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Кодикологически особености на Песнивеца на цар Иван Александър

Author(s): Elissaveta Moussakova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2002

The well-known but insufficiently researched Psalter, written in 1337 (Sofia, BAN 2) is considered from the viewpoint of its codicological peculiarities, specific textual structure and content in relation to decoration and illumination. Given certain historical facts and circumstances, it could be assumed that a monastic circle of Hesychasts was responsible for the fulfilment of the royal commission. To confirm or reject their role, however, still more evidence is needed as well as for answering the question in which of the monastic colonies, connected with the capital Turnovo, the manuscript has been produced. According to the author’s suggestion the Psalter served as a means to convey a message to the ruler, reminding him of his duty to observe orthodoxy. Looking for an explanation for the immediate reason that stood behind it, another hypothesis is offered, that it was the expected envoys of Pope Benedict XII, tolerated by John Alexander, who made the king’s spiritual guides be on the alert.

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Фотокопията и микрофилмите от преписите на Пространното житие на св. Константин-Кирил в Научния архив на БАН в София

Author(s): Maya Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2002

This article offers a complete inventory of the photocopies and microfilms of the copies of the Detailed Vitae of St. Constantine-Cyril (VC). They are kept in Collectoin V in the scientific records of the Bulgarian academy of science – Sofia. The history of the collection is briefly represented in the introduction; a characteristic is given of the available inventory data and their problems are tabled for discussion. Information is provided about the used registers of the copies of VC till this moment and about the differences between them. The types of data, which are adduced in the present inventory, are concretely formulated. The enclosed table 1 clearly shows the correlation between the common member copies of VC, the presence or absence of edition and the presence or absence of a photocopy and a microfilm in Collectoin V. The comparatively rich material gives a possibility for using the original texts for a big part of the hitherto unpublished copies of VC, which are scattered in many book depositories abroad.

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Към лексиката на Витошката грамота

Author(s): Mariya Raykova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2002

The study is aimed at presenting a new reading of a word in the text of the Vitosha Charter – градаре, so far accepted and explained by the scholars as сердаре. Suggested are also possible interpretations of the term градаре, which on the basis of the words found in the hitherto preserved royal charters, is more generally associated with the verb градити “to build, to construct”.

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Името Карвуна и прабългарите

Author(s): Pavel Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2002

Karvuna is a regional and settlement name, recorded in the sources in the 11th century at the earliest. It is believed that its origin is Greek. The comparison of domestic and foreign sources leads the author to the conclusion that the name is of Proto-Bulgarian origin and is a combination of *Kar- and -vuna. The second component has been given the meaning by Slavonic and Greek authors as “hill, tumulus” but in the Turko-Bulgarian language it had the meaning of the numeral “hundred” (on>un>vun), as in the name of the original settlement of Khan Asparuh beyond the Danube: Onglos which means “Hundred Rivers” (=On gol) and where also was recorded the toponym Stomogilie (Hundred Hills). After 680, with the occupation or building of numerous earth and other strongholds and cities, the name земя Карвоунска consolidated in the chronological tradition as “land of the hundred (=many) strongholds” i. e. “fortified land” and that was filly in the spirit of the semantic of the Bulgarian ethnonym Unogunduri”. It was only later that the principal of the centres of this “land” received a homonymous name which in Turko-Bulgarian sounded *Qar(a) vuna, i.e. “The main fortress-city”, and in Greek Καρβούνας.

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„Слово на св. Василий Велики и на отец Ефрем за светата Литургия, как подобава да се стои в църквата със страх и трепет“

Author(s): Klimentina Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

The Sermon is a Bulgarian text which belongs to the unofficial exegetic liturgical tradition. It is preserved in a miscellany, completed in 1552, the work of the copyist Kalinik in the Bulgarian village of Oreshane for Priest Gonstantine, and was later was passed on through generations of priests. In the 17th с. the manuscript was in Sopot. In the 19th c. it was owned by A. S. Norov and after him by Count A. S.Uvarov. At present it is in the State Historical Museum in Moscow (Uvar. F 535). The copy is the earliest dated and localized Bulgarian text of the Sermon known to date. The spelling of the manuscript is Bulgarian, inconsistently using two yus and two jers. The Sermon is thematically related to a number of similar texts. It is a lively and engrossing narrative about the struggle between the devil and the angels during liturgy. The heading attributes the work to St. Basil and to St. Ephraim. It is possible that originally the work was attributed to St. Ephraim the Syrian only. The text probably appeared in the 13th с. In the present copy there is a transposition of passages which indicates a prolonged manuscript tradition.

