УСТОЙЧИВОТО РАЗВИТИЕ НА АКАДЕМИЧНИЯ СЪСТАВ И ПРОДЪЛЖАВАЩАТА РЕФОРМА В ПРАВНАТА МУ РЕГЛАМЕНТАЦИЯ

Author(s): Ekaterina Salkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In 2010, the Bulgarian legislator initiated amendments to the legal framework of academic development, aimed at introducing a decentralized approach to the awarding of academic degrees and the occupation of academic positions. These amendments received contradictory evaluation, and the substantial decline in the quality of scientific production as a result of their application cannot be denied. This result has become the reason for the introduction of new amendments in 2018, focused on the establishment of minimum national requirements and efficient monitoring of compliance with the law and the academic ethics.

ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛСТВОТО ЗА РАЗВИТИЕ НА АКАДЕМИЧНИЯ СЪСТАВ В АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОТО ПРАВОРАЗДАВАНЕ

Author(s): Darina Zinovieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This study contains an analysis of cases during the period of implementation of the law until now. Cases are divided into three groups – general issues, substantive issues and procedure issues. The first part contains the matter of legal nature of the decision of the Faculty Council /the Scientific Council for the selection of a candidate for an academic position. The decision is an individual administrative act, according to the Article 21 of the Administrative Procedure Code. The Commission's decision on admissibility in a competition for an academic post is also an individual administrative act. The reasons are the same for both acts.There is a discussion about legal characteristic of the scientific jury and the differences in the two proceedings. When there is held a procedure for the award of a degree, decision of the scientific jury is an individual administrative act, because it creates the subjective right of the applicant to be awarded a degree. When there is held a procedure for the academic position, the scientific jury is an assistant administrative authority.Hypotheses are reviewed as the Faculty Council /the Scientific Council takes another decision, different from the proposal of the scientific jury. The study analyses problems in the calculation of impact factors; problems about additional reglamentation for an academic position in the Regulations of universities; problems about the procedural peculiarities in the return of the procedure; problems in the case of joint publications of the candidate with a member of the scientific jury, etc.

ПЛАГИАТСТВОТО ПО ЗАКОНА ЗА РАЗВИТИЕТО НА АКАДЕМИЧНИЯ СЪСТАВ В РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Jivko Draganov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The number of plagiarism cases is constantly growing in the recent years. The academic environment is mostly affected by plagiarism and requires special measures for limitation of such practices. The material studies plagiarism as a phenomenon and the possible measures against academic plagiarism. Special attention is driven to the new measures against plagiarism provided in May 2018 in the Law on Development of the Academic Staff in Republic of Bulgaria. Despite the good intentions of the legislator these changes will rather have a negative impact on the academic development in Bulgaria.

СЪЩНОСТ НА ПРОМЕНИТЕ ОТ 2018 Г. В ПРАВНАТА УРЕДБА НА РАЗВИТИЕТО НА АКАДЕМИЧНИЯ СЪСТАВ И ТЯХНОТО ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ЗА ДОВЪРШВАНЕТО НА ОТКРИТИТЕ ПРОЦЕДУРИ ЗА ПРИДОБИВАНЕ НА НАУЧНИ СТЕПЕНИ И ЗА ЗАЕМАНЕ НА АКАДЕМИЧНИ ДЛЪЖНОСТИ

Author(s): Hristo Banov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study presents and analyses the main amendments of 2018 in both the primary and secondary legislation. The debatable issues are also discussed concerning the means of qualifying a concrete procedure as an open procedure for occupying an academic position or acquiring a scientific degree. For this purpose, the problems are examined regarding what the legal nature of each procedure is, what its scope is, i.e. which stages of the entire lengthy process are attributed to its content. The significance of these issues is related to the fact that the amendments, entering into force on 4 May 2018, shall not have any effect on the open and unfinished procedures until that moment. In this context, the main contradictory theses are presented as to when a specific procedure is considered open. The precise moment at which each of the procedures under consideration is finally completed is also determined.

СБОРНИК НОРМАТИВНИ АКТОВЕ

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Облагане на доходите и печалбата на чуждестранни лица в Република България

Author(s): Ganeta Minkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article examines the issues of taxation of non-residents. The author focuses on the need of legislative change in the field so as to be created a common legal frame of the taxation on the income and profit of natural and juridical persons.

