydronyms): the original Turkish spelling and transcription and their respective identifiable modern names.

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Об изучении городов Монгольской империи в Монголии и Забайкалье

Author(s): Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The results of the research of hillforts on the territory of Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal (Zabaikalye) region dating back to the time of the Mongol Empire have shown that not all of them can be considered cities. Some of them are palace or manor complexes detached from the settlements. The paper focuses exclusively on sites with undoubted proto-urban or urban status. Among these, first of all, the Karakorum in Mongolia and the Khirkhirin hillfort in the Trans-Baikal region. The history of their research, the features of the sites’ location and layout of urban development, as well as general characteristics of the finds from the cultural layer are reviewed. On the whole, to-date, a large source base about the cities of the Mongol Empire in Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal region has been formed, which allows solving important general problems related to the history and culture of the medieval nomads of Eurasia.

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Находки половецких каменных изваяний как источник по изучению географии половецких кочевий степного Прикубанья

Author(s): Yuriy V. Zelenskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author considers the problem of localization of the Polovtsian stone sculptures on the territory of the Kuban River and eastern Kuban area steppes. The statues have been delivered to the museum starting from the late 19th century and are still delivered today. Before the revolution, the findings were not always localized. In the 1950s to the early 21st century, the statues were delivered from villages located in the territory of the Central steppe area, from the Middle Kuban area, and Eastern Kuban area. The findings of the Polovtsian stone sculptures are a valuable source on the geography of the Polovtsian nomad encampments of the Kuban area.

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О локализации «Трехстенного городка» на Нижнем Тереке: некоторые вопросы исторической географии ХIII—ХVII вв.

Author(s): Evgeniy I. Narozhny / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

On Localization of the “Trekhstenny Gorodok” site on the Lower Terek: issues of 13th—17th-century historical geography.°In this work, an attempt is made to verify the information about the fortification discovered in 1930 by E. M. Krupnov, who connected it with the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site from documentary sources. A comparison of the fortress remains with the ramparts of Terek (Terki) city of 1588 made it possible to identify the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site with the place of inflow of the Terek and its distributaries into the Caspian Sea (I. Güldenstedt). Explanations are offered to the reasons of Terek city construction in the center of the former “Tyumen Principality” (“Caucasian Tyumen”), which had been established within the “Djulat area”, devastated by Timur.

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Город Золотой Орды Маджар по письменным и картографическим источникам

Author(s): Yury D. Obukhov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The researchers’ interest in Majar, a Golden Horde city in the North Caucasus, has become obvious since the 18th century and still exists nowadays. In spite of the existing seemingly extensive historical evidence of the 14th through to 20th centuries, related to the description of the city existence and exploration, there remain quite a number of questions, which attest to the fact that the sources available have not been extensively processed. The combined analysis (not ventured before) of all available written, cartographic and illustrative sources without exception, with the involvement of newly identified ones, alongside with the application of modern GIS technologies, will have a positive effect on the study of the Madjary hillfort site and its practically unstudied environs.

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Симболон — Чембало — Балаклава: семантика топонимов и особенности топографии средневекового города

Author(s): Victor L. Mytz / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Modern Balaklava is located on the banks of a well-protected winding bay. The infrastructure of the medieval town formed during the 6th—17th centuries and was historically linked with the Byzantine, Golden Horde, Genoese and Ottoman periods of its existence, changing its name from Symbolon to Cembalo to Balaklava. The paper offers a brief retrospective consideration of the etymology of these toponyms in their historical and cultural context. It is also noted that the topography of the ancient fortress and the town is characterized by an unusually low number of preserved microtoponyms and urbonyms that had formed in conditions of cohabitation of the population speaking three languages: Greek, Tatar and Ligurian.

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Мираж европейской Сарматии на фоне истории текста и карт «Географии» Птолемея

Author(s): Petr V. Shuvalov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Works of O. A. W. Dilke, A. Diller, P. Schnabel, J. Fischer and others enable the author to conclude that the handmade maps are descendents of Ptolemy's maps. An alternative hypothesis (i. e. that the maps were a later product by the Byzantine scholars who used Ptolemy's text) seems to be not very well grounded.

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Oportunităţi pentru oraşele în declin

Author(s): Mihai-Ionuţ Danciu,Anca Iulia ŢÂC / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic produced a series of drastic short-term changes in everyone's life and generated a professional debate regarding the long-term impact it will have on the public space. In the context in which we are in the twelfth month since its debut worldwide and nine months after the first measures in Romania, we can see its effects especially for those cities that were vulnerable until then: shrinking cities. Between March and December 2020, a number of specialized articles were published in the hope of identifying certain patterns of reconfiguration of socio-economic processes and the impact of measures imposed by the health crisis on public spaces. This paper uses classical methods of synthesis, analyzing the literature published in this interval to identify the first signs of pandemic effects in city life, especially shrinking cities. The results show that, in fact, shrinking cities are favored in the pandemic context in terms of phenomena that benefit them, by limiting brain drain to magnet cities and accelerating programs of projects to increase the quality of life by increasing the quality of the urban environment. In conclusion, the measures that can be implemented by local authorities to use public space in the most efficient way, taking into account the current conditions imposed by social distancing, are presented.

