Financial Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development in Lagos State of Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises

Author(s): Chukwunonye Anyakoha,Chinyere Nwolisa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The study is to analyzed the various sources of funding for small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Lagos State of Nigeria, examine the challenges they face an accessing funding from theses source and to highlight available innovative means of financing enterprises via innovative means like crowdfunding. Design/methodology/approach: Empirical analysis was conducted using descriptive design. A total of 600 (six hundred) structured questionnaires were distributed to SME operators, of which a total of 500 (five hundred) were filled and returned. Findings: Conventional funding sources such as bank loans and retained profits were both difficult to access, and their usage is beset with numerous challenges. Furthermore, low level of knowledge of crowdfunding, scepticism and lack of appropriate regulatory framework are factors hindering successful operation of crowdfunding in Lagos State of Nigeria. Research/practical implications: This research work has implications for SMEs and also for regulators. For SMEs, it exposes a veritable alternative in accessing funds, while for regulators, it highlights a new frontier for monitoring and evaluation of internet utilization in fund raising. It also educates the member of the public who are internet savvy of the good use of the internet in supporting SMEs. Originality/value: This study has an originality value of using primary data collected by SME operators in Lagos Nigeria.

The Analysis of Variables Influencing Satisfaction and Motivation of Employees in The Working Process

Author(s): Radovan Bačík,Richard Fedorko,Jakub Horváth,Marek Propper / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the article is to identify and describe the important relationship between the age of employees and the assessment of selected variables “work satisfaction“ and “motivation – lack of motivation“ on the basis of the research.Design/methodology/approach: The research made use of the material obtained from primary sources. The primary sources were data collected from questionnaires filled out by inhabitants of Slovakia. The sample consisted of employees of SME’s. Using the method of random sampling we identified 442 SME’s. Within this group were have reached out to a total of 665 employees. The research sample included 136 respondents. The research sample consisted of employees of various organizations, like those working in the manufacturing sector, commerce, services and administration.Findings: The analysis of the links between the age of employees and their motivation/ disincentives pointed to a statistically significant connection showing that older employees have lower level of motivation and lack interest in their career.Research/practical implications: Based on the results of the analysis we believe that it is really difficult to predict which direction the investigated issue will take in the future. Presented findings, however, indicate the fact that employees prefer different attitudes, opinions and ideas and often need to individually deal with many situations and forms of behavior. In practical terms, the findings will help SME’s to understand and influence motivation of different age groups of employees. Originality/value: The aim of this paper is to help SME’s to better understand links and the variables that influence motivation and employee satisfaction at work in today's ever-changing market environment.

The Role of Social Media in the Light of Building a Strong Online Brand Awareness

Author(s): Radovan Bačík,Ľudovít Nastišin,Beata Gavurova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: A brand is no longer what we tell the customer, it is what customers tell each other. The importance of using a social media mix for marketing purposes has never been greater than it is today. Ignoring these tools can have unfavorable effects on any company, whether in the form of lack of competitiveness or in the case of unnecessarily high costs for promotion with weak effect and targeting. We aim to examine the relationship between perceived knowledge of the use of social media along with the frequency of their use, their potential impact on subscribing to the content of the company's social media accounts.Design/methodology/approach: The paper examines the sample of 476 respondents questioned through the CAWI method - computer assisted web interviewing. A random sampling method has been used. All of them are active users of social media tools. Gathered data were subsequently processed with the methodical procedures of correlation analysis. Data collection took place during the first half of 2016.Findings: We came to the interesting findings of the existence of presented relationships. These are accompanied with specific information about the use of particular social media among respondents, which also implies a clear preference and thus serve as assistance in determining the right mix of social media which should be used by the company.Research/practical implications: The findings are subsequently transformed into a set of recommendations that help in setting the right marketing activities of companies in the online environment. There are also implications for the development of strong social media presence.Originality/value: This paper fulfils an identified need to study how brand-supportive behavior can be enabled. The paper cope with the ever-growing phenomenon of social media in connection with the marketing activities as it is a necessary tool for the successful marketing mix. Also, this issue has not been examined enough within our region.