Културни ценности и римскоправни аспекти на закрила на авторското право от плагиатство

Author(s): Malina Novkirishka- Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article specifies briefly the legal terminology used in Bulgarian legislation in relation to the cultural wealth – “cultural wealth”, “cultural heritage”, “cultural values”, respectively combined with the modifiers “national”, “historical”, “world”, etc. Considering the entire review of this legislation, the law in its historical development doesn’t conform to the notion of a cultural value. It is assigned an “official role” – to establish order and conditions for protection and preservation of cultural values, which are public domain.In this respect, although there is not a legal regulation in Roman law, the main topic of the article – plagiarism – is essential in contemporary law on the protection of cultural values and especially for the protection of copyright. The article is dedicated to plagiarism related mostly to the works of fiction literature. The conclusion offers a brief overview of the rules and principles of Roman law bearing universal validity in modern times as well.

Музеят по българското право

Author(s): Angel Shopov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The analysis of the legal regime of museums searches for solutions to a number of issues, such as whether museums should be qualified as legal objects or as legal subjects. The latter prevails because our national legislator has recognized museums as a type of legal subject – legal entities (persons). The author scrutinizes museums' features as legal entities by clarifying their legal status and specifics in terms of the various general classifications of legal persons. In addition, some of the more important special classifications of museums as a particular kind of legal entity are considered.

Опазване и управление на движимите културни ценности: Проблеми и перспективи в дейността на Регионален исторически музей – Пловдив

Author(s): Tanya Yoncheva,Vidin Sukarev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In 2019 will be ten years from the repeal of the old Law on monuments of culture and museums and its replacement with the Law on cultural heritage. The obligations, practices and activities in the work of museums, provided for in the new regulations and adapted to the requirements of the contemporary world and European legal norms, have led to various issues and difficulties. Main subject of this survey is the application of the provisions, related to the identification of movable cultural values and their registration in museum funds in practice of Plovdiv regional historical museum. At the same time will be discussed and analyzed other topical problems and issues in the system of cultural heritage protection in both legal and museum work aspect.

Ролята на народните читалища за опазването на културното наследство – правни аспекти

Author(s): Ivan Karchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Preserving our cultural heritage has been of utmost importance through the years, regardless of the political and economic situation in the country. It is possible to assume that culture, in its most complete range of material and immaterial elements, is one of the pillars of one nation’s identity, both in its national and international aspects. Law is closely connected to public relations as far as our culture and cultural heritage is concerned. This is proved by the establishment of community centres – a unique form of Bulgarian cultural organization legally founded on freedom of civil communities and an act of charity. The present article is aimed at offering an explanation of the legal status of national community centres from their first appearance to modern days. Last, but not least, legal issues and offered for discussion along with proposed solutions in order for the community centres to function properly within the modern legal system. The public nature of such organizations, the need of their legal differentiation from foundations, associations and other NGOs by means of explicit legislation norms is emphasized. The material base, the economic activity of the community centres, the administrative burden their coordinators encounter is illustrated and the necessity for improvement in the future legislation is pointed out. Importantly, it has been almost a year since the community centres were included in UNESCO’s list for keeping good practices for safeguarding immaterial cultural heritage. In that regard, there is the necessity of state policy concerning the development of these purely Bulgarian cultural centres via good practices and the legal power of the local administration processes.

Търговскоправни аспекти на учредителния апорт с предмет културни ценности

Author(s): Izabela Petkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The richness of a people’s traditions, its national and conceptual evolution is preserved through the memory of its cultural heritage. To ensure its longevity and endurance in time, however, appropriate safeguarding is required. The profoundness of research predetermines knowledge not only of the classical regulations but also of the regulations that although seemingly not pertinent to the matter, underlie the arising of various legal cases. The present article is aimed at summarizing some of the more important internal commercial law aspects of cultural heritage related to company law. More specifically, the various prospects for making an incorporation contribution in kind of objects with the status of cultural values will be discussed.

