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The text contains the proceedings of the conference Democratic Institutions and Human Rights in the Context of Bulgaria's Accession to the European Union, 19 June 1995.
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This is the third successive year in which the Balkan Human Rights Network (BHRN) prepared and published a unified report on the state of human rights in the region. All texts in this publication were prepared by authors who in each of the respective societies in the region have been consistently and persistently observing and analysing the state of human rights. They are esteemed theoreticians and activists in the field of human rights. It seems that this year the preparation and publishing of the report unfolded more smoothly and more efficiently. Among others, this is no doubt attributable also to the experience gained in previous similar activities. However, whether or not the state of human rights in countries covered by this report has also improved, and did their protection become more efficient, is for the readers to decide. We present you here just a short survey of themes contained in the presented national reports, with no intention to offer "binding instructions". Albania. - The report on the state of human rights in Albania is starting with a common judgment that, generally speaking, the government is respecting the human rights of its citizens. Nevertheless, it is noted that many institutions within the public administration are not sufficiently aware of their obligations regarding respect and protection of human rights. The authors claim that corruption, poverty, non-transparent procedures and an insufficiently developed independence of the judiciary represent major challenges facing the Albanian society. It is stressed that there is still a significant number of complaints regarding the conduct of the police, although there is certain progress in the field of procedural and substantive guaranties for a ban on abuse. Widespread child labour and exploitation of children are yet another problem noted in 2007. There was progress regarding protection of the right to education, but there are still relatively frequent examples in which this right was breached, particularly in cases of discrimination. The authors also conclude that for the time being the ombudsman remains the only institution directly assigned to promote and enhance the state of human rights. Bosnia and Herzegovina. - Authors of the report on the state of human rights in Bosnia-Herzegovina are stressing in this edition, too, the specific features of this state's constitutional arrangements and their influence upon the realization and violation of certain guaranteed rights and freedoms. The report is specifically pointing at the fact that, despite being very frequently an issue in all political and legal discussions in Bosnia-Herzegovina, the realization of the right to education and equal treatment within it has not yet produced adequate legal and substantive results. As regards access to law and justice, the report presents a survey of legal provisions and the real scope of the work of institutions dealing with the protection of human rights: the institution of the ombudsman and constitutional courts. Finally, the report paid special attention to the legal and physical situation of the discriminated and endangered groups, particularly disabled persons. Analyzed are the most important aspects of the situation related to members of this population regarding the realization of the right to work, the right to education, the right to adequate health care, social security and access to objects. Bulgaria. - The Bulgarian report starts from the fact that the year under review is also the first year of this country's full membership in the European Union. Mentioned are the basic challenges, which are important both for satisfying EU's standards and for adequate and efficient guarantees related to the respect of human rights. Among these issues particularly important are those related to suppression of corruption and of organized crime, the independence of the judiciary and the efficiency of state administration. The authors of the report hold the view that certain positive developments were achieved regarding demands for respect of provisions on equal pay for equal work, the realization of the right to go on strike in certain state institutions and sectors, and the increase of civil activism regarding environmental protection - the Ombudsman and the Commission for Protection from Discrimination. Macedonia. - According to the authors of the Macedonian report, the authorities in this state are generally respecting human rights, and the most important problems are the misuse of police competences, widespread corruption, trafficking in human beings and discrimination of ethnic minorities. In the last year Macedonia has made progress in fulfilling (political) the necessary criteria for associating with the European Union, and has entered a period of consolidation of institutions in the transition process. In 2007 there was a negligible decrease in complaints regarding violation of civil and political rights, particularly those allegedly performed by the police. On the other hand, the number of complaints regarding violation of the right to education is somewhat bigger than before, and mainly related to violation of certain rights in higher education. The report gives a detailed survey of the functioning of institutions which protect human rights, and presents the situation regarding the right to work of members of marginalized groups. Montenegro. - For the context in which human rights are implemented in Montenegro of substantial importance is the fact that during 2007 this state acquired full membership in the Council of Europe, and that in the same year the state signed the Stabilization and Association Agreement, and also got a new Constitution which implies full capacity of institutions of an independent state. However, the authors point out that the negative consequences of previous armed conflicts, and of the policies and legal instabilities which for many years were present in Montenegro, can still be felt and were not fully removed. Reminding of conclusions of institutions which follow the reform processes in Montenegro, it is stressed that major concerns are caused by a lack of genuine and efficient reform of the judiciary, by the fact that there are no efficient mechanisms for suppressing discrimination (particularly of Romas and displaced persons) and no punishment of torture, by inadequate protection of the right of access to information of public importance and by failures related to guarantees and the realization of the right of children. Serbia. - The state of human rights in Serbia were strongly influenced and frequently overshadowed by the turbulent political events. The National Assembly was inactive from October 2006 until mid-May 2007 which led to delays in the adoption of laws - the Assembly adopted only 70 or so laws by the end of 2007. Only about 20 of them were totally new and nearly all of them were merely fulfilling the formal obligations laid down in the Constitutional Act on the Implementation of the Constitution. The main problems hindering the effective enjoyment of this right lie in the absence of oversight over the implementation of the Act and in mere misdemeanour penalties for its violation. Tolerance of discrimination in practice is above all reflected in inefficient investigation, prosecution and punishment of its perpatrators and in the lack of systematic and comprehensive legislation.
