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Instrumental, Intrinsic and Relational Values Related to Traditional Wood Pastures in Transylvania

Author(s): Tibor Hartel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This essay is inspired by my experience with wood pasture systems and rural societies from Southern Transylvania, as researcher, manager, and inhabitant of that region. The essay is intended to stimulate discussion and fresh thinking around value domains linking human societies with production landscapes. Consistent with that, the literature list is far from comprehensive but rather serves as an entry point for readers who are interested in this topic.This essay is inspired by my experience with wood pasture systems and rural societies from Southern Transylvania, as researcher, manager, and inhabitant of that region. The essay is intended to stimulate discussion and fresh thinking around value domains linking human societies with production landscapes. Consistent with that, the literature list is far from comprehensive but rather serves as an entry point for readers who are interested in this topic.

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Patarét – from Waste Management to Risk Policy

Author(s): Barna Bodó,Ibolya Lakatos / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In our study, we examine the waste management of a large city, more specifically how the situation of Cluj-Napoca’s landfill has evolved over the past period. “Patarét” is a negative example; it perfectly illustrates the types and possible ways of handling environmental problems, and the functioning of local politics. In this context, “waste management” is characterized by a “risk policy” that cannot really provide good responses to emerging issues.Our research and study are based on three research methods. We rely primarily on media analysis as a possible technique and methodology of content analysis. In addition to revealing what happened, press review is also a good way of capturing local public life and local politics because the presented topics as well as the issues held on the agenda give a lot of clues about the local conditions. Press review covers two things in this paper: our statements related to waste management are based on press releases, sources, and official websites. In addition, press was examined not only as a source, but we were also wondering in what contexts these subjects are presented and what interpretations are given. These sources were complemented by the experiences of our fieldwork and the results of a non-representative questionnaire. Our study meets the requirements of a case study, as the situation of Patarét (Pata Rât) is described and analysed as an example of waste management in Cluj-Napoca and Cluj County.

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Lake Balaton Priority Recreational Area – Local Governments According To The Lake Balaton Act

Author(s): Judit Molnár / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The issue examined by this study is part of the research project called “Roles and tools of local governments in the implementation of ecological sustainability” supported by NKFIH and launched by the Law School of the University of Debrecen in September 2015. The participants involved in this research examine which role Hungarian local governments have in environmental policy and in the development and implementation of environmental law (Fodor–Barta–Fóna–Bányai 2016. 19–39). Within the scope of this research, a focus-group interview was conducted at the Common Office of the Local Government of Siófok in June 2017, where the discussion was focused on the activity carried out by Siófok in the field of urban environmental protection and on the relevant regulatory tools. One of the questions we asked was whether there were/had been any environmental conflicts or ecological disagreements between the neighbouring/nearby municipalities. The deputy mayor representing the relevant local government and the office staff all agreed that “Lake Balaton Act is the common regulatory instrument, so there are not any conflicts. Instead, cooperation is implemented, among others, in the field of bicycle tourism.” Based on this statement, we will examine Act CXII of 2000 on the adoption of the Area Development Plan of Lake Balaton Priority Recreational Area and the establishment of Balaton Area Development Regulation indicated as a common regulatory instrument in this study in the light of the framework role of the above mentioned law relating to the area management and environmental activity of the municipalities in Lake Balaton Priority Recreational Area.

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POSSIBILITIES OF AIR TEMPERATURE DATA PROCESSING FROM THE METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS IN BRNO AND SURROUNDING AREA

Author(s): Karel Dejmal,Petr Kolář,Josef Novotny,Alena Roubalová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Statistical analysis of air temperature variability in the Brno urban area is the aim of the work. Datasets from professional, institutional and amateur meteorological stations were utilized for the 2015–2016 period. Preliminary results include the evaluation of availability, reliability, and usability of amateur stations´ data. Air temperatures of selected meteorological stations were used in order to complete individual time series. Different approaches were compared and evaluated. There are qualitative differences between stations due to the diversity of conditions of measurement and station parameters, mainly sensor placement, type of surface and spatial exposition. Five distinctive groups of stations were singled out following the evaluation of those parameters via cluster analysis. It was demonstrated that sensor placement and microclimatic conditions play a more significant role in air temperature measurement than basic physicalgeographical factors (altitude, longitude).

