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Semantic relations and conceptual frames

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are many rich semantic resources (mainly for English but also for other languages) that include different types of semantic information: WordNet, FrameNet, VerbNet, PropBank, Ontonotes, PDEV, Yago, BabelNet, VerbAtlas, SynSemClass, among others. The objectives of research presented in the book “Towards a Semantic Network Enriched with a Variety of Relations” are to expand the WordNet structure with an extended network of conceptual frames that represent verb predicate-argument semantic relations in a generalised way. Our assumption is that a relatively small number of conceptual frames which define predicate-argument relation pairs (classified with respect to an ontology of semantic classes) introduce a large number of semantic relations.

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Beyond lexical and semantic resources: Linking WordNet with FrameNet and enhancing synsets with conceptual frames

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper sums up the research and findings made towards the linking of two large lexical semantic resources – WordNet and FrameNet (their verb inventory in particular) – by combining the rich conceptual description provided in FrameNet with the vast lexical coverage and structured relational representation in WordNet. The underlying idea is not just to map the two resources to the extent that their overlap allows, but to expand the mapping in such a way as to assign a FrameNet frame to as many synsets as possible, going far beyond the lexical correspondence in the two resources. We suggest that as a first approximation this mapping be implemented by using the relation of inheritance from a hypernym to a hyponym in WordNet to transfer the frame assigned to the parent synset from the parent to the child synset (inheritance­ based mapping), and then refine the obtained mapping through a number of procedures. The paper is divided in two large parts. In the first part we explore the relation of inheritance and other semantic relations as represented in WordNet and FrameNet and how they correspond to each other when the resources are aligned from a theoretical perspective. In addition, we provide a discussion of the implications of these observations with respect to the enhancement of the two resources through the definition of new relations and the detailisation of conceptual frames. The second part of the paper outlines the procedures defined for the validation of the consistency of the inheritance-based mapping of frames and the extension of its coverage which exploit the lexical information in WordNet (synset literals, synset glosses, etc.) and FrameNet (language units and their definitions, the names of the frames, etc.), the structure of the two resources and the systematic relations between synsets in WordNet and between frames in FrameNet. We present a case study on causativity, a relation which provides enhancement complementary to the one using hierarchical relations, by means of linking in a systematic way large parts of the lexicon. We show how consistency checks and denser relations may be implemented on the basis of this relation. In addition, we propose new frames based on causative–inchoative correspondences and in conclusion touch on the possibilities for defining new frames based on the types of specialisation that take place from parent to child synset.

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Putting pieces together: Predicate-argument relations and selectional preferences

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova,Maria Todorova,Hristina Kukova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper presents the work on enhancing WordNet with semantic relations between verb synsets and classes of noun synsets corresponding to major participants in the predicates’ conceptual structure. We first provide the theoretical background and motivation for the study and discuss the integration of the three complementary semantic resources – WordNet, VerbNet and FrameNet – which we then use to the end of devising a framework for enriching the relational structure of WordNet with a system of predicate-argument and predicate-adjunct relations. We pay particular attention to the analysis of the relations of inheritance between conceptual frames in FrameNet and between frame elements (the elements of these conceptual frames) which results in the elaboration of a hierarchy that is then translated as a set of relations and relation subtypes between predicates and the main elements in their conceptual structure. The conceptual frames with their corresponding frame elements and selectional restrictions are assigned to verb synsets in WordNet. We then go on to propose a typology of selectional preferences that verbs impose on the nouns they combine with. Using restrictions that have already been defined in FrameNet and VerbNet as well as other semantic information from the three resources, we propose a unified and extended set of selectional preferences represented as sets of WordNet classes and (sub)trees in the WordNet structure. The model is illustrated by a case study of the relation Theme and its subtypes.

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Towards conceptual frames

Author(s): Svetla Koeva,Tsvetana Dimitrova,Valentina Stefanova,Dimitar Hristov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study presents an effort in enriching the Princeton WordNet with information from the verb patterns (predicate­–argument structures) from another resource – the Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs (PDEV) – and the semantic types from the Corpus Pattern Ontology (CPA) which describe the arguments of these patterns. The PDEV verb patterns were automatically mapped to the WordNet sentence frames thus adding information about the character of the arguments. The resulting patterns are conceptual frames whose arguments were specified for a set of lexical units – the semantic types assigned to WordNet noun synsets.