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The radicalisation of the protests in Hong Kong has destabilised its economy and public life. This contradicts Chinese Communist Party (CCP) propaganda of a region that since 1997 has successfully reunited with China. The Chinese authorities have not rejected the use of military force on the streets of Hong Kong but first will try to take control of the situation through the local authorities, who have reduced the freedom of assembly and authorised brutal actions by police. These measures break the resolution in the Sino-British declaration of 1984 and are violations of international law. If the situation in Hong Kong deteriorates further, the EU will be forced to take a more determined position.
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Radykalizacja protestów w Hongkongu destabilizuje tamtejszą gospodarkę i życie publiczne. Przeczy propagandzie Komunistycznej Partii Chin o sukcesie integracji regionu z Chinami. Władze chińskie nie wykluczają wyprowadzenia wojska na ulice Hongkongu, ale w pierwszej kolejności próbują opanować sytuację za pośrednictwem lokalnej władzy. Ogranicza ona prawo do zgromadzeń i autoryzuje brutalne działania policji. Oznacza to łamanie postanowień deklaracji chińsko-brytyjskiej z 1984 r. i stanowi naruszenie prawa międzynarodowego. W przypadku zaostrzenia sytuacji w Hongkongu UE będzie zmuszona zająć bardziej zdecydowane stanowisko niż dotychczas.
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The deteriorating security situation in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir is becoming a growing challenge for India. Reports on violations of human rights are increasingly publicised. The mass protests of the Kashmiris against the Indian authorities are not weakening, and the risk of escalating conflict between India and Pakistan is increasing due to more frequent exchange of fire on the border. It is unlikely that peace in the region could be brought about in the near future. Kashmir will therefore remain a source of internal instability in India, a flashpoint in the conflict with Pakistan, and an increasing problem for EU relations with India.
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Pogarszająca się sytuacja bezpieczeństwa w indyjskim stanie Dżammu i Kaszmir staje się coraz większym wyzwaniem dla Indii. Doniesienia o naruszeniach praw człowieka są coraz bardziej nagłaśniane. Masowe protesty Kaszmirczyków przeciw indyjskim władzom nie słabną, częstsza wymiana ognia na granicy z Pakistanem niesie ryzyko eskalacji konfliktu indyjsko-pakistańskiego. Mało prawdopodobne, żeby w najbliższym czasie udało się zaprowadzić pokój w regionie. Kaszmir pozostanie zatem źródłem niestabilności wewnętrznej Indii, punktem zapalnym wojny z Pakistanem i coraz większym problemem w indyjskich relacjach z UE.
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Protesty na Białorusi stanowią wyzwanie dla władz, gdyż obok haseł poprawy warunków materialnych – wysuwanych po raz pierwszy od lat 90. XX w. – manifestujący coraz częściej formułują postulaty polityczne. Jak dotąd białoruskie władze reagują w sposób ograniczony – nakładając kary administracyjne przede wszystkim na działaczy opozycji. W najbliższym czasie zapewne utrzyma się intensywność manifestacji, które mogą też przybrać bardziej masowy charakter. Niewykluczone jest jednak łamanie praw człowieka przez siły porządkowe. Dalszy przebieg zdarzeń może skłonić Rosję do bezpośredniego zaangażowania.