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Старобългарската служба за св. Аполинарий Равенски от Климент Охридски

Author(s): Mariya Yovcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

The article publishes and analyses a newvly discovered service for St. Apollinarius of Ravenna the canon of which contains an acrostic indicating the name of its author – Clement of Ohrid. Its structure is examined, attention being focused on the metrical and stylistic-linguistic particularities of the canon. After an analysis of the textual tradition that takes into account the hymnographic context of the sources, some problems concerning the history of the early Slavonic Menai are examined. The spread of the commemoration of St. Apollinarius in Byzantine and Slavonic practice is outlined on the basis of various liturgical sources. As a result of the analysis it is concluded that the hymnographic work and the Slavonic translated life of the Ravenna Saint offer valuable data for the study of the peculiarities of the Old Bulgarian calendar of saints on the basis of early liturgical practice in Bulgaria. The newly discovered service is not only of importance because it enlarges the body of Old Bulgarian hymnography but also because it reveals the rich repertoire of hymnus for martyrs revered by the whole church that were created in peripheral areas of Byzantium.

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Съкращенията в рилския препис нa повестта „Варлаам и Йоасаф“

Author(s): Monia Camuglia / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

This article is a study of the abbreviations to by found in the Middle Bulgarian Gopy of the Povest of Varlaam and Joasaf from the 14th c. kept at Rila Monastery (Rila 3/14) that has not yet been examined from a linguistic point of view. The abbreviations are studied and described in detail. Word formation as well as graphic, phonetic, linear, lexical, comparative and diachronic aspects are analysed. Fore the first time the dependence of the abbreviations on the morphemic structure of the lexeme is established. We helped ourselves with the DBT software (Database testuali), a program of textual analysis able to perform a full text navigation with quick and precise output of data. The abbreviations of the Povest are studied from their linguistic and graphic aspects. What we call “pseudoabbreviations”, i. e. not abbreviated words which present graphic features typical for abbreviations, are given separate attention in our analysis. From the graphic point of view, the graphic characteristics of abbreviated words, the compositions of overwritten letters and their relation with the titla, the typology of missing letters and their position between the written letters, the position of abbreviations in the frame of the line and definition of the principles of their usage are defined. From the lexical point of view; the relation between the abbreviated words and their semantic peculiarities are defined.

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Книга Естир и нейният славянски превод

Author(s): Boryana Velcheva,Kiril Kostov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

"The Slavonic Book of Esther", which was published in 1998 in Cambridge, Mass., is undoubtedly a model edition of a medieval text. Textual and linguistic analyses led Horace G. Lunt and Moshe Taube to the conclusion that the Book of Esther was translated into Slavonic from Greek and not directly from Hebrew. The authors of the review article accept the assumption of H. G. Lunt and M. Taube, that "perhaps a Judeo-Greek text of Esther was translated into Slavic in the Balkans and somehow made its way to Rus' during the 14th century" (p. 248). In addition to the analysis presented in the book the authors of the article offer some new observations on Byzantine Greek-Bulgarian parallels in the syntax and new linguistic data from Bulgarian sources. They suggest that the Slavonic translation of the Book of Esther was made in north-eastern Bulgaria (presumably in Turnovo) in the middle of the 14th century.

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Аористните форми на тематичните глаголи с инфинитивна основа на съгласна във Ватиканския палимпсест

Author(s): Maria Măžlekova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

The newly discovered Old Bulgarian Vatican palimpsest contains extremely interesting linguistic material. This is due to the fact that this Cyrillic apracos of the 10th c. is distinguished by numerous archaic linguistic features. A morphological case in point is the use of asigmatic forms of the aorist. The aorist forms from Vat are compared with the text of four gospels: the Glagolitic Zogr, Mar and As and the Cyrillic apracos SavKn. The basis for the comparative analysis are 276 aorist forms from Vat. The ratio simple aorist: II sigmatic aorist in Vat is 105:9. These data refute the opinion existing in Slavistics that the simple aorist is encountered mostly in the Old Bulgarian Glagolitic monuments. There are essential differences between the Cyrillic Vat and SavKn. The data show mat they are Old Bulgarian manuscripts copied at different times and that Vat preserves a much older text than SavKn. For Vat it may be assumed that it was created in a period of transition when the Glagolitic script was replaced by Cyrillic and that the scribe was well acquainted with and used both Old Bulgarian alphabets. A particular situation and the needs of the church service urged him to make a Cyrillic copy of a Glagolitic aprakos gospel that was already outdated.

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„Народное“ житие св. Иоанна Рыльского как авторское произведение

Author(s): Valerii Lepahin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2001

This paper is devoted to the “popular” Life of St. John of Rila. The author of the paper considers that the “popular” character of the work has been greatly exaggerated by researchers. The unknown author of the Life of St. John of Rila displays profound knowledge of the Bible. He provides exact and correct views of the essence and practice of monastic life. The composition of his work has a logical structure. The author of the Life also demonstrates an acquaintance with various kinds of church poetry (e. g. prayers and acathyst hymns). The author of the paper also considers the widespread opinion about the apocryphal character of the “popular” Life of St. John to be exaggerated. It is possible to interpret many symbols in this work (e. g. the white bee, the eagle, the pigeon, the snake, the ox and the little bell) not only as folkloric or apocryphal but also as purely Christian. The accentuation of the popular character of the Life excludes it from the history of Old Bulgarian literature. By the same token the anonymous hagiographer, a highly sophisticated and original 12th с. author, is also exluded.