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Szekspirofobia? Mowa krótka w Jana Śniadeckiego obronie

Author(s): Anna Janicka,Jarosław Ławski / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on Jan Śniadecki (1756–1830), an eminent Polish philosopher of the late Enlightenment period, and on his attitude to Shakespeare. Jan Śniadecki was a major figure in the debate on the shape of modern literature and culture in Poland in 1818–1825. A representative of classicising Enlightenment values, Śniadecki was seen as a conservative and an opponent of Romanticism, and as such he famously makes an appearance in Adam Mickiewicz’s ballad “Romantyczność”, a poem whose motto is taken from Shakespeare. Śniadecki has been accused of harbouring an aversion to Shakespeare, and he has met with ridicule for a passage in one of his treatises where he wonders if a more polished and well-educated 19th-century Shakespeare would have made a better playwright. As shown by the authors of this study, Śniadecki was not actually hostile to Shakespeare, whose genius he hailed on numerous occasions. What he found objectionable was the unquestioning adulation for the author of Richard III, a phenomenon we now call Bardolatry, as distinct from the more positive term of “Shakespeare mania” which denotes a broad fascination with the assimilated heritage of the English playwright. It appears that Śniadecki has fallen victim to a stereotype made permanent by the lasting success of the Romantic aesthetic in Polish culture.

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Sen, Słowacki, Szekspir i inni

Author(s): Michał Kuziak / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the problem of dreams and the related cognitive, ontological and linguistic disorientation which leads to the experience of illusion. The article makes use of several highly intertextual plays including "Ślub" [The Wedding] by Witold Gombrowicz, "Balladyna" [Balladine], "Sen srebrny Salomei" [Salome’s Silver Dream] and "Samuel Zborowski" by Słowacki, and Shakespeare’s "A Midsummer Night’s Dream" and "Calderon’s Life is a Dream". These musings on 19th- and 20th-century literary texts invite reflection on the problem of the illusory nature of existence in post-modern thinking. Special attention is drawn to the diverse depictions of illusion in the plays and to their potential meanings.

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„Co będzie tam?”, czyli Hamleci Dostojewskiego (z rzutem oka na szekspiriana rosyjskiego geniusza)

Author(s): Tadeusz Sucharski / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

This short article presents the multi-dimensional links between the thoughts and works of Dostoevsky and the plays of Shakespeare. In one way or another, Dostoevsky lived his whole life under Shakespeare’s spell. He saw in Shakespeare an artist endowed with the power to reveal the ineffable aspects of reality, and his fascination is palpable in his numerous inter-textual allusions, quotations and cryptic references to Shakespeare’s plays as well as in his approach to characterisation (Stavrogin in The Possessed). Hamlet was a particularly important play to Dostoevsky, who saw Prince Hamlet as a champion of metaphysical rebellion. To him, Hamlet’s lines contained some of the most important existential dilemmas such as reflections on man’s place in the cosmos and musings on “existence” beyond the grave. From his youngest days suicide was always a lasting influence on Dostoevsky’s thinking; his best novels tend to contain characters who are “logically” drawn to suicide and have to undergo a variety of trials as if trying to find an ultimate answer to Hamlet’s famous question. To Dostoevsky, however, suicide was part and parcel of the human experience in a hopeless world stripped of all transcendence and stranded in a limbo between “the truth of science” and “the truth of faith”. Unlike the times of Hamlet, when things may have been chaotic but faith still prevailed, Dostoevsky’s characters exist in a period of empty transcendence and wanton free will, where suicide becomes a desperate attempt to find metaphysical consolation.