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Kada je 1976. godine pet Afroamerikanki iz Mizurija podnijelo zajedničku tužbu protiv svog poslodavca, multinacionalne korporacije General Motors radi kršenja Glave VII (Title VII) Zakona o građanskim pravima (Civil Rights Act) nisu ni slutile da će upravo taj predmet biti povod za razvoj nove teorije u feminističkim studijima, ali i novog koncepta u antidiskriminacijskom pravu. Tužiteljice su tvrdile da su zbog otkaza uzrokovanih recesijom, a koje im je poslodavac uručio na bazi senioriteta, odnosno dužine zaposlenja u konkretnoj kompaniji, Afroamerikanke stavljene u nepovoljniji položaj u odnosu na ostale radnike – i to u odnosu na druge žene, ali i afroameričke muškarce. Naime, prije 1964. godine, kada još nije usvojen Zakon o građanskim pravima, General Motors nije ni zapošljavao Afroamerikanke, a šest godina poslije sve su otpuštene jer nisu zadovoljile uslov senioriteta, koji je bio ključan za zaštitu od otkaza uzrokovanih recesijom. Tužiteljice su kao osnov po kojem su diskriminirane navele kombinaciju rase i spola – dakle, činjenicu da su one žene afroameričkog porijekla, što je bio osnovni razlog da postupajući sud donese presudu u korist tuženog (odnosno poslodavca) uz obrazloženje da nisu uspjele dokazati da su Afroamerikanke klasa koja treba biti posebno zaštićena od diskriminacije.
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Donošenjem Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije 2009. godine, Bosna i Hercegovina je napravila značajan iskorak u zaštiti ljudskih prava. Ovaj je zakon, najvećim dijelom prateći relevantne direktive Evropske unije, definirao standarde u oblasti zaštite od diskriminacije i predstavlja jedan od značajnijih uspjeha politike uslovljavanja Evropske unije. Pored činjenice da je diskriminacija u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) zabranjena Ustavom, kao i nekim drugim aktima, Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije, kao značajnu novinu, uveo je definicije svih oblika diskriminacije, te osigurao vrlo važne proceduralne mehanizme zaštite. Istovremeno, imajući u vidu da se član 14. Evropske konvencije o ljudskim pravima i osnovnim slobodama, kao i Protokol broj 12 uz Konvenciju, koji predviđa opću zabranu diskriminacije, prema slovu Ustava BiH primjenjuju direktno i prioritetno u BiH, to bi i u primjeni ovog zakona praksa Evropskog suda za ljudska prava trebala biti jedna od osnovnih vodilja. U skladu sa Zakonom o zabrani diskriminacije, diskriminacijom se smatra svako “različito postupanje, uključujući svako isključivanje, ograničavanje ili davanje prednosti utemeljeno na stvarnim ili pretpostavljenim osnovama prema bilo kojem licu ili grupi lica na osnovu njihove rase, boje kože, jezika, vjere, etničke pripadnosti, nacionalnog ili socijalnog porijekla, veze s nacionalnom manjinom, političkog ili drugog uvjerenja, imovnog stanja, članstva u sindikatu ili drugom udruženju, obrazovanja, društvenog položaja i pola, polnog izražavanja ili orijentacije, kao i svakoj drugoj okolnosti koja ima za svrhu ili posljedicu da bilo kojem licu onemogući ili ugrožava priznavanje, uživanje ili ostvarivanje na ravnopravnoj osnovi prava i sloboda u svim oblastima javnog života”. Međutim, ne predstavlja svako različito postupanje diskriminaciju. Zaista, ukoliko ne bi postojala mogućnost opravdanja različitog tretmana u ovom kontekstu, dešavale bi se apsurdne situacije. Tako je, npr., općeprihvaćeno da je za obavljanje određenih poslova potrebna odgovarajuća stručna sprema ili odgovarajuće vještine, te bi malo ko različito postupanje prema osobama koje nemaju takve kvalifikacije smatrao diskriminacijom. Isto se odnosi na uslove za zaključivanje braka ili uslove za stupanje u neke ugovorne odnose za maloljetnike, odnosno osobe mlađe od 15 godina, utvrđivanje prava iz oblasti zaštite majke i materinstva i druge. Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije definirao je pod kojim se uslovima različito postupanje neće smatrati diskriminacijom. U članu 5. Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije utvrđeni su opći uslovi za opravdanje različitog postupanja, kao i lista konkretnih izuzetaka od zahtjeva jednakog tretmana. Stoga bi u razmatranju svakog pojedinačnog predmeta, Institucija ombudsmana za ljudska prava BiH, sudije ili voditelji upravnog postupka morali utvrditi postojanje elemenata različitog tretmana, a potom i to da li bi takvo različito postupanje moglo biti opravdano u skladu sa članom 5. Zakona. Naš je zakonodavac odlučio utvrditi listu konkretnih izuzetaka koji ipak trebaju zadovoljiti dodatne uslove na strani legitimnosti cilja i proporcionalnosti primijenjenih mjera u odnosu na cilj koji se njima nastoji realizirati. Na ovaj je način Zakon ostavio široko polje diskrecione ocjene prilikom definiranja dodatnih elemenata opravdanja različitog tretmana. S pravom se, međutim, postavlja pitanje u kojoj će mjeri donosioci odluka u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije imati potrebna znanja, odnosno relevantne informacije o pravilnoj primjeni člana 5. Zakona. Naime, koliko god da je ponekad izazov razumjeti sve pojavne oblike diskriminacije i utvrđivati postojanje njenih Zakonom utvrđenih elemenata, toliko je, ako ne i više, komplicirano razumjeti granice mogućeg opravdanja različitog postupanja. U tom kontekstu, osnovni je cilj ove analize ukazati na ključne pristupe razumijevanja izuzetaka od jednakog tretmana, odnosno opravdanja različitog postupanja u skladu sa dva, za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, značajna izvora prava: Evropskom konvencijom o ljudskim pravima i osnovnim slobodama i relevantnim direktivama Evropske unije. Analiza će prezentirati neke od izazova sa kojima su se susretali Evropski sud za ljudska prava i Evropski sud pravde u pokušaju da utvrde granice različitog postupanja u svojoj jurisprudenciji. Konačno, sugerirat će se i mogući izazovi u BiH u primjeni člana 5. Zakona, te će se ponuditi prijedlozi za daljnje djelovanje bazirani na naučenim lekcijama iz prakse dva evropska suda.
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Ustavni sud Bosne i Hercegovine (USBiH) 25. septembra 2014. godine donio je dugo očekivanu odluku po apelaciji koju je Udruženje Q za promociju i zaštitu kulture, identiteta i ljudskih prava queer osoba podnijelo 2. marta 2011. godine. Apelacija je podnesena zbog propusta javnih vlasti da preduzmu neophodne razumne i odgovarajuće mjere za zaštitu i očuvanje prava zaštićenih Ustavom BiH i Evropskom konvencijom za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda (EKLJP), a u vezi s organizacijom prvog Sarajevo Queer Festivala, koji je trebao biti održan u periodu od 24. do 28. septembra 2008. godine. Festival je od samog najavljivanja bio predmet oštre kritike vjerskih vođa, političkih partija, medija i navijačkih grupa. Usljed nasilja i napada na učesnike Festivala, te prijetnji upućenih članovima i simpatizerima udruženja, ovaj događaj je prekinut već poslije prvog dana. U apelaciji upućenoj USBiH, apelant – Udruženje Q – žalio se da je javna vlast, “uprkos svemu što je preduzeo kao udruženje, bila i ostala neučinkovita kako u sprečavanju nasilja nad članovima i simpatizerima Udruženja, tako i u provođenju djelotvorne istrage, otkrivanja i sankcionisanja onih koji su se govorom mržnje kao i fizičkim nasiljem obračunali sa apelantovim pripadnicima”.3 Zbog toga je tvrdio da su povrijeđena njegova i prava njegovih članova i simpatizera garantovana članovima: 3 (zabrana mučenja ili drugog ponižavajućeg postupanja), 8 (pravo na poštovanje privatnog života), 11 (sloboda okupljanja), 13 (pravo na djelotvoran pravni lijek) i 14 (zabrana diskriminacije u uživanju prava zaštićenih drugim članovima Konvencije) EKLJP, kao i člana 1 Protokola 124 uz EKLJP (opšta zabrana diskriminacije). USBiH utvrdio je da je povrijeđeno pravo na slobodu okupljanja, te obavezao Vlade Federacije BiH i Kantona Sarajevo da apelantu plate naknadu nematerijalne štete. S obzirom na to da je utvrdio povredu prava na slobodu okupljanja iz člana 11 EKLJP, USBiH je smatrao da nema potrebe da posebno ispituje apelantove navode o povredi prava na djelotvoran pravni lijek i zabranu diskriminacije. Ostale dijelove apelacije USBiH je odbacio kao nedopuštene jer su, prema stavu Suda, podneseni od strane neovlaštenog lica (navodi koji se tiču kršenja prava članova i simpatizera apelanta – Udruženja Q) ili su nespojivi sa Ustavom ratione materiae (navodi koji se tiču povrede apelantovih prava po osnovu članova 3 i 8 EKLJP pojedinačno i u vezi sa članovima 13 i 14).
