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The Perfect from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective in Old East Slavic1) Texts

Author(s): Jan Ivar Bjørnflaten / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

In this article it is made use of a cross-linguistic conception of the category of perfect, as being marked morphologically as periphrastic and semantically involving two temporal planes. An analysis is undertaken to show how the Old East Slavic perfect shaded into several meanings, opening up for the gradual replacement of the imperfect and the aorist by the perfect in terms of the l-participle. This process in Russian led to a single preterit based on a nominal form declined for the categories of gender and number, but not for the category of person.

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On the Second Be Periphrasis (BE-2) in Kashubian

Author(s): Motoki Nomachi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

In remembrance of Professor Jerzy Treder (1942-2015) This article explores the grammatical status of Kashubian periphrastic constructions such as òn je jachóny ‘he is gone’ within the framework of the St. Petersburg school of linguistic typology. Based on a comparison of the preterite forms of BE-1 and HAVE-periphrasis in the contemporary language and German equivalents, a new classification of the Kashubian verbal system is proposed, namely, that BE-2 is the resultative. Using both contemporary and historical data, as well as geographical distribution, the author tries to show the possible direction of the development of BE-2 in the light of language contact.

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Конструкция типа Х-у хорошо/ плохо работается и ее формальный статус*1)

Author(s): Viktor Khrakowskii / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

The paper proposes a description of the structure, meaning, and pragmatic features of the analyzed construction. Of special interest are the two roles of the situation maker – a (recessive) role of the Agent and a (dominant) role of the Experiencer.

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Конструкции микросинтаксиса, образованные русской лексемой раз

Author(s): Leonid Leibovich Iomdin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

The paper gives an account of phraseological units in Russian which involve the noun raz ‘time’. The focus is laid on syntactic, semantic and combinatorial properties of such units and the techniques of their adequate presentation in the grammar and the dictionary. The approaches used are those of construction grammar and microsyntax. While most of the units are depicted briefly, giving a general sketch of the phraseological fragment corresponding to the word raz, two idiomatic phrases, ni razu ‘not once’ and cherez raz ‘every other time’ are discussed in more detail.

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Экспектативные секвентные конструкции в славянских языках

Author(s): Ljudmila Popović / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

This article discusses the temporal meaning of the Potential I in the present-day Serbian language, which is used to describe single non-recurring past situations in the specific type of taxis constructions. The analysis of this type of structures in Serbian, compared to the other Slavic languages, has shown that the Potential I, combined with the conjunction da and a lexical temporal marker, is a part of a special kind of complex sentences, for which I propose the term Expectative Sequentional Construction. In this construction the Potential I with the mobile particle bi, which could either be a part of the verbal form (Serbian, Croatian, and Slovenian) or become a part of a conjunction (Slovak, Czech), indicates whether the final situation does or does not fulfill speaker’s expectations about it. This final situation is the result of a previous set of events, which together create а macrosituation.

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Typologische morphosyntaktische Übereinstimmungen der Balkansprachen mit anderen europäischen Sprachen

Author(s): Helmut Wilhelm Schaller / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2015

For long years since the time of Nikolaj Trubetzkoy and Roman Jakobson the term “Sprachbund”, applied to the Balkan languages as “Balkansprachbund” was valid for all typological questions of languages spoken in the Balkan area. The term is just used not only in Germany, but also in the USA and South-East European countries, e.g. Bulgaria. But there is the fact that the term “areal linguistics” revealing differences between dialects in the Balkans should be used more and more. Here are presented some observations not only from the sight of Balkan linguistics, but also from the new branch of European linguistics confirming the existence of languages outside the Balkans with coincidences outside this region.

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Деривационно-фразеологическое гнездо Москва в русском и иностранных языках

Author(s): Elena L. Berezovich,Jelena L´vovna Krivoščapova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

The article analyzes the derivative-phraseological word family Moscow, which is a complex of lexical facts incorporating semantic derivatives of the words Ěîńęâŕ, ěîńęîâńęčé, ěîńęâč÷ etc. in the Russian language (and their equivalents in foreign languages) and phraseological units containing these words. The authors deal mainly with the facts of Slavic languages and dialects (Eastern and Western Slavic languages in particular). Some examples from Germanic and Romance languages and occasionally Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages are also studied. The material is classified into thematic fields: “Geography”, “Human”, “Culture”, “Politics and economics”. The article summarizes information on the distinctiveness of the linguistic image of Moscow and its citizens (which is sometimes extended to the image of Russia and the Russians) in the perception of native speakers. It considers different points of view of the speakers of Russian and foreign languages.

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Diatezne zmoûnosti v slovenščini

Author(s): Mira Krajnc Ivić,Andreja Žele / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 4/2014

Diathesis reveals the capabilities and character of a specific language, containing the broadest extra-linguistic context. It is precisely this natural inseparability between language and context which requires that the boundaries between different approaches to analysing a language/ discourse/text should be made less rigid.