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Norwidowska „zbrodnia stanu”. Szekspir w twórczości Norwida (O Kleopatrze i Aktorze)

Author(s): Sławomir Rzepczyński / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

A lasting presence in European culture and an important inspiration for the Romantics, Shakespeare’s works were nevertheless misunderstood by his 19th-century contemporaries, argued Norwid, and Shakespeare’s message had become lost over the centuries. Norwid’s comments on Shakespeare and his own dramatic works, notably Kleopatra and Aktor, call for a fresh re-examination of Shakespeare’s significance. In his historical tragedy Kleopatra, Norwid shows the dangers of settling for a cultural status quo and getting clammed up in one’s own period. In Aktor, a contemporary “comedic drama” (komediodrama), Norwid presents a critique of the 19th century which he believed had rejected the timeless values of the past, thus posing a threat to humanity and to the future of the world (Norwid derived his ideas on humanity’s development from the Bible and the teachings of the Church on the one hand, and from the philosophy of Hegel and Giambattista Vico on the other). The Shakespearean inspiration makes itself felt in Norwid’s works in a number of ways, including themes (notably man’s condition in the historical process), traditional genres, characterisation, and literary methods (plays within plays). To Norwid, Shakespeare was one of the “teachers of humanity” whose work should be continually re-examined to bring its historical detail in line with contemporary developments and universal categories.

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Measure for Measure: A Requiem for Humanity

Author(s): Małgorzata Grzegorzewska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article proposes to view one of William Shakespeare’s “dark” comedies, "Measure for Measure", through the philosophical writings of Søren Kierkegaard, Emmanuel Lévinas and Giorgio Agamben. The principle of “commanded” love formulated in Kierkegaard’s original existentialist reformulation of the Christian commandment to love one’s neighbour, as presented in his "Works of Love", and the corresponding Levinasian concept of unconditional responsibility imposed on an individual by the appeal articulated in the “face of the other”, provide suitable grounds for reviewing the ethical implications of the play, which focuses on and juxtaposes the claims of “selfish” love with the demands of self-denial and sacrifice. Giorgio Agamben’s reflection on the tension between law and mercy, formulated in the apocalyptic, post-Auschwitz context, additionally highlights the manoeuvres of the hidden author(s) of martial law in the city of Vienna, as portrayed in Shakespeare’s drama.

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A New Interpretation of the Blue Lights in Richard III: Functions of the Blue Hue in Yūshi Odashima’s Translation

Author(s): Ayami Oki-Siekierczak / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

In Shakespeare’s art, visual perception is entwined with touch, taste, hearing, and smell: the colour terms stimulate other senses, recalling their symbolic meanings in both ‘colourful’ plays (such as "Romeo and Juliet" and "The Winter’s Tale") and those dominated by bleak and darkish hues (such as "Richard III" and "Hamlet"). The paper surveys Shakespeare’s contemporary perception of colours so that we can understand more clearly what his colour usage means in the play, describes Shakespeare’s use of colour in "Richard III" and specifies what kinds of colour appear at which points in the play. It also covers the translation of colour in Japan, while particularly focusing on blue in Odashima’s 1983 translation, comparing it with other important translations in the history of the Japanese reception of Shakespeare.

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O znaczkach z Szajlokiem

Author(s): Mieczysław Abramowicz / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The first postage stamp bearing the image of William Shakespeare was issued 24 years after the world’s first ever stamp, the Penny Black, came out on 6 May 1840. Today, a complete collection of Shakespeare-themed stamps from all over the world would have to include almost a thousand items (stamps, stamp series, souvenir sheets, commemorative postmarks, first day covers, postcards) with hundreds of themes ranging from portraits of Shakespeare to scenes from his plays, including "The Merchant of Venice". Shylock first appeared on a postage, stamp issued by the Emirate of Fujeira as part of a nine-piece series (1969), followed by two Senegalese stamps (1972) and a Sierra Leone series (1989). The most recent Merchant of Venice-themed stamp is part of a ten-stamp series issued by Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, a tiny island nation in the Caribbean. The stamp shows Portia who is played, rather surprisingly, by the Disney character of Minnie (the series also shows Donald Duck as Hamlet, Mickey Mouse and Daisy as Romeo and Ophelia, Goofy as Mark Antony and Clarabell Cow as Titania). The Polish Post Office has never come up with Shakespeare-themed stamps, so the author takes the liberty of recommending a virtual series to feature portraits of famous actors appearing in performances of "The Merchant of Venice" in Gdańsk, including Siegfried Gotthilf Eckhardt (1780), Ludwig Devrient (1818, 1821), Ira Aldridge (1854), Marija Vera (1917), and others.