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Pre-industrial landscape of the Jeseníky region as a natural and cultural heritage

Author(s): Jaromír Kolejka,Eva Nováková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Small parcels of agricultural land are rare in the present landscape of Czech Republic and become the subject of interests of the state protection of the nature, the landscape and the environment. At the same time, such areas represent interesting subjects for the local administration as attractive tourist object. In the historical territory of Moravia (the eastern 1/3 of the Czech Republic), a regional inventory of areas with preserved ancient land use structure was carried out on all individual cadastral territories (focused not only on small parcels, but also on large aristocratic estates on agricultural and forest land originated before the main wave of industrial revolution Moravia, before 1850. The sites are still subjects to topic economic pressure on land consolidation. Their existence in the future is under threat and is decreasing every year both in number and size. The inventory results are presented on example of the Jeseniky region.

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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE IN SOUTH MORAVIA FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE LANDSCAPE, LANDSCAPE FUNCTION AND THE PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND RESOURCES

Author(s): Marek Havliček,Hana Skokanová,Bořivoj Šarapatka,Renata Pavelková,Patrik Netopil / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper focuses on identification of rare landscape structures in model areas of South Moravia with traces of traditional and regionally conditioned ways of farming, assessment of their significance in the protection of agricultural land resources, environmental protection, and provision of eco-system services. The potential of future use of these areas, the possible sustenance of traditional ways of farming, or the possible renewal of extinct landscape structures are other key topics of the paper. The aim of the paper is to find the answers to the following research questions: What are the surviving rare historical landscape structures in the model areas with respect to the categories of land use, how are they being currently managed? How are the surviving historical landscape structures in the model areas protected in the view of the environmental and landscape protection? What are the options of renewal of historical landscape structures?

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Grad kao solidarna zajednica: što povezuje gradove Lübeck i Dubrovnik?

Author(s): Ludwig Steindorff / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In this essay I compare the cities of Lübeck and Dubrovnik on the basis of different criteria: geographical position, age, size of the city and the population, urban topography and ecclesiastical structures. Notwithstanding many clear differences, Lübeck and Dubrovnik show numerous identical structural traits: the forming of the commune and the urban council, the building of representative town halls, and the presence of the mendicant orders. The common characteristics of cities on the Adriatic and the Baltic seas follow from the structural assimilation of the cities in the sphere of the Western Church in the High Middle Ages independently of the age of these cities. The more we learn about these cities, the better we recognize how the character of the cities as solidary communities was already formed in the High Middle Ages. The comparison of cities is one of the contributions to the integration of Europe in the mind of its citizens.

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Public and Private Space in Early Medieval Towns: Istrian Cases

Author(s): Maurizio Levak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the turn from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages, profound changes took place in the organization of urban life. Towns could no longer function on the same social and economic foundations as they did in the classical period, as it was precisely these foundations that underwent major structural change. A different way of living and earning one’s livelihood implied adjustment to the new circumstances, which was also reflected in the reorganization of space within the city walls.

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The Beginnings of Medieval Towns in the Slovenian Lands and Their “Founders”: Controversies and New Interpretations

Author(s): Miha Kosi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the territory of present-day Slovenia, there are 78 urban settlements which were created or existed as early as the Middle Ages. Among these, there are 23 towns and around 55 boroughs or market-towns. Three towns – Koper/Capodistria, Izola/Isola, and Piran/Pirano – are situated at the Adriatic coast of Istria and belong to the Mediterranean cultural circle, with a continuity of habitation since the Antiquity. In their evolution and features, they crucially differ from inland towns. Three urban settlements evolved in Prekmurje during the 14th century, and their development was rather specific, typical of the Hungarian Kingdom. All the rest (72) emerged within the Holy Roman Empire – in the lands of Carniola, Styria, Carinthia, and Gorizia. In this study, I will refer to the inland urban settlements that emerged in the framework of the medieval Empire.

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Dubrovnik’s Burgus of St Blasius in the 13th Century

Author(s): Irena Benyovsky Latin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are a number of studies on the urban development of medieval Dubrovnik, which analyze the basic way of its expansion beyond the old city walls and its spatial formation to the north, which resulted in the final articulation of its urban area and the construction of the new city walls by the end of the 13th century. But regardless of these research results, the level of urbanization in 13th-century Dubrovnik is still a matter of debate among the historians, archaeologists, and art historians. An especially under-researched area is the situation of urban space regarding property or possessions, as well as the location and residential mobility of specific social subjects and their real estate, which are all crucial elements in understanding the city’s urban evolution. This article aims at analyzing the development of Dubrovnik’s burgus of St Blasius as it was transformed from an extra-urban territory into a suburb and then, at the turn of the 14th century, into a central area of the medieval city.

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