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Bartłomiej Szyprowski took part in the polemic around the monograph: Oscar Szerkus, Die Sondergerichtsbarkeit des Polnischen Untergrundstaates (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2019.)
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The present study represents an analysis of the methods used by teaching staff of the Romanian - American University, during the three years of teaching, at the Foundation Year of Romanian language as a foreign language. In a constantly growing market with a growing demand, especially for preparing future students for medical programs, the article follows the evolution of the international students, who enrol in the program with an A1-A2 level of English language knowledge, which raises the question of the type of teaching: with the help of English as support language, or directly in the Romanian language, by the immersion method in the new language of study. Considering also the cultural differences existing between learners, which affect in a way dramatically acquiring a language with an extremely different grammar and difficult at the same time, we will turn our attention to the importance of cultural elements, highlighting the similarities between cultures, which allow an easier transition to the new language and culture.
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The report presents a brief introduction and retrospective of the concept of „sustainability“ and the name „Southeastern Europe“ as well as the relationship between them. The potential external factors that can have an impact on achieving the goals of the foreign policy of the Republic of Bulgaria have been revealed. The contribution of Bulgaria to sustainability in South-Eastern Europe, results and possible prospects for the development of shared sustainability are indicated.
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The report presents the results of a study of the periodicity of defence reviews (strategic reviews) over the last 30 years concerning the armed forces. The different durations of cycles in the defence planning have been established (by a systematic analysis) which predetermines deviations, delays or shortfalls in the development of the defence capabilities and armed forces. Refinement of the process in the direction of synchronization with the corresponding process in NATO will increase the efficiency and the timely development of interoperable forces.
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The report examines a possible version of a model/matrix for assessing the risk of espionage in a given organization. Various factors are reported and risk weights are proposed. When applying the matrix, it is possible to facilitate the general assessment of the security risk of a given organization, and in particular to support the investigation of espionage under Art. 104 of the Criminal Code. The utility of the proposed possible model would also be high for information security officers in various organizational units, according to the Law for the Protection of Classified Information.
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In times of high inflation, economic turmoil and limited resources, spending a public resource in the most efficient way is of utmost importance for the development and well-being of society. This paper proposes an innovative way to determine the estimated value of defense procurement by using the time value of money (future value).
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The article summarizes the results of a research on the sources on the Internet from which users are most often informed about what is happening around them. The main purpose of the research itself is to determine what is the presence of the official institutions of Bulgaria in the global network, to what extent their information sites are ranked in the leading positions in the results of search engines and the reasons for the obtained results. Some conclusions and proposals are made in relation to the possibility of creating certain attitudes in society through the use of search engines on the Internet for tendentious, manipulative and incomplete presentation of information.
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The article analyses the socio-cultural construction of the topic of menstruation in the period of state socialism. State power, institutions, biomedicine and the media intervene in the intimate sphere of women in order to promote their emancipation and full inclusion in the building of a socialist society. Through modernization, medicalization and control over bio-bodily functions, the socialist state attempts to improve women’s health and reproductive abilities, but also to manage and instrumentalize women’s role, behaviour and responsibilities to society. The research examines medical literature, publications in health and popular science journals, educational policy documents on the topic, and personal narratives of physicians, which show how the menstruating female body was turned into a problem not only in healthcare and health education but also in employment, education and demographic policies.
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The article examines the essence of (and life in) Home No. 8 for children and adolescents with mental disabilities in Sofia until the beginning of the 1960s. For this purpose, a microhistorical approach is used, based mainly on the documents from the archive of the home. Through a rare case of a pet who won the Toto 2, the daily life of the home for disabled children, the living conditions, the upbringing and education of the adolescents, and their participation in work activities and organized intertainment is presented. The question is raised about the reticenceof this type of institution in the period of socialism and the possibilities and ways of contact between them and the outside world.