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The adoption of the Law on the Prohibition of Discrimination (hereinafter LPD) in July 2009, was a milestone in the efforts to ensure the right of each individual in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) to the protection from discrimination. The institutional framework for the protection against discrimination was defined through the appointment of the Institution of the Human Rights Ombudsman of BiH as the central institution for the protection against discrimination and the appointment of the Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees of BiH as the central institution responsible for monitoring the implementation of the LPD. The LPD provisions provide for important protection mechanisms and activities aimed at the prevention and elimination of discrimination in BiH. The protection mechanisms defined under this Law are the discrimination lawsuits and the proceedings in response to the complaints lodged with the Institution of Ombudsman of BiH. The effectiveness of protection mechanisms in discrimination cases before the Ombudsman is further enhanced by the introduction of a minor offence liability for the failure to act upon Ombudsman’s recommendation in a concrete case. In addition, the Law provides for an important obligation of the competent state bodies to collect, consolidate and analyse data on discrimination cases. The activities of collecting and analysing data on discrimination are recognised as one of the key measures undertaken by governments in fighting discrimination. However, collecting data in this field is a complex task for which the best modalities are yet to be found. There is no universally accepted model for the collection of such data and the methodology used differs between countries. In addition, there are certain dilemmas as to whether the collection of this data is justified with regards to ethical issues (for example, allegations that discrimination data itself reinforces prejudices and discrimination patterns), financial implications, and privacy protection concerns. However, the multiple benefits of reliable data on discrimination, particularly in the context of strengthening the measures and policies against discrimination, clearly indicate that the collection of data on discrimination requires special attention. Currently, the data on discrimination in BiH is collected in a fragmented manner, on an ad hoc basis, and the LPD provisions that regulate this matter are implemented with delay. The Rulebook on Methods of Collecting Data on Cases of Discrimination in BiH (hereinafter the Rulebook), which was supposed to be adopted within 90 days after the Law enters into force, was adopted almost four years later – at the beginning of April 2013. In addition, the central database on discrimination cases (the central database) has not been established yet, and the above-mentioned Rulebook stipulates its establishment only by the end of 2013. It is clear that an effective fight against discrimination requires both, the adoption of appropriate legal and institutional framework, as well as taking concrete steps in order to ensure its implementation. In this regard, taking into account the current legal framework in this field, this study attempts to answer the questions as to what are the key difficulties that the competent institutions face in collecting data on discrimination in BiH and what needs to be done to overcome them? The goal of this study is to provide recommendations for a better, more comprehensive, and consistent data collection on discrimination in BiH. In seeking to address the key research questions, first, the relevant literature on the subject of the collection of data on discrimination was reviewed. Then, the LPD, the Rulebook on Methods of Collecting Data on Cases of Discrimination in BiH, other national legislation relevant to this subject matter, legislation of other countries, including international documents related to the collection of data on discrimination, were analysed. Also, the system of data collection on discrimination cases in BiH was examined, as provided for in the LPD, i.e. the manner in which the Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees of BiH, The Institution of Human Rights Ombudsman of BiH and other stakeholders interpret the relevant provisions of the LPD and their own obligations as prescribed by law. In addition, in order to compare the BiH system of data collection with the best comparative practices, an analysis of current and planned activities of the key BiH players in this field was undertaken. Due to the lack of secondary data on this subject matter in BiH, a total of 14 interviews with the key stakeholders, including the representatives of institutions responsible for the implementation of the LPD, were conducted. Finally, with the aim of identifying good practices and possible solutions to the identified problems, a comparative analysis of the experiences of the countries in the region and the European Union (EU) in the collection of data on discrimination was also conducted. The above-described goal of the study also largely determines its structure. The first part of the study elaborates on the importance of data collection in fighting discrimination. The second part of the study deals with the type of data on discrimination that should be collected, focusing on the comparative experiences and the legal framework for the collection of discrimination data in BiH. The following section attempts to answer the question as to who collects data on discrimination. In addition, this section aims to identify some of the basic preconditions for successful collection of data on discrimination. The fifth section of the study aims to identify the methods for the collection of data on discrimination and the sources of such data in the light of international standards and comparative experiences. This section additionally provides an overview of the sources of data in BiH. Given the complex ethical issues inevitably arising in the collection of such, usually sensitive, data, the subsequent section seeks to address the privacy protection concerns in data collection, followed by the section that deals with the issue of access and availability of the collected data. Finally, an overview and analysis of the current situation in this field in BiH, as well as the experiences of other countries, served as a useful framework for proposing recommendations in order to improve the collection of data on discrimination in BiH.
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Usvajanje Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije (ZZD) u julu 2009. godine predstavlja ključni korak u nastojanju da se u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) osigura pravo svakog pojedinca na slobodu od diskriminacije. Imenovanjem Institucije ombudsmena za ljudska prava BiH centralnom institucijom za zaštitu od diskriminacije i Ministarstva za ljudska prava i izbjeglice BiH centralnom institucijom odgovornom za nadzor sprovođenja ZZD-a definiran je i institucionalni okvir za zaštitu od diskriminacije. Odredbama ZZD-a su predviđeni važni mehanizmi zaštite i aktivnosti, usmjereni na suzbijanje i ukidanje diskriminacije u BiH. Mehanizmi zaštite predviđeni ovim zakonom su antidiskriminacijski parnični postupci te postupci po žalbi pred Institucijom ombudsmena BiH. U predmetima koji se tiču diskriminacije efektivnost mehanizama zaštite pred Institucijom ombudsmena je dodatno pojačana uvođenjem instituta prekršajne odgovornosti za nepostupanje po preporuci ove institucije u konkretnom predmetu. Osim toga, Zakonom je predviđena i važna obaveza nadležnih državnih tijela i organa da prikupljaju, konsolidiraju i analiziraju podatke o slučajevima diskriminacije. Aktivnosti prikupljanja i analize podataka o diskriminaciji prepoznaju se kao jedna od ključnih mjera države u domenu borbe protiv diskriminacije. Međutim, prikupljanje podataka u ovoj oblasti je složen posao za koji se još uvijek pokušavaju pronaći najbolji modaliteti. Naime, ne postoji općeprihvaćeni model za prikupljanje takvih podataka, pa ni metodologija koja se za te svrhe koristi nije istovjetna u svim zemljama. Također, postoje određene dileme o opravdanosti prikupljanja ovih podataka, poput etičkih pitanja (npr. tvrdnje da podaci o diskriminaciji sami po sebi učvršćuju predrasude i obrasce diskriminacije), finansijskih implikacija ili izazova zaštite privatnosti osoba o kojima se podaci prikupljaju. Ipak, višestruki značaj pouzdanih podataka o diskriminaciji, naročito u kontekstu definiranja antidiskriminacijskih mjera i politika, jasno ukazuje na to da je ovoj problematici potrebno posvetiti posebnu pažnju. Trenutno se u BiH podaci o diskriminaciji prikupljaju fragmentirano, na ad hoc principu, a odredbe ZZD-a koje o tome govore implementiraju se sporo. Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja podataka o predmetima diskriminacije (Pravilnik) koji je trebao biti sačinjen u roku od 90 dana od dana stupanja Zakona na snagu donesen je gotovo četiri godine kasnije - početkom aprila 2013. godine. Pored toga, još uvijek nije uspostavljena centralna baza podataka o predmetima diskriminacije (centralna baza podataka), a spomenuti pravilnikom je predviđeno da će to biti učinjeno tek do kraja 2013. godine. Jasno je, naime, da za efikasnu borbu protiv diskriminacije nije dovoljno samo usvojiti odgovarajući pravni i institucionalni okvir, nego je potrebno poduzeti konkretne korake kako bi bila osigurana njegova provedba. S tim u vezi, a uzimajući u obzir aktuelni zakonski okvir u ovoj oblasti, ova studija nastoji odgovoriti na pitanje koji su ključni problemi sa kojima se nadležne institucije suočavaju u prikupljanju podataka o diskriminaciji u BiH i šta je potrebno učiniti da se oni prevaziđu? Cilj studije je da ponudi preporuke na temelju kojih bi se stvorili preduvjeti za bolje, sveobuhvatnije i konzistentnije prikupljanje podataka o diskriminaciji u BiH. U potrazi za odgovorom na ključno istraživačko pitanje najprije je obavljen pregled recentne literature o ovoj problematici. Zatim su analizirani ZZD, Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja podataka o predmetima diskriminacije u BiH te drugi domaći i strani propisi relevantni za ovu tematiku, uključujući i međunarodne dokumente koji se odnose na prikupljanje podataka o diskriminaciji. Treće, ispitan je sistem prikupljanja podataka o diskriminaciji u BiH, predviđen ZZD-om, odnosno način na koji Ministarstvo za ljudska prava i izbjeglice BiH, Institucija ombudsmena BiH ali i drugi relevantni akteri interpretiraju značajne odredbe ZZD-a i vlastite obaveze koje iz njih proizlaze. Pored toga, analizirane su aktuelne i planirane aktivnosti relevantnih aktera u BiH kako bi se utvrdilo koliko je situacija u BiH u ovoj oblasti daleko od najbolje komparativne prakse. Usljed nepostojanja relevantnih informacija iz sekundarnih izvora u ovoj oblasti u bosanskohercegovačkom kontekstu, u tu svrhu je obavljeno ukupno 14 intervjua sa ključnim akterima, uključujući predstavnike institucija nadležnih za implementaciju ZZD-a. Na kraju, a s ciljem utvrđivanja dobrih praksi i mogućih rješenja za identificirane probleme, obavljena je i komparativna analiza iskustava zemalja regije, ali i Evropske unije (EU), u domenu prikupljanja informacija o diskriminaciji. Opisana namjera studije umnogome određuje i njenu strukturu. Prvi dio studije elaborira značaj prikupljanja podataka u borbi protiv diskriminacije. Koje podatke o diskriminaciji je potrebno prikupljati, pitanje je koje tematizira drugi dio studije, fokusirajući se na komparativna iskustva i zakonski okvir za prikupljanje podataka o diskriminaciji u BiH. Naredno poglavlje nastoji odgovoriti na pitanje ko prikuplja podatke o diskriminaciji, nastojeći utvrditi neke od temeljnih uvjeta uspješnog funkcioniranja sistema za prikupljanje podataka o diskriminaciji. Peti dio studije ima za cilj da identificira metode i izvore prikupljanja podataka o diskriminaciji u svjetlu međunarodnih standarda i komparativnih iskustava te ponuditi pregled izvora tih podataka u kontekstu BiH. S obzirom na kompleksna etička pitanja koja se nužno postavljaju prilikom prikupljanja ovakvih, u pravilu osjetljivih podataka, naredna sekcija ima za cilj da se osvrne na problematiku zaštite privatnosti pri prikupljanju podataka. Nakon toga slijedi sekcija koja tematizira pitanje pristupa, odnosno dostupnosti prikupljenih informacija. Konačno, pregled i analiza trenutnog stanja u ovoj oblasti u BiH, kao i iskustva drugih zemalja, poslužili su kao koristan okvir za formuliranje preporuka za unapređenje sistema prikupljanja podataka o diskriminaciji u BiH.