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PHRASEOLOGICAL MEANING THROUGH THE TRADITIONAL AND CULTURE-ORIENTED APPROACH

Author(s): Ludmila Raciula / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article discusses the issue of phraseological meaning from the cognitive culture-oriented perspective, which is based on two key assumptions. The first is that language and culture are two separate and interacting semiotic systems, while phraseological units are the products of this interaction. Thus, phraseological meaning is formed as a result of inter-semiotic transposition, i.e. transfer of some conceptual information from nonverbal signs of culture system into the verbal ones of the language system. The second assumption results from the first and stipulates that phraseological meaning is a two-strata structure, the surface stratum and the deep stratum. The deep structure encloses the conceptual foundation based on cultural elements and the surface stratum is its embodiment into language signs. We have chosen the semantic field of emotions to put in practice the cognitive culture-oriented analysis. Anthropologists have proven that emotions are not simply physiological reactions of human bodies, they are also the result of people’s cultural interpretation of extra-linguistic reality. Thus, we shall try to identify the conceptual information that underlies phraseological units depicting human emotions.

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ЗАГАЛЬНОНАЦІОНАЛЬНІ РИСИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ МОВНИХ СИМВОЛІВ У КІНОПОВІСТІ О. ДОВЖЕНКА «ЗАЧАРОВАНА ДЕСНА»

Author(s): Oxana Ceh,Marina Tuniţcaia / Language(s): Ukrainian Publication Year: 0

The article analyses the semantic symbols due to which the live connection between the man, language and culture is created; with archetypical symbols performing the significant role. The classification of the symbols employed in A. Dovzhenko’s cinema-novel “The Enchanted Desna” is being performed and their function in the fictional discourse has been defined. Words-symbols create a complex and rich system in which different types of relations, that is paradigmatic, syntagmatic and phraseological ones are inherent. The linguistic symbols used in A. Dovzhenko’s work acquire the specific national colouring; demonstrate the high level of the Ukrainian people’s intellectuality as well as the remarkable diversity of the Ukrainian linguistic expressive means. The symbol as a verbal sign, the semantics of which being the result of integration and reinterpretation on the level of associations of its direct, figurative, connotative meanings under the specific influence of national cultural context, is formed as a result of metonymic or metaphoric transformations. The symbol also serves as a means of artistic expression in which the conceptual and artistic energy of the cinema-novel “The Enchanted Desna” is accumulated and the author’s most vivid perceptions of the world are focused

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Abordarea liniară și ciclică a comunicării interculturale la orele de limba și literatura română

Author(s): Ana Cozari / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Communication is a complex phenomenon inevitable to society. Lately, one has noticed a noticeable rise in the interest towards both the theme of communication, in general, as well as in that of intercultural communication, in particular, at the individual level as well as at the level of the group interactions. Intercultural communication comprises universal elements, as well as specific ones, operating at various levels, generating a variety of communicative behaviours and leading to certain types of communicational necessities, greatly impacting what speakers perceive and how they perceive. The subject 'Romanian Language and Literature' is a strong means and an appropriate educational medium for intercultural education to take place in, it develops the intercultural communication skills, it creates intercultural attitudes. Thus, intercultural communication is a process which can be successfully guided, developed, adjusted by teachers during Romanian Language and Literature classes.

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The system of diatheses in Bulgarian and stative predicates

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The investigation is intended to provide a clear distinction between the category of grammatical voice in Bulgarian (grammatical diatheses) and lexical diatheses by analyzing grammatical facts and by applying semantic criteria. The category of (grammatical) voice is used to describe a wide range of phenomena. Only the lexical diatheses are presented in more detail: se passives, impersonal passives, middles, anticausatives, lexical reciprocals, optatives, impersonal optatives, property of “oblique” subject. The semantic and grammatical characteristics (arguments and semantic roles, verb aspect, transitivity, and morphological categories of the verb lemma) of the source and derivative diatheses are studied, compared, and described. A large number of the source diatheses affect imperfective verbs that may express activities or states; in such cases, the alternations may lead to one of the following configurations: activity – activity; activity – state; state – state. We trace the correlation between the diathesis type and the eventuality type in the context of the ontological description of the state predicates proposed in this study. The investigation is intended to provide a clear distinction between the category of grammatical voice in Bulgarian (grammatical diatheses) and lexical diatheses by analyzing grammatical facts and by applying semantic criteria. The category of (grammatical) voice is used to describe a wide range of phenomena. Only the lexical diatheses are presented in more detail: se passives, impersonal passives, middles, anticausatives, lexical reciprocals, optatives, impersonal optatives, property of “oblique” subject. The semantic and grammatical characteristics (arguments and semantic roles, verb aspect, transitivity, and morphological categories of the verb lemma) of the source and derivative diatheses are studied, compared, and described. A large number of the source diatheses affect imperfective verbs that may express activities or states; in such cases, the alternations may lead to one of the following configurations: activity – activity; activity – state; state – state. We trace the correlation between the diathesis type and the eventuality type in the context of the ontological description of the state predicates proposed in this study.