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The child health care system during the Socialist period is the subject of a number of recent in-depth studies by Bulgarian historians, sociologists and anthropologists. Based on extensive research and knowledge of the variety of children/student/pioneer camps during the second half of the 20th century, this article aims to draw attention to the health camp. Situated as an organisation and normative basis between “public health care” and “communist education”, the convalescent camp with its history and functions reveals unexplored ethnological fields related to the individual–society–Totalitarian State relationship. The systematized and analyzed archival documentation provides grounds to look for parallels, both between the different political regimes in Bulgaria and in the value-normative order.
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This article analyses the efforts for establishing and operating the first elders’ care institutionsin Albania during the monarchical regime of Ahmet Zogu and the fascist occupation. Based on archival documents, a detailed description is given of the Albanian authorities' efforts to found a care institution for the elderly, of the taxes collected for this purpose, of the negotiations between the central and the local institutions during the process, of the justifications encouraging the payments of those taxes made by the state representatives. In addition, a comparative analysis is offered of the main dimensions of social care with the social care conceptualized and provided by the Albanian state. The concept of social care is broader than that only for the elderly, but in this article, only social care for the elderly is considered. The basic concept of the Albanian state is that the main provider of elders’ social care is the family. Only a few individuals, who do not have families or stable incomes, should be taken care of by the state institutions and their care would be paid through special taxes.
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The study is in the field of зsychogerontology/psychogeriatrics, but it is in touch also with a range of humanitarian sciences. The study on self-evaluations, values and mental health has been cross-sectional and longitudinal. 708 persons (341 men and 267 women) aged 70 to 98 years, constituting a 20% random sample of the population 70 and over from 45 villages near Sofia were studied in 1971–1972. A test of self-evaluation of the personality and its social coherence is used along with nine psychological cognitive tests, an interview and a comprehensive medical and psychiatric examination. The group studied is homogeneous in ethnic, social-cultural and migration respect. In addition to the cross-sectional appraisal, a longitudinal assessment has been performed in intervals of 3, 5, 10, and a maximum of 16 years. Finally, an attempt at time-lag examination of old people 70 and over from two of the previous villages was performed in 2008, i.e. 36 years after the initial study – in different social and political conditions.
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The present text, the first parts of which are published in the previous two issues of “BulgarianEthnology” journal, presents the last, concluding part of an ethnological study conducted within the framework of an IEFSEM – BAS project and dedicated to an important and current problem in the post-Soviet space. It is about the ‘big all-Union’ topic of repressions and deportations in the former USSR, illuminated on the basis of the ‘small’, private example of a Bulgarian settlement in the Bessarabia region. The purpose and tasks of the study are aimed at revealing the main aspects of the collective memory of those deported in 1949 as a result of the collectivization in the then Moldavian SSR of 80 Bulgarian families from the village ofKorten (or Kiryutnia) and of their residence for about ten years in the Altai region of today’sRussia. The research is the result of the field ethnographic expedition conducted in the summer of 2021 in the town of Tarutino, Odesa region of Ukraine, where after the death of Y. V. Stalin and their subsequent rehabilitation, some of those people settled down to live, returning from the far northern lands in Bessarabia. However, those declared by the authorities as kulaks are not allowed to settle closer than 40 km from their native village and they choose as their newport the former German colony – well-known for them before the so-called lifting, i.e. before deportation, a market and business centre with the old name Chokrak.The main object of study in the first two and in the present last part of this text are the trajectories of memory about deportation, about forced migration and about the return from exile, i.e. for the return journey from Altai again to Bessarabia. The analysis text, built almost entirely from the author’s own field materials, aims to reflect the main points of reference, the accents in the memories, through which our interlocutors nowadays present and empathize with the events that took place in their childhood and youth years.