Support of Innovation Activity of SME as a Factor of Competitiveness Growth of Slovak Republic

Author(s): Irina Bondareva,Jana Plchová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The main objective of the paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of selected instruments of financial support for innovative SME SR by the state in the years 2014 - 2016 and to propose measures for their streamlining.Design / methodology / approach: The qualitative part of the research was done by the method of controlled interview on a sample of 20 innovative SME. For secondary analysis were used the data of the Ministry of Economy SR, Slovak Business Agency, Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency, World Economic Forum, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, European Comission and other sources. During the processing of information, we have used general methods of scientific work and standard statistical methods, which allow us to meet the objectives of research.Findings: The results of the investigation indicate the reasons of SME SR low innovation activity, as well as the causes of SME low interest to use the examined financial instruments of innovativeness support from the state.Research / practical implications: The low efficiency of the examined forms of financial support of SME innovation from the state is identified, which is due to low awareness especially of start-up SME, the small volume of selected funds that only partially cover the real costs of SME for the development of innovation. The problem is also the inefficient distraction of funds selected for this purpose and the absence of feedback on the effectiveness of their use.Originality / value: The paper evaluates the effectiveness of selected instruments of financial support of innovative small and medium-sized enterprises by the state and includes proposals of measures for their streemlining.

Innovative Entrepreneurship in Poland against European Countries

Author(s): Arkadiusz Borowiec / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to address a question regarding the range and extent of innovative entrepreneurship of Polish companies in comparison to other European countries. The article raises a hypothesis according to which innovative ac

The Impact of the Presence of a Code of Ethics on the Economic Prosperity of a Company

Author(s): Zdeněk Caha,Marek Vokoun / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The number of companies that are introducing ethical management continues to grow globally, including the Czech Republic. A code of ethics is a tool for determining the infrastructure of a company, as well as manages it. Expert opinions on the possible economic impact of ethical management differ considerably. The aim of this contribution is to prove the possible relationship between the presence of a code of ethics in a company and its economic prosperity.Design/methodology/approach: A sample set of companies was selected in cooperation with the Czech Statistical Office. The data was collected on the basis of a questionnaire. In total questionnaires were sent to 710 targeted companies selected from random industries. In total, 297 responses were received, which is equivalent to a response rate of 41.83%. The purpose was to verify the hypothesis that the presence of a code of ethics in a company has no influence on its economic prosperity. The differences were evaluated using the standard, unpaired, two-tailed Chi-square test of relative frequency differences. We used R statistical software. Findings: Statistical analysis of the results attained in the questionnaire survey show that the presence of a code of ethics, or a lack thereof, has no demonstrable impact on the economic results of a company regardless of its size. Research/practical implications: Even though the results of the research show that the existence of a code of ethics has no demonstrable impact on the economic results of a company, this has not discouraged or hindered the increasing trend for companies to introduce ethical management, which reflects the positive impact companies believe it brings to their company culture and public image. Originality/value: The conducted research is unique and involves a relatively large sample set which introduces new findings to the field of ethical company management.

Implementing Sustainability in a Large Mining Community: Sudbury (Canada) - From Cluster to Innovation Center

Author(s): Jean-Charles Cachon / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The paper describes a process that has spanned several decades in transforming what started as a Canadian remote polluted mining and smelting camp into a diversified economy aimed at sustainable management and community goals. Sudbury (Ontario) just gained scientific recognition with a Nobel Prize in Physics for a neutrino observatory located 2 200 metres underground. Previously, the United Nations had recognised the city for having restored the greenery of its devastated landscape through community cooperation. Mining firms were recognised for cooperative efforts between management and labour resulting in improved safety and reduced injuries and fatalities. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is based on multidisciplinary secondary data obtained from previous published and unpublished research as well as industry reports and other data. Comparisons are made with similar regions, such as Antofagasta (Chile).Findings: From 1886 to 1972, Sudbury was heavily polluted by record amounts of sulphur dioxide (more than Norilsk in Russia and over three times more than Marista in Bulgaria). Since 1972, local community labour and scientific leaders’ earlier efforts started to produce results. A diversified economy evolved through services (education, health care, retail). Research/practical implications: Data about recent developments in the various disciplines related to sustainability need to be gathered in a systematic way. Originality/value: The paper shows how an urban region of 165,000 with a heavy industrial base has transformed itself from an industrial ecological disaster to a significantly more sustainable community. The process leading to the necessary changes is described as driven by social change initiated by community groups, rather than urbanists and politicians. This paper reports on the positive developments associated with the implementation of economic diversification and sustainability principles in Sudbury since 1972.