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WATER REGIME AND PREDICTION OF ITS IMPACT ON RIVER CROSSING IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF ZONAL LANDSCAPE

Author(s): Filip Dohnal,Marian Rybansky,Kateřina Šimková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main goal of the army is defence of the state, the fulfilment of which requires state-of-the-art technologies. Terrain analyses are one of the basics. The landscape affects almost everything and the water is its important element. From the military point of view, watercourses are considered as significant operational obstacles. The characteristics of watercourses, especially the water regime, are dependent on latitude and altitude, but also on the climatic conditions of the areas through which the rivers flow. On the basis of a publicly available database with hydrological data, an analysis was made of the river characteristics in different types of zonal landscapes. The water regime should develop very similarly over the course of the year. This hypothesis was partially verified using the statistical methods. The main goal is approximate prediction of the water regime in different seasons of the given type of zonal landscape.

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CULTURAL HERITAGE AND GEODIVERSITY OF LANDFORMS IN THE LANDSCAPE OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF OLOMOUC

Author(s): Karel Kirchner,František Kuda,Lucie Kubalíková,Marek Havliček,Ivo Machar,Vilém Pechanec / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Within the framework of the NAKI II project – Cultural heritage of landscape of the Archdiocese of Olomouc - research, presentation and management (DGB 16P02B014), we focus on the results that will contribute to the sustainable development of regional cultural identity through applied cultural heritage research in the cultural landscape of the area of interest. As part of the material cultural heritage, we include the landforms that originated from the conscious activity of man - the anthropogenic relief forms. These landforms complement the geodiversity of the landscape and are referred to as secondary geodiversity. Therefore, their identification and interpretation will make it possible to complement and enhance the diversity of cultural heritage and to specify the development of the cultural landscape. The first results from the area of Central Moravia will be presented with the using of the historical maps, the digital model of the relief DMR5G and the field research.

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ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF LAND COVER CHANGES AND LANDSCAPE STABILITY IN THE NITRA RIVER BASIN (SLOVAKIA)

Author(s): Matej Vojtek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The impact of human society on landscape is also documented by changes in land cover. Land cover/use changes in a basin frequently result in increased surface runoff, reduced groundwater recharge or transfer of pollutants. On the other hand, landscape stability refers to the share of (stable) areas that are identically used during the whole studied period. The aim of the paper is to analyze and assess land cover changes and landscape stability in the Nitra River Basin (Slovakia) in the years 1990 and 2012 based on CORINE Land Cover data. Geographic information systems (GIS) were used to compare and quantify the size of land cover classes (LCC). The landscape stability was determined by the overlay method using GIS. The LCC 211 recorded the most significant decrease by 1.97% (8826.64 ha). On the other hand, the share of LCC 313 increased the most by 1.22% (5469.72 ha). The total stable area represents 88.48% out of the total basin area. The largest share out of the total stable area was recorded in LCC 211 (50.85%) and 311 (27.11%). Economic development, accession to the EU and processes of (sub)urbanization were dominant driving forces behind the land cover change in the Nitra River Basin.

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DEPENDENCE OF OCCURRENCE OF FOREST FIRES IN VYSOČINA REGION ON TEMPERATURE AND ITS SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

Author(s): Martin Hubáček,Šárka Hošková-Mayerová,David Sladek,Karel Dejmal,Kateřina Šimková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The occurrence of forest fires is dependent on a number of phenomena. In addition to human activity, natural phenomena, including the weather and the spatial arrangement of the landscape, belong into these phenomena. In recent years there have been significant fluctuations in the weather and it is possible to observe periods with the occurrence of higher temperatures and minimum precipitation in the Czech Republic. This was reflected in the occurrence of forest fires. In the research, data series of firefighter’s intervention during forest fire for the period 2005 - 2015 was analysed in the Vysočina region. The influence of temperature on the occurrence of fires in the region was monitored. Based on the findings, testing for the potential occurrence of clusters of air temperature and the identification of areas with a potentially higher probability of occurrence of fires at higher temperatures were performed. Despite the fact that the influence of the temperature was examined separately, no matter the other meteorological phenomena, the initial hypothesis on the influence of temperature on the occurrence of forest fires was confirmed. Based on these results, spatial dependence and localization of areas with a higher probability of forest fires were modelled.

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ACTORS OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CITY OF BRNO: FOCUSED ON SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPERS OF HOUSING CONSTRUCTION

Author(s): Zdeněk Dvořák,Josef Kunc,Petr Tonev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For some time, the economic crisis of the last decade had paralyzed territorial and specific development projects in urban environments of the Czech Republic, as well as other countries. After many major development projects were suspended or canceled, territorial development activities started to revert to their pre-2008 state characterized by a large-scale development boom. In the long run, the construction of above-standard nonresidential (offices, administration buildings) and residential (suburbs and villas) complexes predominates. Recently, there has been an increasing number of resonating projects that focus on research, development and innovation, as well as culture and education. These are built either on greenfields, or, more frequently, in previously utilized locations (brownfields). Investors are generally recruited out of private, mostly multi-national companies. However, the public sector (cities, regions) is also showing activity in this regard. The aim of the paper is to present the current state of the functional and spatial aspects (morphology) of the development environment in the city of Brno from the point of view of developers focusing on housing construction.