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The capitulations between France and the Ottoman Empire (1535 – 1536) opened the way of trade and navigation, as well as of the Catholic missions in the Levant. The training of consuls and dragomans in Eastern languages began in the 17th – 18th century, when Capuchins and Jesuits were the main school teachers in Constantinople and Paris. The beginning of the Ottoman Empire’s decline forced its rulers to turn to France, with which they had not had military conflicts and which was famous with the scientific and technological progress. Although the diplomatic relations between the two countries were unequal and inconsistent by the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, France managed to gain advantage over the other Western countries and to implement its own education system within the Eastern Empire. Thanks to the capitulations, which had been renewed many times over the years, Catholic missions opened their schools and enjoyed respect of the Ottoman rulers. In the period after the Crimean War, the education following European patterns gained popularity. The Catholic Congregations that had been created, along with some secular ones, attracted the attention of both foreigners and Ottoman subjects. « The Enlightenment Language » opened up an opportunity for modernization of mentality and, at the same time, provoked nationalist reactions from the students. French cultural and educational institutions underwent significant changes after the collapse of Turkey and the creation of national Balkan states.
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In the presented article the author researched the role and the position of catholic mission Lazarists based in Macedonia during the Balkan Wars (1912 – 1913). The articles explore the relations of Serbia toward this catholic community but take into consideration the entanglements of the other states involved in the Balkan Wars: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and the Ottoman Empire. Special attention is given to the mission’s humanitarian work conducted during the war operations, as well as its complex position during the Second Balkan war and the problems they have faced after the Wars in Serbia and Greece. A great part of the article is dedicated to France’s attitude and aims to protect Lazarists’ work in the Ottoman Empire and accordingly its religious diplomacy. For two centuries in the Ottoman Empire Lazarists had been closely tied with the French diplomatic network benefiting from diplomatic protection while working in promoting French culture along with Catholicism. France used all diplomatic resources to (re)assure the continuity of its cultural influence after 1913 and the decay of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. The article is based on documents from the Diplomatic archive and the Archives of Congregation of the Mission.
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Mostly known for his travelogue entitled singularly Le Kéroutza, French author Stanislas Bellanger has left us a huge body of work of over a thousand pages dedicated to his travels and sojourns, mainly to and throughout the Romanian Principalities, but also collaterally throughout Bulgaria and to Constantinople. During his second journey to the Orient (1846 – 1847), sponsored by the French Ministry of Education, Bellanger wrote five reports to his patron, the count Salvandy, which are consistent with his ambition of becoming a historian of the East and producing a History of the Ottoman Empire. But while he ultimately failed to achieve all of that, Bellanger succeeded in outlining an image of the Oriental Other and sketching interesting landscapes from the provinces of the great empire, which he ends up appropriating and mapping in his own unique way.
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A sign of the Ottoman scientific and cultural progress in the Tanzimat years, the journal Mecmua-i Fünun (Journal of Sciences/ Revue scientifique) was published in June 1862 – June 1867 by Cemiyet-i İlmiye-i Osmaniye (Ottoman Society of Science/ Société scientifique ottomane) and offered articles of manifold topics. Some of them were based on the masterpieces of French theologians, philosophers and doctors. Others presented the speeches delivered by French politicians and monarchs. The journal paid attention to the French revolution, Napoléon Bonaparte, the International Universal Exposition and to the construction of the Suez Canal. Many of the notes on France were short news about its development. In fact, all presented French masterpieces discussed universal values and virtues, promoted centuries long by Islam and Christianity. They inspired the audience with religious devotion and love to the country, with obedience to the monarch and laws, expansion of welfare, brotherhood of man and thankfulness, with continuous efforts towards technical headway and ethic maturity. However, even presented in Mecmua-i Fünun, France and its ideas did not set the journal’s tone, that was mainly consistent with the official state policy. The article is based on all 47 journal issues, available on the digital library of the Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkish Historical Society/ Société d’histoire turque) in Ankara.
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The research focuses on the sworn texts of secret organizations created in 1917–1929 to support the Bulgarian cause in Dobrudja that incorporate a Masonic formula for appealing for help.
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