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The Serbo-Croatian language was but one of the casualties of the wars of the Yugoslav secession, as it was discursively forcefully split into first two, then three, and recently four allegedly separate languages. The first line of division was promoted by Serbian and Croatian nationalist linguists during the early nineties, soon to be followed by the invention of a standalone Bosnian language, even though contemporary linguistics agrees that Serbo-Croatian, with its regional varieties (as a standardized polycentric language), is a single language. Coming late into the fray, nationally-minded linguists from Montenegro achieved the state-driven proclamation of Montenegrin as a separate language to be in official use within the state only in 2007. Backed by the state, a coterie of nationalist literary theorists and linguists started discursively promoting Montenegrin in academic and public spaces, mostly via the dubious quasi-academic journal titled Lingua Montenegrina. This article explores the manners in which Montenegrin nationalist linguists discursively created what they dub to be a language entirely separate from all variants of Serbo-Croatian, which are mostly contained in encomiastic texts about key nationalists, attempts to classify several allophones and phonemes as well as to assert the purported primordial character of the language.
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The paper deals with language ideologies and their impact on language acquisition and maintenance as represented in interviews on language biographies with speakers with a Czech migrant background who came to Bavaria before the sensitive age and belong to the 1,5 generation. The paper shows in detail how family language management serves someone’s monolingual interests in an exogamous (mixed) family. It shows further, how the host country’s and the country of origin’s language regimes, which also include the evaluation of languages, conflict within an individual migrant language biography and how language ideologies in plural intertwine to shape individual language ideology within a biographic narrative. One of the sample interviews was therefore analyzed closer to offer a “thick description” of the linguistic world of a (female) migrant and of her strategies to ideologically legitimize her own discursive position and to delegitimize others’ positions.
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Based on OChSl. and post-OChSl. tradition the contribution investigates the destiny of the rendering of Gr. οἶδα. In the OChSl. translation of the Gospel alternates older ⰲⱑⰴⱑ with younger ⰲⱑⰿⱐ. ⰲⱑⰴⱑ continues the transformation *ṷoid-h2e+i of proto-Ie. *ṷoid-h2e while ⰲⱑⰿⱐ is the result of an inner-Slavic analogy. In OChSl. the 1.sg.pres. of the paradigm (-)ⰲⱑⰴⱑⱅⰻ occurs in the simplex in five, in the compound in three instances. In the simplex, it is impossible to confirm the originality of ⰲⱑⰴⱑ for the first translation of the Gospel. In the compound, -ⰲⱑⰴⱑ only in one occurence claims originality. Both, the OChSl. and the post-OChSl. evidence show, that the occurrence of ⰲⱑⰴⱑ is not the result of the filiation of manuscripts alone, but is partíally due to local divergences and is among others a feature of manuscripts of east-Bulgarian origin.
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The article analyzes the semantical structure of the rare word lepъ (derived from the verb lepiti) with its meaning, identified in the Parable for the Nightingale from the story Barlaam and Josaphat according to a 14th c. Middle-Bulgarian copy (in the Library of the Rila Monastery, Ms. No. 3/14), and in Oration to the Shepherd in the Preslavian translation of Scala Paradisi according to a 12th c. copy (in Ms. No. 198 of the Rumyantsev collection, Russian State Library, Moscow). The analysis of lepъ in the two translated works gives an opportunity for clarification of the nuances in its specific meanings: 1. bird catching gum: birdlime, prepared from mistletoe berries (in Barlaam and Josaphat); 2. medical plaster: a medicine-covered cloth stripe, put on the aching place (in Scala Paradisi). The illustrative material testifies the earlier use of lepъ of in the Middle-Bulgarian copy of Barlaam and Josaphat – from 1360-s, compared to the later Russian and Serbian copies, and gives new perspectives concerning the first Slavic translation of Scala Paradisi.
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Openness, diversity and tolerance in learning and teaching foreign languages are closely linked to inclusion in education, the absence of systemic and attitudinal barriers, and the idea of an empathetic, aware, and open society. Inclusion in education is a desired process and state that can be successfully implemented, but at the same time, it brings several challenges for pedagogical practice. Barriers to inclusion can lead to marginalization and exclusion of disadvantaged groups of learners, for instance, learners with special educational needs. How do teachers evaluate their preparedness and self-efficacy to teach students with special educational needs in inclusive foreign language classrooms? What are their attitudes, concerns and needs? The article discusses the abovementioned issues and questions.
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Human personality is one of the most fundamental aspects of existance. It can be described by means of the so-called Big Five Model that demonstrates openness to experience as one of the five basic personality dimensions. It has been researched not only in Psychology, but also in the domain of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). The results show that openness is a key trait that enables successful language learning. But its high level is not free from limitations, while its low level is not necessarily related to total failure in this respect. The paper includes a description of the Big Five Model and openness to experience, together with its lower order aspects. Then the outline of the latest empirical research in SLA is followed by a set of pedagogical intervensions directed at students with low and high levels of openness to experience.
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"When teaching foreign languages in a multicultural school, social and cultural aspects should be taken into account, especially socialization conditions. This applies to the cultural minority but also to the dominant group (Polish students). Thus, the following questions arise: how to prevent cultural arbitrariness of the dominant group (Polish students) in Polish schools,how to organize bilingual education systems in connection with the presence of ethnically and nationally ""different"" students, how to replace cultural assimilation with a strategy of mutual enrichment, socialization and dialogue education? The article is a reflection on language as a tool of socialization in the context of a multicultural school, taking into accounttheoretical and practical paradigms."