A Comparative Analysis of Direct Marketing Strategies Used by Retail Chains in the Pardubice Region

Author(s): Jan Chocholáč / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse and compare some marketing strategies of direct marketing from the perspective of retail chains in the Pardubice region in selected period. Direct marketing is one of the most popular forms of communication mix used by retail chains in the Czech Republic, although prospectuses of each retail chain are very different. The aim of this paper is to compare and analyse prospectuses used by selected retail chains in the Pardubice region and imply some innovation for management of direct marketing strategies used by retail chains.Design/methodology/approach: The paper assumes the use of these scientific methods – primary qualitative research (survey among customers of analysed retail chains and testing hypothesis using chi-quadrate test), secondary qualitative research (comparative analysis and content analysis of prospectuses analysed retail chains). The article analyses 37 basic prospectuses and 10 special prospectuses used in December 2016 by these retail chains in the Pardubice region – Lidl Česká republika v.o.s. (Lidl), Penny Market s.r.o. (Penny Market), Tesco Stores ČR a.s. (Tesco), GLOBUS, spol. s r.o. (Globus), Kaufland Česká republika v.o.s. (Kaufland) and AHOLD Czech Republic, a.s. (Albert). Findings: The paper provides empirical insights about marketing strategies of direct marketing used by retail chains in the Pardubice region in December 2016 which was the period with the biggest turnover in 2016. Research/practical implications: The research provides the comparison and evaluation of prospectuses of retail chains in the Pardubice region in the selected period. The paper suggests innovative recommended marketing strategy for prospectuses of retail chains which they can use especially in Pardubice region. On the other hand results of this analysis can be used by retail chains in innovation of management of their marketing strategies at the national level. Small and medium enterprises can use some results of this analysis for advertising of their products in prospectuses of retail chains and for innovation of their marketing strategies.Originality/value: This paper analysed, compared and evaluated direct marketing strategy of the retail chains in the Pardubice region and suggested recommended and innovative direct marketing strategy for prospectuses of retail chains and for small and medium enterprises.

Increasing the Competitiveness and Performance of Enterprises Focusing on Innovation Activity – Empirical Survey

Author(s): Simona Činčalová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The paper focuses on selected factors increasing the competitiveness and performance. It analyses specific factors, such as human resources, corporate culture, access to customers, quality and cost of production, but especially innovation activity. Innovations in general are an integral part of the activities of each company because of new technologies and new possibilities of solving those situations in this period. Innovations that are correctly applied, can give the companies a competitive advantage through the cost savings and performance improvement.Design/methodology/approach: The paper uses an empirical survey, 15 interviews with the directors and top management of the selected companies. The interview were done directly in enterprises in the second half of 2016 and lasted a half an hour. This is a random selection of companies which were willing to answer the questions (response rate was 50 percent due to addressing the known) and operates in the Czech Republic. The data were supplemented by the theory in this field and documentary analysis, including internal documents, descriptions of internal processes, employee magazine articles.Findings: There are many factors of competitiveness. Companies are trying to get as many competitive advantages as they can. The paper suggests that the innovations are one of the best ways.Research/practical implications: The paper contains factors for increasing the competitiveness and performance of companies. It suggests that the innovations are the most effective way for the development of enterprises and they should focus on them for the success. But this topic deserves a future research.Originality/value: The paper complements and extends findings of Czech and foreign studies in this field. There are lots of studies about competitiveness and its increasing (f. e. Lu, Shen and Yam (2008), Enright and Newton (2004), Bhatnagar and Sohal (2005)), but no study is comprehensive about the Czech Republics´ enterprises.

Innovative Digital Communication of Small and Medium Wine Companies in Czech Republic, Slovakia and Germany

Author(s): Lucia Coskun,Branislav Mišota,Jozef Chajdiak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The study analyses how small and medium wine companies in three European countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia and Germany) proceed when building innovative digital communication mix. The aim of the paper is to compare the differences between the countries and companies. We tried to draft the possibilities of the open innovation in the marketing communication mix using digital channels.Design/methodology/approach: To collect the data a questionnaire was used. The data from three European countries were collected: Czech Republic, Slovakia and Germany. The research joined 49 small and medium wine companies from more than 200 companies which were asked. At the sample of 49 companies differences between the countries were compared. Quantitative statistical research methods were used for the analysis. Findings: Small and medium wine companies use the possibilities of smart and mobile devices very seldom. Usage of e-commerce applications in the digital communication mix is underestimated as well. This relates mostly to Slovak wine companies.Research/practical implications: The paper drafts the open innovation usage possibilities of available software frameworks such as application programming interface (API) from the internet giants like Google for improvement of the digital marketing communication mix with minimal resources.Originality/value: The main contribution of this paper is the analysis of small and medium wine companies and possibilities in the digital communication mix as well as a draft of the usage of the open innovation in their digital communication.