A Few Remarks on Enforceability of Unilateral Dispute Resolution Clauses Involving Arbitration

Author(s): Aleksandra Orzeł / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Unilateral dispute resolution clauses, which are also known as “optional” or “asymmetrical” clauses, provide only one party with the right to refer a particular dispute to another dispute resolution forum than primarily agreed between the parties. Wording of such clauses vary a lot, thus one can distinguish between different types of unilateral clauses. There are unilateral jurisdictional clauses which offer one party the choice between various state courts. However, more often “optional clauses” involve arbitration as either the default dispute resolution mechanism, or an option reserved for one party only.

The Concept of an Individual Right under Union Law

Author(s): Herwig C.H. Hofmann,Catherine Warin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After six decades of development of EU law, individual rights under EU law are subject to divergent conceptual understandings. This is problematic since the notion of an individual right is central to the EU’s legal system and its implementation. Under the principle of ubi ius ibi remedium, the identification of an individual right grants access to judicial protection before national courts and the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), including in the context of claims to damages for violations of EU law. The concept of an individual right defines and delimits the scope of the possible direct effect of EU law in its Member States’ legal systems and is the distinctive characteristic distinguishing rights from principles under the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The notion is thus a central matter for EU constitutional law as well as EU administrative law. This article discusses various approaches to the concept and reviews how consistent interpretation and application of EU legal acts by Union bodies as well as by Member States legislatures, administrations and courts under a single notion of individual right under EU law could be possible.

Относно Закона за задълженията и договорите от 1892 г.

Author(s): Desislava Stoyankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article examines and presents the Law on Obligations and Contracts adopted after the Liberation of Bulgaria. The legal act is one of the first and most important acts in the field of civil law. It regulates the obligations, contains rules, regulating the trade exchange and stimulating the development of the economic relations.

Епохата при появата на действащия ЗЗД

Author(s): Angel Shopov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This study aims to point out the main historical facts (socio-political events, cultural habits and economic data) about Bulgaria in the decade before the LOC came into force between 1941 and 1951. An attempt has been made, free from ideological clichés, to involve our Law on Obligations and Contracts (LOC) in this historical context.

Злоупотребата с право. Исторически и сравнителен анализ

Author(s): Zhana Koleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The subject matter of this research is the concept and the regulation of the abuse of rights established in the Law of Obligations and Contracts (Art. 8, Para 2 LOC) and in the Commercial Law (Art. 289 CL). They are comparatively analyzed in respect of the leading national legal systems in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France and Italy. The study historically traces whether the general rule of abuse of rights is found out in Ancient Roman Law. According to the widespread doctrine view the concept of abuse of rights originates from the international public law3, which condemns the abuse of discretionary power of public authority. Nowadays the abuse of rights is also found in Private Law with its specific features. The doctrine debates whether the origin of the concept dates back to Ancient Roman Law. Some texts of Corpus Juris Civilis describe and prohibit certain human activities as unlawful exercising of a given right as the D. 39.3.1.12 and D. 39.3.2.9. are most often cited. By establishing these rules the ancient Romanists were guided by the rule: no malice – no actio. Though still in rudimental stage, these rules demonstrate the rise of an idea, which became a clear concept hundreds of years later.

За придобиването на статус на юридическо лице на религиозните общности в България и в някои други държави

Author(s): Ivaylo Vasilev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This research contains a short comparative-legal analysis of some legal matters in Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, France and Austria concerning the acquisition of a legal entity status on behalf of religious communities. It presents the differences and common grounds existing in the legal regulations with regard to differentiation of religious communities, mechanisms of creation of capacity accorded to them as well as some specifics that accompany the underlying procedures. Based on this analysis, a retrospective review of the selected legal approach of each country is made. The main purpose of this research is to set the focus on the fundamental principles of the legal systems in question and then to apply the findings as comparative reference for resolving related legal issues in future.