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A CASE STUDY ON IMPROVING FOREIGN STUDENTS’ WORD FORMATION SKILLS IN ROMANIAN

Author(s): Mihaela Badea,Cristina Iridon / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In teaching a foreign language, building and developing language skills represent the instructors’ main aim. But developing skills would not be possible without teaching pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. According to the communicative approach, among these language components, vocabulary is considered to be of great importance, without diminishing the role of grammar and pronunciation in a foreign language. It is well-known that vocabulary provides learners with the necessary knowledge meant to help them to deliver both written and spoken messages, without having too much grammar or pronunciation knowledge. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to identify possible ways of improving students’ vocabulary in Romanian, especially when it comes to word formation, a process that does not only involve learning words but also using them creatively

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ACADEMIC WRITING – THE TEXTBOOK GENRE. THE CASE OF ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN GRAMMAR BOOKS

Author(s): Olivia Rusu,Silviu-Constantin Mihăilă / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This research focuses on a contrastive critical and methodological approach applied to six well-known English and Romanian grammar books. The authors are interested to observe and interpret the strengths and limitations of the selected grammar books in order to identify educational strategies and stages to be taken when teaching grammar. A major attention was paid to the didactic contrastive scenario of teaching grammar. English grammars are descriptive, whereas Romanian grammars are rather prescriptive. Thus, this enquiry is an attempt to find a generalised and practical layout in the study of two different idiomatic approaches, with a focus on similarities and an aim on divergences. Methodologically speaking, this research targets to further developed and improve educational practices for teaching and learning English language rules and Romanian grammar. Given examples include an overview of verbal tenses and of general vocabulary, for A1-B1 CERCL levels, in both languages.

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Автоматично извличане на езикови ресурси за откриване на конфликтни събития за български език

Author(s): Hristo Tanev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper we present an overview of event detection for conflict events, such as battles and other military operations, from news streams. We then evaluate a terminology extraction algorithm for learning Bulgarian lexica specific to military conflicts. The domain-specific dictionaries related to conflicts may often require thousands of entities, including professions, military ranks, weapons, vehicles, actions, organization names, relevant adjectives and other lexica. The evaluation shows very promising results, with the accuracy of the learning algorithm exceeding 80%, thus proving the feasibility of event detection for the Bulgarian language.

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Система на диатезите в български

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The current study is based on the model of Igor Melchuk for a formal description of voice, which is transferred to cases in which the verb diatheses result in a propositional change. Such diatheses may be due to a change in the semantic relations of the arguments to the predicate or to a change (reduction) in the number of arguments. We establish the inventory of diatheses with propositional change. Complementary, the verb alternations described by Beth Levin (if they are valid for Bulgarian), as well as the language-specific alternations are checked whether they belong to any of the identified diatheses. The reflection of the alternations at the morphological and syntactic level are described. It is also shown in which cases the diatheses lead to a transformation from a dynamic to a stative eventuality type.

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Наблюдения върху безеквивалентната фразеология в българско-полска перспектива

Author(s): Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski,Diana Blagoeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the issue of non-equivalent phraseological units in the pair of Bulgarian and Polish languages. The different views on the types and degrees of interlinguistic equivalence in phraseology are commented on. It is emphasized that in establishing the presence or absence of interlingual equivalence in phraseological units should be based on semantics. The research was conducted on a rich illustrative material, including idioms, stable comparisons and other types of set phrases.

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