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Foreign language teachers seem to be more prepared for encounters with students of foreign origin than their monolingual colleagues, the content subject teachers. The author puts this belief under scrutiny on the basis of available research data, including her own. She argues that the transfer of knowledge and skills in teaching a foreign language to a homogeneous group of Polish students to teaching learners of diverse mother tongues, does not take place automatically, and that explicit training in handling such learners in the language classroom should be conducted.
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Foreign language acquisition is influenced by many external and internal factors also known as individual differences. The personality trait, ambiguity tolerance, is one of the individual differences which ranges from a low level to a high level. The level of this trait determines students’ approach to learning a foreign language as well as behaviour in a classroom. Empirical research has allowed to create students’ profiles with low, medium, and high levels of this trait. Students with a high level of ambiguity tolerance achieve higher grades and have higher self-assessment of their language skills and are eager to participate in an educational process. Those with a medium level of this trait, achieve good grades and have a medium level of self-assessment that coincides with external assessment. They often depend on their teacher expecting confirmation that their thinking is good. Students with a low level of ambiguity tolerance achieve low grades, have very low self-assessment and a high level of language anxiety. Ambiguity tolerance plays an important role in foreign language acquisition, therefore, teachers' awareness of the importance of this trait and activities that can translate into students' educational success should be raised.
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"The aim of the article is to present TELL (Techniques of Effective Language Learning),a programme whose main purpose is to help students study foreign languages at theAdam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland. The programme was founded at the Faculty of English AMU in 2018 and has helped more than 350 students so far in a number of different areas connected with studying: time and stress management, planning, effective learning strategies, motivation, setting achievable goals, physical and mental wellbeing. In the article,the authors present the reasons, the actual procedures and the benefits of the programme not only for students but also for the University. The reader is also encouraged to applythe chosen techniques and ideas and use them in their teaching or learning."
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The discrimination against non-native speaker teachers has been widely investigated and debated worldwide, with numerous researchers and organizations openly speaking out in defence of such teachers. Nevertheless, the awareness of this prejudice continues to be low in Poland, with relatively little research devoted to the issue. The present paper aims to acquaint teachers in Poland with the current state of research on the discriminatory practices they may fall victim to.
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Currently, due to political and social changes, Poland is in the process of transformation from a predominantly monolingual/monocultural to multilingual/multicultural country. Consequently, more and more migrants are joining Polish schools, including refugees from Ukraine. Because of the traumatic events many of them have witnessed, these students need special attention and assistance from educators and specialists. In the paper, we strive to point to the challenges which may be faced in the new educational environment by Ukrainian students, seen as refugees with a large and growing body of their traumatic experience. Then, the importance of successful integration of foreign students into a new class is highlighted and some practical tips on how to streamline this process during English classes are enumerated. The article finishes with an outline of four activities aimed at integrating students of different ages and language levels.
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Recent events in Ukraine have resulted in many people, including young people and children, becoming involved in some form of help. This article covers many different solutions that teachers and teenagers can benefit from, not only during a refugee crisis. The author refers to the basic legal provisions related to volunteering and tries to describe what characterizes charity activities. It also refers to the motivation of those involved in helping and presents the benefits of such sacrifice. However, more importantly, it provides examples of forms of help that can be associated with the content presented during classes. The article aims to convince people to use the service-learning method, which is precisely described in a publication by C. Berger Kaye. The author of the article, based on her book, outlines the stages of the implementation of this method, which are as follows: search for information, preparation, implementation, reflection and presentation.
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The paper elaborates briefly on the most salient methodological tools belonging to the core of the cognitive paradigm within linguistics. It aims at encouraging students and teachers to use those tools while learning a foreign language and in case of explaining linguistic phenomena. It should optimize the learning process, allow one to look more deeply into the structures and help to gain a view of the world similar to a native language user. In the best case, it should ignite a passion for languages and lead to more openness towards other cultures.
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The article presents how the Polish language teaching literature of the 21st century describes the purposes of translation during language classes in the context of mediation activities promoted by CEFR/CEFR CV. The authors propose a narrow approach to pedagogical translation as a form of language training referring to the learner's first language and consisting of translating lexical units and grammatical structures or sentences into a foreign language. This is contrasted with mediation activities, which include professional translation. In the classroom, both types of translation have different functions; where pedagogical translation is especially useful in the early stages of instruction, and professional translation can be effective in advanced user language acquisition.
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The article discusses the potential advantages and worries of new open tasks in the secondary school foreign language final exam. The exam changes are the consequence of the Polish educational system reform in 2017 when language mediation was implemented to the core curriculum. The notion of language mediation has been briefly explained as well as a few sample mediation-based activities have been presented in the article. Also, the author interprets the results of a survey carried out amongst third-year secondary school students to discover what difficulties they face in developing new skills and practising exam tasks.
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Storytelling is the narrative method, based on the use of narrative texts while teaching foreign languages, thanks to which student not only learns the language, but is also committed emotionally and develops the imagination. This method is practiced primarily in educating the youngest, because working with fairy tales, legends and stories in a foreign language is perfect for the effective development of children’s listening comprehension skills, from which begins the proper development of all the language skills. The purpose of this article is to analyze the use of this method in working with young people and adults, aimed at an indication that storytelling used in this group of learners allows not only to develop their language skills, but also to expand their knowledge about the culture and literary studies. The theoretical considerations complete the practical suggestions for conducting classes using these methods when working with legends.
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