CIZINEC V PRÁVNÍ PRAXI. NA PŘÍKLADU KNÍŽECÍHO MĚSTA OPAVY MEZI LETY 1643–1670

Author(s): Viktorie Ghiberti / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht das Phänomen des Fremden, das wegen der Vielfalt von Interpretationsansätzen eine Unzahl von Fragen anregt, die nicht nur auf dem Gebiet der anthropologischen oder soziologischen, sondern auch der historischen Forschung gestellt wurden. Die historische Forschung arbeitet im Rahmen der Inanspruchnahme des Begriffs insbesondere mit dem Terminus des Fremden im Äußeren, der seinen Sinn in Menschen am Rande oder in sozial anders profilierten Gruppen findet, die jedoch bereits von der Definition her ein Gegengewicht zu der Mehrheitspopulation darstellten, d.h. zu Menschen mit dem Recht (der Macht) zu bestimmen, wer der Andere ist. Bei einer näheren Betrachtung lässt jedoch auch dieses gut integrierbare Wir ein Bild entstehen, das aus vielen und vielen Unsicherheiten besteht, die nicht nur aus dem äußeren Umfeld in Form von Personen erwachsen, sondern es können damit auch sämtliche sonstigen Störungen der sozialen Interaktion bezeichnet werden, egal, ob sie diese unmittelbar oder nur indirekt betreffen. Das ist die erste Seite des Bildes, die es für die Beschreibung des Fremden im Äußeren erforderlich macht, auch sein Gegengewicht – das Fremde im Inneren – zu beschreiben. Das Fremde im Inneren basiert spezifisch in Bezug auf den Forschungsgegenstand auf der städtischen Umwelt, durch die eine Trennlinie in Form des Stadtbürgerrechtes gezogen wurde, das die Stadtbewohner dem Stand zuordnete und die Anderen in einer den Ständen untergeordneten Position beließ.

SOUDNÍ PŘEZKUM HODNOCENÍ NA VYSOKÝCH ŠKOLÁCH

Author(s): Vojtěch Šimíček / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Básník a spisovatel Petr Hruška nedávno publikoval text nazvaný „Příkoří“: „Autorem Charty 77 je obrozenec Josef Machar. Poetismus reprezentuje Václav Nezval a jeho sbírka povídek Básně noci. V povídkách Kundera vyzývá k lásce, i když ne moc. To všechno jsem se dočetl v písemných pracích, které jsou součástí zkoušky z předmětu dějiny české literatury uměnovědného oboru na Filozofické fakultě Masarykovy univerzity. (...) Nedávno jsem odmítl uznat práci sestavenou z takových vět, jaké zmiňuji v úvodu. Vzápětí přišel dopis, v němž jsem vyzýván, abych to podrobně vysvětlil – studentka píše, že se připravovala velmi pečlivě, byla si jista svými znalostmi, na všechny otázky odpověděla v nemalém rozsahu a zdařile, takže v případě neuznání testu bude nucena stěžovat si děkanovi, který může podle zkušebního řádu moje hodnocení uznat za svévolné a učinit opatření nezbytná pro obnovení porušených práv studenta. Ano, přiznám se, že mne po dočtení dopisu sevřel strach, ač úplně jiný, než jaký zamýšlela dotyčná vyvolat... Neznalost, neschopnost dostát něčemu, není vlastně děsivá – vždyť k lidem přirozeně patří jako máloco. Děs dýchá teprve z toho, jak se dá z oné neschopnosti jednoduše ‚vybojovat‘, jak ji při ztrátě sebereflexe lze prohlásit za svévolnou újmu a pošlapávání práv a ukrýt tak – především před sebou samým – její pravou podstatu. Četl jsem dopis podruhé a uvědomoval si opět cosi obecnějšího: jak ochotně a často zaujímá člověk postoj, že když něco nezná či neumí, tak se mu děje příkoří.“

Nestabilita právní úpravy cestovního ruchu v čr a nová evropská směrnice nahrazující směrnici 90/314/EHS

Author(s): René Petráš / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Legal regulation of tourism is rather a complicated issue. Legislation governing tourism in the Czech Republic is undergoing many changes in recent years. The aim of this paper is to analyze the legislation and compare it with European laws. The new Czech Civil Code came into effect on 1st January 2014. The most important provisions in the Civil Code applicable to tourism are those regulating a package tour contract and timeshare. There is a special law within the Czech legal system, Act No. 159/1999 Sb., governing some conditions for business activities in tourism. This legal regulation stems from the European Union Directive 90/314/EEC. The interpretation of the new Czech Civil Code has not been stabilized. Act No. 159/1999 Sb., governing some conditions for business activities in tourism, has not been sufficiently amended. There has been permanent discussion about insurance to be taken out by travel agencies, and also about tourist guides. However, Czech legislation must respect European law which is now subject to fundamental transformation in the field of tourism. It is assumed that the key Directive 90/314/EEC would be replaced this year.