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CITY SPATIAL STRUCTURE IN CASE STUDY OF THE RUSSIAN CITIES PERM AND SAMARA

Author(s): Libor Lněnička / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Russian Federation, after decline of the Soviet Union in 1991, has changed in many political, economic, socio-cultural and environmental aspects. These changes are visible in morpho-genetic structure of Russian cities. This paper presents a comparison study of two cities located in the European part of the Russian Federation – Perm and Samara. Both cities have many common aspects of historical development. The comparison study describes a sectoral model on demonstration of the development of residential, industrial and leisure time functions. The main objective is to prove joint development of both cities, the biggest flourishing which was the era of the Soviet Union.

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HODNOCENÍ RIZIKOVOSTI ÚZEMÍ OBCE PRO PŘÍPAD PŘÍVALOVÉ POVODNĚ

Author(s): Jaromír Kolejka,Petr RAPANT,Tomáš Krejčík / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The flash floods forecasting is struggling mainly with extraordinary irregularities in origin of causal precipitations. They only in conjunction with the territory water saturation caused by antecedent precipitations start effect of other local factors that can consequences of short-term extreme precipitation either worsen or mitigate vice versa. Other community area features represent a permanent potential for an adequate territory response after heavy rains. According to current knowledge, it is possible to assess the flash floods hazard of a particular territory in case of extreme precipitation in advance. If such precipitations are already on the ground, or if they are just coming up in the atmosphere, the local flood control headquarters has at least time enough to call alarm and issue a flood warning. In the ideal case, it is possible to incorporate such area assessment into the concept of decision-making of the disaster staff and to insert it into the master plan documentation. The aim of this text is to present above mentioned original method, which can be used in authomatic GIS environment by public administration as well as other users. Suggested procedure is based on automatic hydrologic modelling in ArcGIS platform in combination with advanced digital terrain model.

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Antropomorfik Kapların Anadolu Coğrafyasındaki Tipolojisi

Author(s): Göknil Arda / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

In this study we examined “The Anthropomorphic Vessels of Ancient Anatolia”. Because overcoming some deficiencies related to this topic which we have noticed during our researches on prehistoric culture will make new contributions to our field and also reveal the international linkages in this field. In other words, it will emphasize the importance of the cultural flow between the nations and accordingly will contribute to the global integrity of this field. In our study anthropomorphic vessels unearthed in Anatolian geographical regions, and the chronological typology of the anthropomorphism, and figuration and adornment in those vessels found in Anatolia was set up by us.

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VESNICE JAKO SPONTÁNNĚ VZNIKLÁ BIOCENTRA A ZÁSOBNÍKY BIODIVERZITY V SOUČASNÉ ČESKÉ ZEMĚDĚLSKÉ KRAJINĚ

Author(s): MICHAEL PONDĚLÍČEK,VLADIMÍRA ŠILHÁNKOVÁ / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Villages and their functions in the landscape have changed significantly, and the 21st century has brought with it a number of problems in the functioning of village settlements and the rural landscape. The aim of the paper is to analyze the role of the current village in the landscape and biodiversity in the landscape and to outline the possibilities of its functioning in this system and its further development. The work is processed mainly by means of the method of terrain and local surveys. The analysis shows that throughout the 20th century the possibilities of animal and plant move in the landscape decreased and diversity in the form of gardens, cemeteries, parks and other green formations was concentrated in settlements and their immediate vicinity. Contemporary villages and smaller towns have already had a relatively stabilized strip of greenery around them, which was created together with ensuring a quality environment (e.g., soundproofing or sun elimination). This, on the other hand, allowed animals that had not been common in settlements to move into villages. To our surprise, the villages become a treasure trove of biodiversity and the preservation of fragments of important habitats from previous stages of development. The care of intra-settlement greenery thus faces a new, as yet unknown, task - how to maintain and further develop this newly created biodiversity.

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DE MEGA A META

Author(s): Paweł Wiechetek / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

This chapter proposes a reinterpretation of the history of Central America through the lens of infrastructure megaprojects. It is time-transcending, intercultural and transdisciplinary look that connects the apparently heterogeneous elements: the temporality of the “Long Count” and the “Short Count”; the “lifeworlds” and the “world-system”; The North- and Latin American cultural perspective; the fields of technology, politics, and literature. The cases of the Panama Canal, the Inter-American Highway and the large dams illustrate how megaprojects exceed their physical structure and their immediate functions, extending to an entire assembly of the “world-system” (the geopolitics of extractivism, finance, logistics, etc.). Currently, a transition from the “MEGA” to the “META” dimension of the projects is being observed. Infrastructure is presented as a “constitution” of globalization processes, where water, land, energy, air, and digital environments produce new space-time connections.