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Система языка и языковая норма

Author(s): Vladimir Nikolajevič Šapošnikov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2014

The general constructional concept in the language system and the thought organization concept are noted. The categorical concept repository is included in the semantic field as the united with the common characterizing indications multitude. The group of the poly-functional particles and paradigmatic correlating units formed by some idea of the characterizing are analyzed. The sign content parameters and the zone of system-carrying sign operation are studied (prosto and another). The occurring language changes, the evolution of the semantic field and the system foundations of speech phenomena are defined.

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Українська художня мова в сучасному лексикографічному вимірі

Author(s): Lesja Glivins´ka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2014

The present stage in the development of the Ukrainian author’s lexicography is marked especially by making of complete (general) dictionaries. Linguistic creative practice of writers (authors) is still the key object of scientific reception. Each vocabulary realizes the principle of completion differently being subject to pragmatic direction. Formation of comprehensive register of units is the general intent of the lexicographic description. At the same time the general author’s concordance visualizes all contexts of use of word forms. The complete frequency vocabulary replicates results of integrated quantitative parameterization of literary language. The author’s lexicon of explanation type anticipates availability of comprehensive illustrative zone and detailed semasiological comments. The widest research potential accumulates the integrated author’s vocabulary.

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Режиссер в отсутствие актеров од абсолютивном употреблении глагола

Author(s): Boris Yustinivich Norman / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The paper treats a possibility of verbal use without obligatory syntactic environment (arguments), including in particular right valency. Four special speech situations are defined, in which the verb loses its organizing function. These are: a dictionary article, a generalizing context, one-phrase texts with general-reference sense and coordinative word-combination. Examples from Russian, Bulgarian, Polish, Czech and Slovak are given.

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K pojmenování ‚medvěda‘ ve slovanštině*

Author(s): Václav Blažek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

The zoonym ‘bear’ in Slavic languages is more differentiated than appears at first sight. The dominant and etymologically transparent term *medvě̀dь ‘honey-eater’ is common Slavic and the only two exceptions, Polabian and Macedonian, very probably represent replacements of the same term *medvě̀dь. The second term in distribution, *mečьka, is attested in South and East Slavic, with possible onomastic traces in West Slavic. The ambition of the present contribution is to offer its “bee”-etymology, contrary to the traditional hypocoristic interpretation. The term *bъrtnikъ is limited to Czech and Slovak in the meaning ‘bear’ and was transferred from the designation of a man seeking honey of wild bees. Finally, the old attempt of Sobolevskij to find Slavic traces of the primary Indo-European term *H2r̥Tk̂o- ‘bear’ is discussed.

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Teze PLK jako cesta k procesuálním gramatiká slovanských jazyků

Author(s): Jan Kořenský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2-3/2017

The connection of programmatic documents of Prague linguistic structuralism (also called functional linguistics) especially in the form of the Theses presented to the First International Congress of Slavists held in Prague in 1929 with the then completely new and innovative exploring approach to Slavonic languages is generally known and sufficiently documented. There are, however, more or less explicitly expressed opinions that at the moment of the development of modern linguistics which is frequently characterized as programmatic interdisciplinarization of linguistics, as a turn to spoken communication, to discourse, as pragmatization of linguistic thinking etc., the fundamental principles of the Theses have nothing to say any longer. Expressed by means of classical structuralist terminology, we speak about the “turn away” from the issues of langue and the turn to parole investigation, about the turn away from the system of language and the turn to text, to discourse. At the same time the problem is also interpreted in such a way that the current stage of the development of linguistic thinking no longer needs to solve the problems and issues of global and complex systems thinking (so characteristic for classical structuralist period) which is the fact that by itself cancels the validity and relevancy of classical structuralist incentives in the context of current trends. The analysis of the first paragraph of the Theses, however, can show that in the Theses there are already present assumptions of the “pragmatic-communication” development of linguistic thinking which currently dominates in the context of linguistic thinking, of course, along with the conceptual bases of classical structuralism and in accordance with them.

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Категория вида в русском языке: формальный статус

Author(s): Viktor Khrakowskii / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2-3/2017

The paper refers to the formal status of the Verbal Aspect Category in Russian. The currently existing viewpoints on the issue are reviewed, and arguments are proposed to support the concept of Aspect as a word classification category.

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Trendy v elektronické diachronní lexikografii a jejich využitelnost ve slavistice

Author(s): Vladislav Knoll / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2-3/2017

The main aim of the article is to collect experience to facilitate the start of a new project of an Old Church Slavonic e-dictionary. The article is divided into four main parts. The first part discusses the advantages of the electronic dictionaries compared to the printed ones. The second part presents a relatively large overview of the current European electronic diachronic lexicography together with the introduction to the terminology problematics. The remaining two parts can be considered as the core of the article as they provide a description of the strategies of putting the diachronic lexicographical works on-line and a detailed analysis of the structure features found in the current e-dictionaries seen from the final user’s point of view. The outcome of the article is the evaluation and recommendations for the elaboration of a diachronic e-dictionary.