Organizational Development: Case of Retail Enterprises Structure

Author(s): Igor V. Denisov,Alexander L. Bobkov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to prove the repetition of the organizational structure changes of enterprises. From the point of view of our research objectives, such paired scientific concepts as vertical and horizontal; tall and flat; mechanical and organic can be considered as two basic types of organizational structures. The hypothesis of the authors is that these two types of structures dialectically replace each other, and qualitatively change in the process of enterprise growth. However, at the same time, these structures retain their defining properties of either serial or parallel at each new level of development.Design/methodology/approach: The retail sector was chosen as the object of analysis as its structure can be characterized by separate retail points, allowing the use of statistical data processing. A common method for determining groups that combine objects that are homogeneous by certain criteria is cluster analysis. This is a means of exploratory analysis designed to naturally partition the initial data set into groups. To identify clusters, the computer program IBM SPSS Statistics was used. The analysis was carried out according to the data of retailers in the Czech Republic.Findings: As a result of this analysis, six clusters were identified. By analyzing the average values of the variables in these clusters, four groups of trading organizations can be distinguished. The first group includes 1,105 small trade organizations, employing the smallest number of people (on average 5.4) and, for the most part, represents individual small shops. The second group (491 organizations) includes retail chains of small shops. The third group (70 organizations) includes fairly large individual stores such as supermarkets. Finally, the fourth group (29 organizations) includes large retail chains, employing on average more than 200 people and with over 23 outlets. Research/practical implications: The results of the cluster analysis as a whole confirm the hypothesis. But of course, this research should be considered only as a first step. To obtain more convincing proof for the alternation of successive and parallel organizational structures, a more in-depth study is required, which includes an analysis of the structure of specific organizations. Originality/value: The results suggest that the general scheme of retail organization evolution can be categorized as universal, since the approaches underlying it can be used when taking into account the necessary features of retail organizations in any country or separate region with a market economy.

The Impact of Selected Changes in Business Environment on Small Enterprises in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Vendula Fialová,Andrea Kolková,Andrea Folvarčná,Radim Maňák / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: This article aims to explore the impact of selected factors of development in business environment on numbers of entrepreneurs doing business as main and secondary activity in the Czech Republic. To the chosen factors of entrepreneurial environment belong especially amount of average wage, amount of advances on social and health insurance, unemployment. The aim of the research is to demonstrate that changes in the aforementioned factors are associated with the development of numbers of entrepreneurs who do business as main and secondary activity, including a comparison in the various regions of the Czech Republic, especially in the Moravian-Silesian Region.Design/methodology/approach: This article aims to demonstrate the impact and the statistical dependence of selected factors on the state of business environment and the number of entrepreneurs entering into business as main and secondary activity and to find out why the number of full-time entrepreneurs has been steadily declining in the Czech Republic. The statistical data used for the research are from the years 2009 to 2016 and came from the Czech Statistical Office, from and the Czech Social Security Administration and General Medical Insurance. The research methods of regression and correlation analysis have been used to analyse the aforementioned data. Findings: The article did not unequivocally prove the connection between number of entrepreneurs conducting business as their main and secondary activity and the average wage, rate of unemployment, and the amount of social security and health insurance payments. Mutual ties were identified in Moravian-Silesian region as well as in the Czech Republic. Research/practical implications: The research points to how the changes in business environment affect number of self-employed people and how they may have a long-term effect on the willingness of people to start their own businesses. Given the diversity and multitude of influences of business environment, other effects should be explored and compared in the future in order to stop this decrease in number of self-employed people who conduct business as their main activity and prevent a possible lack of entrepreneurs in the future. Originality/value: The article opens up new perspectives on the development in the number of entrepreneurs in the Czech Republic and factors which can have an influence on the willingness of people to enter into business whether it be their main or secondary activity.