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As a result of the adoption of the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina in July 2009, all institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) are required to collect and keep records of data on cases of discrimination. According to this law, the institution responsible for monitoring its implementation is the Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees of BiH. This Ministry is also obliged to coordinate the collection of data and to act as a central repository of data on discrimination in the broader sense. In addition, the Ministry has the responsibility to report on the instances and the scope of discrimination in the country. Almost four years later, numerous provisions of the law in this area have not been realized. As a consequence, it is not possible to map the actual state of discrimination in BiH, which ultimately does not allow for the formulation of adequate policies and activities of protection against discriminatory treatment in BiH, as well as its prevention.
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Usvajanjem Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije u julu 2009. godine svim institucijama u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) propisana je obaveza prikupljanja i vođenja evidencije podataka o predmetima diskriminacije. Prema ovom zakonu, institucija odgovorna za nadzor nad njegovim sprovođenjem je Ministarstvo za ljudska prava i izbjeglice BiH. Ministarstvo je obavezno i da koordinira aktivnosti prikupljanja podataka te da djeluje kao centralni repozitorij podataka o diskriminaciji u širem smislu. Pored toga, Ministarstvo ima obavezu izvještavanja o pojavama i obimu diskriminacije. No, i skoro četiri godine nakon njegova usvajanja brojne odredbe Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije u ovom domenu ostaju neispunjene. Posljedica toga je nepostojanje uvida u stvarno stanje diskriminacije u društvu, što onemogućuje razvoj i provođenje adekvatnih politika i aktivnosti usmjerenih ka suzbijanju i zaštiti od diskriminatornog postupanja u Bosni i Hercegovini.
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EU support for Member States most affected by the war in Ukraine includes funding for reception measures and ensuring refugees have access to protection throughout the Community, as well as coordination and operational assistance from EU agencies. The offer of agency resources extends to humanitarian aid, border management, and capacity-building of the Member States. Exploring the full potential of the EU agencies will require overcoming their internal problems and the will of the Member States to involve them in such cooperation,
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Since the seizure of Kabul on 15 August 2021, the Taliban have been consolidating power by recreating the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan of the 1990s. The Taliban government’s limiting of human rights, especially of women, and constant ties to terrorist organisations reduce the chances of international recognition. Afghanistan has not yet become a centre of global terrorism or a source of mass migration, but the suspension of economic support has deepened the humanitarian crisis. Western partners, including the EU and the U.S., should pursue humanitarian aid and consider unfreezing Afghan currency reserves.
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Figures are incomplete on civilian casualties, but at least 136 civilians have been killed as a result of Russia’s attack on Ukraine. At least hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians have been forced to leave their homes and evacuate to safer parts of the country or abroad. Ukrainian society has shown a high degree of mobilisation in the face of Russian aggression and is expressing its readiness to resist.
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17 marca br. Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny (MTK) wydał nakazy aresztowania prezydenta Rosji Władimira Putina i komisarz do spraw praw dzieci w jego biurze (odpowiednika polskiego rzecznika praw dziecka) – Marii Lwowej-Biełowej. Oboje są podejrzewani przez Prokuraturę MTK o popełnienie zbrodni wojennych. Podjęcie przez MTK działań wobec Putina to ważny gest, pokazujący, że trybunał nie uchyla się od ścigania nawet najwyższych funkcjonariuszy państwowych. Wyegzekwowanie nakazów będzie jednak trudne z uwagi na spodziewane unikanie przez te osoby podróży do państw, z których mogłyby zostać wydane trybunałowi.
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Covid-19 pays no heed to borders. Globalisation has carried the virus from a market in Wuhan, China, to almost every country in the world. In response to the virus, some governments have closed their borders to refugees and/or have pushed back refugees from their territories, even though they are well-aware of the dire circumstances that have caused these people to flee their homes. This reflection sets out the compatibility of such practices with international refugee and human rights law. It argues that while states may put in place measures to restrict the spread of the virus (such as health screening, testing, and/or quarantine) vis a vis refugees, such measures may not result in refoulement or in denying them an effective opportunity to seek asylum.
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The research recognised both the progress in the respect of LGBTI rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the deep-rooted problems that LGBTI people face in our society, including lack of access to health care, lack of social support and economic opportunities, and deficiencies in legislation that fails to provide adequate protection. Although the research findings point to the need for broader education of society about LGBTI issues to reduce stigma and increase acceptance, they also point to certain positive developments.
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