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Funkcijska opredelitev pridevniške zveze v slovenskem in angleškem jezikoslovju

Author(s): Monika Kavalir / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2017

Slovenian linguistics, traditionally under a strong influence of functionalism, defines the adjective and the adjectival phrase primarily based on its internal structure, its meaning, and the modifying function it performs within the nominal phrase. In treating English, the Cardiff School of Systemic Functional Grammar emphasizes the first two criteria, and the prevailing Hallidayan strand only looks at the function at the level of the clause. In the article systemic-functional ideas to do with grouping adjectives together with either adverbs or nouns are examined with regard to Slovene, yielding some interesting insights into its syntactic peculiarities, especially when it comes to substantivized adjectives, and coordination with adverbs and predicatives.

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Истинность сообщения и грамматические средства, выражающие количественную и качественную неопределенность референции

Author(s): Ruselina Nitsolova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2017

The article deals with the observation of the Maxim of Quality formulated by H. P. Grice with a view to the evidence for the information presented by the speaker. Languages make use of hedges – pragmatic markers indicating the limited character of the evidence of the speaker in order to reduce his responsibility before the hearer as to the truth of his message. The focus is on the grammatical means indicating quantitative and qualitative indefiniteness in the sphere of reference: approximate numerals, pronouns and articles in Bulgarian and in other Indo- -European languages. It is pointed out that the meaning of pronouns and articles contains information not only about the evidence / non-evidence of the speaker but also of other persons: the hearer, the original author of reproduced speech, etc.

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Heterogennost jako stylová charakteristika mluvených dialogů (Mluvení s dětmi, o dětech, za děti)

Author(s): Jana Hoffmannová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1-3/2018

In this text, I interpret twenty examples of ordinary informal conversations taking place in situations where children play a distinct role, either as direct participants in the conversation or as the subject of discussion. It can be expected that the stylistic characteristics of everyday dialogues include heterogeneity and variation. The expression of the participants in communication is influenced by their social roles, often based on age, familial relations, and privately or institutionally determined superordination and subordination. The differing communicative competences also result in differing styles of expression as concerns the degree of politeness, standard or non-standard means of expression, and even the use of non-verbal (primarily prosodic) means. Using the reproductions of the children’s speech, it can be demonstrated that they are often distinct in terms of sound and they enable speakers to, implicitly and merely with the help of prosodic profiling, express various attitudes toward children and their behaviour.

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K splynutí A a O v praslovanštině

Author(s): Jiří Rejzek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1-3/2018

Although the merger of a, o and ā, ō in the Proto-Slavic period is unquestionable, the time of the change and the phonetic value of the new sounds is not so self-evident. The traditional solution is that the merger took place as early as the Balto-Slavic or Early Proto-Slavic period and phonetically was – particularly in the short variant – a compromise between o and a (graphically sometimes interpreted as å) which was closer to a as corroborated by later Finnish loans like akkuna, kaputta, and only in the last phase of Proto-Slavic was its short variant rounded to pure o. What is usually ignored is the fact that the development in a number of grammatical endings points to the change of the original o, ō (and perhaps even ā) to u, ū which must have been in the stage when the vowel was still closer to o. Moreover, the explanation of the development of the Proto-Slavic vowel system is easier if we accept that the delabialization of o, ō > a, ā took place much later. This can be interpreted in two ways: either the merger of o and a to a (å) took place much later than usually expected, or the merger first resulted in vowels closer to o and only later, at the beginning of the classical period, it was delabialized to sounds closer to a.

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K příčinám pozdně praslovanské slabičné kontrakce (nejen) z pohledu gramatikalizační teorie

Author(s): Miroslav Veprek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1-3/2018

The syllabic contraction dated into the late Common Slavic period is well described and analysed in the scholar literature. The causes of the language change are most often found in a weak position of the phoneme j (i̯) in the Common Slavic phonological system, but some scholars point out to morphological conditions of the change. J. Marvan characterises the change as ‘tentative’, which means that the contracted forms were ‘tested’ in the language at first and, only in the cases of their acceptation in the system, implemented. Beside the ‘regular contraction’ which had the center in the Proto-Czech territory and did not reach the whole Slavic area, other kinds of contractions can be found in the late Common Slavic, especially the phonological- -morphological development in the compound declension of adjectives and in forms of the imperfect tense. These language forms were influenced by the grammaticalization processes, so there is a question if the grammaticalization (older then the contraction) could have been one of the causes of the contraction. I propose the hypothesis that the older Slavic contraction in the compound adjective declension and in the imperfect tense could have contributed to the weakening of the position of the phoneme j in the late Common Slavic, or even served directly as a stimulus to the contraction which later affected the Slavic area with the center in the Czech territory. The direct influence of the grammaticalization process on the contraction does not have to be rejected, when there are also parallels of development in other languages. The described process could be supported by the relatively high frequency of contracted forms in Common Slavic, as we can partially deduce from the illustrative frequency analysis based on the Church Slavic language material.

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