Technology Innovations as Drivers of Hotel Attractiveness

Author(s): Tamara Floričić,Nadia Pavia / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: In striving to achieve business excellence, hotel companies recognise the importance of new solutions that affect hotel attractiveness and boost demand. In order to implement adequate and optimised innovative concept they need to choose suitable innovations and to test their attractiveness. The aim and purpose of this paper is to explore tourist demand focused on youth tourism within the framework of experimental hospitality innovations. Why experimental hospitality innovations and how can they be organised and valorised within the tourism system? The possible answers emerge in attractiveness exploration and understanding the Millenials as new consumers segment that seeks new excitement, exploration and solutions. Design/methodology/approach: The research includes quantitative as well as qualitative methods which explore the attitudes of tourist demand through 88 questionnaires conducted in January 2017 processed by statistical methodology including chi-squared test (February to May 2017). Methods of best practice research (February, March 2017) that are presented in framework of experimental technologies and creative thinking techniques are implemented and oriented towards creation of a new model that could impact demand of a specific market segment – youth tourists. The presented model of innovative solutions, created in March 2017) recognises categories of innovations that could impact perception of potential consumers about hospitality attractiveness.Findings: Presented research suggests conclusions that would influence new knowledge and present the platform for innovative connections of industry stakeholders including hotel companies and technological innovations companies which could implement and test their innovative product and valuate it by actual consumers, hotel guests. Findings point to conclusions which confirm willingness of youngsters to stay in innovation test hotel, to evaluate and rank selected groups of innovations and to pay the market price for this special experience of being the part of product or service innovation process. Research/practical implications: Paper proposes a new concept of development of hospitality structures that both innovatively organise hotel product and place it on tourism market, and support development and implementation of technological and organisational innovations as a new service that enriches hotel product. The concept provides the responses of tourist demand on sight in real time and that research results present indicative guidelines for further investments. Originality/value: The contribution of this paper is reflected in a both a proposal of new approach and suggestion of innovations as marketing value for hotel companies when considering orientation towards demand as a selective market segment and as a mix of various innovative aspects that form hotel service: technology, organisation, service, experience, architecture and design.

Извршење казне затвора у Републици Србији - скромни домети и нужност суштинских реформи

Author(s): Vladimir V. Veković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Execution of sentence in criminal law is a practical way of achieving the overall purpose of prescribing and imposing criminal sanctions and verifying appropriateness of judicial elections, and types of sanctions and measures in each case. The results achieved at the level of executing criminal sanctions significantly affect the overall value of the criminal policy of combating and preventing crime, which is why the penitentiary system attracts more attention in the world and in our country. When it comes to imprisonment - an irreplaceable link in the chain of social reaction to crime in Serbia, it should be noted that its enforcement is burdened with many problems, some of them quite old, others more recent, but what they have in common is that their destructive effects are intensified in the times of economic crisis.Positive regulation in this area is in line with the highest standards established by the international instruments adopted under the auspices of the United Nations and the Council of Europe, but it is much more difficult to apply the solutions in penalty practice. Over the last several years, in cooperation with the OSCE Mission to Serbia, Council of Europe - Office in Belgrade, the European Agency for Reconstruction and the Canadian International Development Agency, there have been significant improvements in the normative, personnel, organizational, material and technical fields, but the achieved results are still not satisfactory. Starting from the strategy adopted by the Government of the Republic of Serbia passed in 2010 the system of criminal sanctions should continuously promote coordinated, well-designed and content-rich activities. Thus, it will be shaped by consistent enforcement system, which means that the execution of criminal sanctions, and therefore the prison sentence, without exceptions applies methods, means and measures set forth by the applicable regulations that are compatible with the relevant international standards in this area. By creating a general climate of respect for human rights, including having more humane attitude towards the inmates and improving their status, the society will contribute to more efficient realization of the purpose of executing the sentence of imprisonment which, despite the introduction of a range of alternative sanction remains unavoidable tool in the fight against crime. Social context in which implementation of reforms is to be intensified is not favorable; nonetheless, the reforms remain necessary prerequisite for successful prevention and combat against crime.

THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL INFORMATION

Author(s): Manuela Manliherova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Information today takes many forms and easily accessible. People are suffering information overload in all life spheres, especially when it comes to large texts. That’s why audio books became so popular and a movie based on book is often more popular and more famous than the original story. Videos have become powerful tools for brands. More often than not, we visualize a blog post that contains a few complementary images. Visual content – info graphics, memes,images, videos, graphs – enables you to engage your target audience through more channels.When a visual cue is identified or when an image draws an emotional appeal? The way in which we relate to information depends on how it is designed. The decision is visualization is to see more structures and relations. The conversion of human senses to computer terms is a diagram by Danish Physicist Tor Norretranders. It demonstrates why visualizations are so effective in conveying huge amounts of information in split seconds. Visual Content Can Increase Social Media Presence. Consider Visual First Strategy in sustainable way. The world economy is rapidly becoming an information economy; information is a commodity and can be bought and sold. There is a danger of new classes “information rich” and “information poor”. Information also affects the standard of living. The media themselves are changing their business models and looking for new sources of revenue.

MEDIA ETHICS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

Author(s): Ivana Lj. Stojanović-Prelević,Tatjana Ðukic,Milan Dojčinović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ethical problems are too common in contemporary society. Media is just one of the fields where ethics needs to be reconsidered. The authors present ethical models for making ethical decisions. Some of them belong to traditional theories as Aristotelian Golden Rule or Utilitarianism but some of them are new, such as integrated model for decision making. Some theorists in the field of business ethics show that personal ethics is the most important for ethical behavior. This shows that ethical education and morality play the main role in applied ethics, too.In this paper, we present the results of two interviews. The first one is made with the students of journalism on Faculty of Philosophy in Serbia, Niš and the second is made with media workers in six on-line medias in Niš.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT

Author(s): Kalin Kalinov,Bogomil Kalinov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Managing the communications of an organization in the 21st century is much more demanding than it used to be a few decades ago. The constant information flow and the inability to control public discussions result in a necessity for dialogic and constant connection with key publics and stakeholders. The traditional division of communication practices into categories like PR, marketing, advertising, etc. is no longer fully applicable as contemporary consumers expect a consistent messaging via a multitude of channels.The article will focus on two key characteristics of communication management: the information flow and the experience that accompanies it. To put it simply, contemporary communication management is content and context, which corresponds to the already established theory of Marshall McLuhan that the media is the message but in the light of the prompt developments in the communication field at the dawn of the 21st century. The presented article focuses on a systematic literature review and attempts to construct a solid foundation for further research into the field of communication management, providing a conceptual framework for the phenomenon and its contemporary practice.

NATO W ROKU JUBILEUSZU: KŁÓTNIA W RODZINIE CZY ŚMIERĆ KLINICZNA?

Author(s): Marek Madej / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the functioning of NATO in 2019. It focuses on the internal tensionsin the organization due to growing divisions among the allies, particularly over burden--sharing and insuffi cient consultations between members; it also assesses their impacton NATO celebration of its 70th anniversary. It discusses in detail the positionsof the most vocal participants of intra-alliance debates: US, France, and Turkey.The article analyzes NATO’s internal military transformation and the strengtheningof its resilience, and deterrence and defence capabilities. It also discusses the operationalactivities of the Alliance, in particular in Afghanistan and Iraq. Finally, it presentsthe evolution of its relations with external partners in 2019, focusing on relations withRussia in the context of the expiration of the INF Treaty. It ends with an assessmentof future perspectives of cooperation between the allies.

GLOBALNE ZARZĄDZANIE GOSPODARCZE W DOBIE NIERÓWNOŚCI I NIEPEWNOŚCI

Author(s): Karina Jędrzejowska,Karina Jędrzejowska,Anna Wróbel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the changes that took place in the global economy in 2019, withparticular focus on inequality and uncertainty. The starting point for the authors’considerations is the weakening of the growth rate in the global economy, combinedwith multidimensional inequalities and a defi cit of inclusiveness in global economicgovernance. Consecutive sections of the article provide an overview of selectedeconomic indicators and an analysis of inequalities and selected developments thattook place last year in major dimensions of global economic governance: trade,fi nance, and sustainable development and inclusive growth. The functioning of eachof these dimensions is aff ected by growing multidimensional inequalities, uncertainty,and a global economic slowdown. In the case of the multilateral trading system,the increasing dysfunctionality of the World Trade Organization poses a signifi cantrisk. In the context of further evolution of the global fi nancial system, the authorsemphasize progress in the coordination of global fi nancial governance mechanismsand highlight initiatives enhancing cooperation for sustainable development.

Literature. List of figures. List of tables

Author(s): / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0