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Die Altbulgarische Übersetzungstechnik in der frühen Symeonschen Epoche. Zu vier (angeblichen) Patristikübersetzungen Konstantins von Preslav

Author(s): Christian Voss / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2001

Looking at the main issue of the continuity of the translation principles of Cyril and Methodius after 885, the article looks at the exact problem of the authorship of the Old Bulgarian translation of Piranesi by Ephrem Cirin, attributed to Constantine of Preslav. Five important Old Bulgarian translation writings are objects of analysis: the Piranesi of Ephrem Cirin, the Didactic Gospel, the Four Words Against the Arians of Athanasius of Alexandria, the Katechizi of Cyrus yl Jerusalem and the Ladder of John Sinai. As a result of this comparison of different translation techniques, it turns out that exactly the early translations of the Plisko-Preslav era show a strengthened formal ‘greekification’, while the later bigger works of Preslav Literary School are turning to the more free Cyrilo-Methodievic principles.

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Дамаскините от XVII век и началото на новобългарския книжовен eзик

Author(s): Boryana Velcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2001

The article criticizes the conception of the book „История на българския книжовен език“. София, 1989. The author argues that the history of the Modern Bulgarian literary language remains incomplete if the language of the 17th century damascenes is not taken into consideration. The paper includes orthographic and linguistic (mostly lexical) data from 17th century manuscripts supporting her thesis.

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Диахронна съпоставка на условните периоди в български и гръцки език

Author(s): Evelina Mineva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2001

The article describes shortly the most important types of conditional constructions throughout the history of the Greek and the Bulgarian language. In conditional constructions Bulgarian has always used a separate conditional mood. In modern Bulgarian this mood is restricted to the expression of potentiality in conditional constructions. In Byzantine vernacular Greek on the other hand, there was no clear substitute for the defunct ancient Greek optative and conjunctive, but only different periphrastic constructions. In both modern languages verbal forms with undoubtedly temporal meaning acquire modal functions within the framework of conditional constructions. In Greek imperfect and pluperfect combined with the modal particle θα serve to express potential and unreal modality, while in Bulgarian Futurum praeteriti functions as a mood mainly in conditional constructions with an unreal meaning.

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Установяването на датите за честване на св. Наум Охридски и архиепископ Йоасаф

Author(s): Svetlina Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2001

All the documentary data on the two days of celebrating the church festival of St. Nahum Ohridski – December 23 and June 30 – are analysed in the article. It has been established that the first of them emerged not after the end of the 10th с. It was adopted by the Archbishop of Ohrid Joasaph (1718/1719–1745/1747) for two decades after his enthronement up to 1740. A detailed study is made of the role of Joasaph in introducing the date June 20 as a festival of St. Nahum. The pieces of information about document No. XXXVI of the lost Codex of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, written in 1779 in which direct mention was made of the shifting of the festival from December 23 to June 20 by Archbishop Joasaph and a church-people’s council are examined in detail and the conclusion is reached that this document cannot be used to establish the date June 20. The comprehensive examination of the extant information gives grounds to assume that the date June 20 appeared in the service tradition much before the time of Archbishop Joasaph, perhaps during the time of the Archbishop of Ohrid Constantine Kavasila (1250–1275). Joasaph, however, had enormous merits for the church legitimization of this date, in oblivion prior to him, and for its use after 1742. Although a Greek manuscript is known from the very end of the 17th с. in which it was used, in actual fact June 20 did not replace December 23 but the two dates have so far been used in parallel. In the article are indicated all the Slavonic and Greek handwritten and printed texts up to the beginning of the 20th с. Which prove this, and a Greek publication of 1911, unknown to science, is also reported. Published are four facsimiles of the Greek manuscript No. II A 7793 of the Bulgarian Historical Archives of the “SS Cyril and Methodius” National Library of the late 17th с., а facsimile of manuscript No. 252 of the Church Historical-Archival Institute at the Bulgarian Patriarchate in Sofia (a copy of the Codex of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, made after 1870–1872) and of the title page of the 1911 edition of the Service for St. Nahum.

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Праздничные и воскресные блаженны в византийском и славянском богослужении VIII–XIII вв.