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EL DESARROLLO REGIONAL DE AMÉRICA CENTRAL

Author(s): Mirosława Czerny,Katarzyna Dembicz / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Different plans that integrate the vision of a regional development (national and supranational) are essential for the proper and coordinated administrative, economic and social management of any territory. The centralist forces were always the most opposed to this process, especially in Central America. The objective of this chapter is to present the experiences of the Central American countries in this field, in order to create a broad historical overview and reference for the next case studies analyzed in this book, dedicated to the hydroelectric, mining and tourism megaprojects. Large infrastructures, as we will see, are an immanent part of land management and regional development plans.

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OPORTUNIDADES Y DESAFÍOS DEL SECTOR ENERGÉTICO EN AMÉRICA CENTRAL

Author(s): José Rodrigo Rojas M.,Katarzyna Dembicz / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Central America over the last century has experienced a profound transformation of the energy sector, choosing to develop electricity production based on renewable sources. This policy led to the diversification of sources, to a process of regional integration in order to strengthen the electrical grid system, but also to construct large hydroelectric plants, which are not indifferent to the society and environment. Using two different cases (Reventazón and Barro Blanco hydropower plants), the authors of this chapter will show the effects of the construction of these mega infrastructures, making references to the Central American reality and the challenges faced by the countries of this region.

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MEGAPROYECTOS TURÍSTICOS EN AMÉRICA CENTRAL

Author(s): Katarzyna Dembicz,Mirosława Czerny,Xinia Carrillo Sánchez / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The authors of this chapter make a critical analysis of the tourism sector in Central America, taking as an example the cases of the province of Guanacaste in Costa Rica and the coastal area of Bahía de Tela in Honduras. Foreign investments are of our special interest, as large hotel projects have negative impact on natural environment and local communities. The principal goal is to make visible the challenges to be solved, of environmental, social, economic, and political nature. At the same time, we try to show the origins of the social conflicts that these areas present, and that certainly result from the mutual misunderstanding, between the social actors that interact in these spaces and their visions about the future of the areas in which the megaprojects are located.

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LA MINERÍA AURÍFER A CENTROAMERICANA

Author(s): Hélène Roux / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Mining in Central America, although not outstanding on a Latin American and global scale, does have a decisive impact on the national and local reality. The importance that the mining sector has acquired in the region in recent years is measured by its dynamic growth, and with it also very negative consequences come into view, both socio-cultural and environmental, of the projects that are already operating as well as those yet to come. This article analyzes the dilemmas and conflicts around the industrial gold mining in Nicaragua, from a historical perspective and based on two different case studies, Mina La India and Mina La Libertad where the population has practiced artisanal mining for decades.

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EL DEBATE SOBRE MEGAPROYECTOS MINEROS Y ENERGÉTICOS EN LA PRENSA NACIONAL DE NICARAGUA, COSTA RICA Y PANAMÁ

Author(s): Ewelina Biczyńska / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Megaprojects are often perceived and executed as a mean to stimulate development. Many Central American countries and their local communities are currently facing large hydroelectric or mining projects, which are supposed to improve the well-being of the population, through the foreign investment they attract and the expected economic growth. The implementation of such mega infrastructures rarely becomes a topic of public debate. Therefore, in order to identify different positions and attitudes towards megaprojects, this chapter proposes a deep analysis of information articles through selected texts from the Central American national press. At the same time, the megaproject is considered to be a metaphor for development and from this perspective the topic of large investments is approached. This chapter presents the results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the articles in the daily press, dedicated to mining and hydroelectric projects in Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, taking into account their political-economic contexts, the social actors involved and megaprojects’ image created in journalistic narratives.

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CONCLUSIONES

Author(s): Katarzyna Dembicz / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

This book presents a comprehensive historical and political analysis of the largest and most significant megaprojects in tourism, energy, and mining in the context of the development and modernization process in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. At the same time, it describes the methods of implementation of these infrastructure projects and their socio-environmental impacts. It is characterized by a comprehensive, trans-sectoral and comparative approach that includes political, geostrategic, economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions. The interdisciplinary nature of the research perspectives is closely related to the diversity of authors who are members of the research group funded by the National Science Center (https://dissonance.wn.uw.edu.pl/). The presence of geographers, political scientists, sociologists, economists, and those with research experience in international relations, anthropology, and environmental protection allowed for the sharing of experiences and practices around cross-cutting and cross-thematic issues.

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