Author(s): Alexei Pentkovski,Mariya Yovcheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2001

The emergence, functione and spread of the blessed antiphons in different Orthodox liturgical centres are considered in the article. The establishment of this component of the service was linked to an ancient Eastern practice. The presence of special festive antiphons in South Italian and Slavonic codices of the 12th–14th с. is regarded as a peripheral feature which penetrated from a liturgical centre not in Constantinople. The role of the festive antiphons in the Slavonic liturgical tradition is examined up to the 14th с. on the basis of the data in four South Slavonic and one Russian sources. It is concluded that the presence of special blessed antiphons in menaion codices marked the influence of a liturgical system of a Palestinian or Jerusalem origin. As evidence of the use of sources outside Constantinople in the establishment of the Old Bulgarian monasterial service, the festive blessed antiphons do not stand isolated but are supported also by other components of liturgical practice.

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Апокрифните лечебни молитви

Author(s): Donka Petkanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2001

The apocryphal prayers with a healing purpose, spread among the Southern Slavs in the 10th–12th c., are considered in the study. They were inserted in church books (prayerbooks, psalters, etc.) but also in medicine handbooks together with popular medical prescriptions. In the study are raised the following questions: againts which diseases were the prayers directed; how the ailments “came out” from man and where they went; what articles and actions should accompany the words: wine and bread, knife, water, binding, writing the text, the lead on which it was written, etc. All the articles in the ritual had a symbolic magical significance. In the study comparisons are made with folklore incantations, Coptic magical texts, etc. It has been established that despite the influence of the Christian religion, the curative prayers (translated, some probably created on the model of translated ones) as regards ideas, notions, ritual articles and actions retained a very close link with pagan antiquity: they manifested the longevity of the heathen elements and stability of the form. During the Middle Ages their vitality was maintained by the profound belief in their curative and protective action.

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The Miracles of the Archangels in the Athonite Monastery of Docheiariou – A Diplomatic Edition of the Greek and Slavic Text

Author(s): Cyril Pavlikianov / Language(s): English,Old Slavonic,Greek, Modern (1453-) Issue: 3/2001

The main purpose of the present article, is to provide scholars working on Byzantine hagiography with a diplomatic edition of the only bilingual, Greek and Slavic, text of the Miracles the Archangels Michael and Gabriel performed in the Athonite Monastery of Docheiariou, as it is recorded in codex Docheiariou 95. These Miracles must have attracted the attention of the scholars as early as 1708, since they are mentioned in the Description of Mount Athos of John Komnenos included in the Greek Palaeography of Bernard de Montfaucon, but, as far as we are acquainted with the problem, their Greek text has been published only once, in 1843, in an expanded variant for religious use which constituted a part of an obscure Proskynetarion of Docheiariou known mainly thanks to the descriptions of L. Petit, D. Gkines and V. Mexas.

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Употребата на предлог отъ в подчинителни слово-съчетания и на безпредложна конструкция с глагол плънити вместо родителен падеж в езика на Бдинския сборник от 1360 г.

Author(s): Kiril Kostov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2001

The Bdinski zbornik manuscript was written in 1359–1360. It consist entirely of translations from Greek vitae of women saints and the texts imitate many grammatical and syntactical constructions of the originals. Some of the constructions with the preposition оть as a complement of the verb плънити, for example, are analytical substitutions of the Greek possessive genitive and the accusative duplex. Such examples are to be explained with the dependence of the Middle Bulgarian in the Bdinski zbornik on the Byzantine Greek of the 14th century.

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Съюзът ТА в историята на българския книжовен език

Author(s): Vanya Micheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2001

The conjunction ТА is very rare in the Old Bulgarian and Middle Bulgarian monuments, in the language of the New Bulgarian damascenes it is used often and in a variety of syntactic functions, while in the modern literary Bulgarian it is of limited use. In the article are examined all the semantic values of the conjunction TA in the language of the Tihonravov damascene. ТА can express the following paratactic meaning: unifying, joining, concluding, introducing, attaching and opposing. The quantitative and semantic activity of the paratactic conjunction ТА is supported by the living use. The hypotactic conjunction ТА appears as subordinately subjective, definitive, verb definitive and adverbial. Specific are the uses of ТА before a verb not in a starting position in a sentence, at the beginning of the second part of a broken principal sentence and at the beginning of a principal postpositive sentence with a common structural sign: contact position with the verb.

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Захариевият летопис

Author(s): Nikolay Prodanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2001

In 1866, in Petko R. Slaveikov’s newspaper Gaida, published in Constantinople, there appeared a chronicle, typical of the Byzantine short annals. In particular, it narrates the events of the Balkan history between the Ottoman seizure of Gallipoli and the fall of Nish. It was believed until recently that the text is an authentic Bulgarian chronicle of the 15th century.In contrast, my paper will argue that the text was compiled in the spring of 1866 by a wellknown Bulgarian Renaissance figure, Stefan Zahariev from Pazardzhik. I will further argue that the source for the text of it was a Serbian chronicle, published by A. Vukomanović in 1859.

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