We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
This article discusses Ukrainian independence war 1917-1921, Polish-Ukrainian relations in this time and Polish-Russian war as a background of building the Ukrainian state. The article relates to international public law. The author explains how and if the West Ukrainian People’s Republic reached sovereignty and independence.
More...
Police models are designed to improve safety in society. Although Estonia has not deliberately used any (combination of) police models for developing its policies of safety and its police reforms since the country regained independence, its safety has improved considerably during the last couple of decades. The scholarly discussions about police models are overwhelmingly about the possible effects of different models on safety management and about their application to particular countries. However, countries like Estonia with no consistent conceptions of police have received little attention in academic literature. We aim to fill this gap by analysing the developments of the Estonian police in its philosophical, strategic, tactical and organisational dimensions over the period between 1991 and 2013. The analysed materials include the official police development plans, legislation, statutes, training programs and statistics about the police. Our analysis shows that although safety in Estonia has improved considerably, developments of the Estonian police are characterised by internal discrepancies and inconsistencies. In view of this, we put forth some hypotheses for further studies regarding policy development in a situation where policy is not explicitly stated or where organisational reforms are seen not as “simple” or “complex” problems, but as “wicked” problems.
More...
This article aims to identify the impact of labour market variables on fertility and family decision‑making in Poland. The paper begins with a general overview of an effect of the increased labour market participation of women on family formation. The second section briefly examines the influence of access to the labour market, high unemployment, labour migration and lower quality jobs on the family. Next, the author discusses conditions for work and family reconciliation in Poland (working hours, flexible forms of employment, full or part-time work). The article concludes with a brief information on how Poles perceive potential obstacles to parenthood related to the labour market.
More...
This article shows the legal problems connected with countering terrorism in the United States by making use of military commissions in the United States. The article treats of the beginnings of military commissions which were cited in reference to the presidential Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Non-citizens in the War against Terrorism, Military Commissions Act of 2006 and Military Commissions Act of 2009 in the context of their compliance with the norm of international humanitarian law and the USA law.
More...
Transparency in public life plays an essential role in the activities of local governments in Poland. Therefore, in this article is an attempt to show the principles of citizens’ access to public information at the municipal level. The introduction of a review of the legal basis for access to public information and to define the concept associated with this issue. In the next part of this article analyzed the principles and community activities aimed at implementing granted in this area of civil rights. Municipal authorities also pointed out the issue of organization on the local community to share the interesting documents. Based on the laws and judicial decisions highlights the need for putting all the information in the Public Information Bulletin. Many contents of this article discusses the background of events on the daily activities of local communities. Moreover, were selected and subjected to a thorough analysis of risks of underestimating the constitutional obligation to inform the public about the activities of the public community.
More...
The article is an introduction to a discussion aimed at finding the answer to the question about the security of the Republic of Poland in the context of the threats posed by the use of the latest technological achievements, with particular emphasis on biometric technologies, which have imperceptibly become an integral part of most people’s lives. The article encourages the exploration of the problems of public awareness and the dangers of uncontrolled retention, storage and use of biometric data by many cross-border commercial entities and by secret services of various countries. These considerations, in a broader perspective, will allow to fill the gap in the literature on the subject, which is extremely rudimentary about biometric data. Whenever these issues are brought up, technical aspects are usually discussed, with the omission of the key issue, which is a lack of sufficient thoroughness in the assessment of the threat and lack of caution in making strategic decisions shaping the state’s defense capabilities in response to potential interference by enemies, both external and internal, in the strategic data resources. Therefore, it is important to decide whether the Republic of Poland is in a state of permanent IT threat arising from the unique characteristics of the technology in question and a misunderstanding of the threats as well as the lack of imagination of people and entities appointed to guard national security, or whether it is only a theoretical problem. Due to the considerable scope of the material, the article has been divided into two parts which together allow for a consistent and comprehensive presentation of the issue.
More...
Social threats significantly affect the lifestyle and safety of individuals as well as whole social groups, also at the local level. Solutions to this type of problems may consist in creating opportunities for development and effective solving of social problems, especially in the social dimension through proper incorporation of undertakings which ensure social and community support in the sphere of public safety, and through counteracting social pathologies. During the implementation of such undertakings the project approach is used. The aim of the paper is to assess the practical use of the concept of project maturity of an organisation in the process of managing local security projects in public institutions. The research method used in this paper is a critical review of concepts and views found in contemporary literature on the subject. Suggestions for solutions are indicated, including treating the process approach as a process and using project maturity models to assess capability and reliability as conditions for access to public funds.
More...
In the second decade of the 21st century, it began to be emphasised that the level of local security began to be play a significant role in creating energy security of the state. This fact manifests itself not only in decisions taken at the national level (political decisions of the parties in power), but also at the international (decisions of the EU). The aim of the study is to determine to what extent the development of clusters can influence the improvement of ecological safety at the local level. The article is divided into three parts. The first one discusses the European Union’s strategy for environmental safety at the local level. The second part discusses the shaping of ecological safety in Poland at the local level, indicating the essence and position of clusters. The third part presents possible situations for the development of energy clusters in Poland in the near future. Therefore, for the purposes of this analysis, a hypothesis was formulated: it is assumed that clusters significantly increase the ecological safety of the state at the local level. To sum up, the article covers the issue of management on the one hand and, on the other, the questions of political decisions.
More...
Risk management along with crisis management is one of the relatively new issues in the field of the management theory and the quality management theory. They use their achievements and derive from the concepts in general for management and more specifically for quality management, which have developed and improved over the years in production plants, to be later applied in service enterprises and the public administration sector. In general, it can be hypothesised that risk management and crisis management, as a result of using the legacy of quality management science, should use the methods and tools developed by them. It is of great help in assessing the risk, can bring many profits and give rise to a new perspective in assessing the situation and taking further action. With the above in mind, the aim of the article is to analyse selected qualitative tools and to indicate which of them can be used in crisis management, especially in risky situations.
More...
The paper focuses on analyzing the innovations in the current Serbian electoral legislation,which was established in 2022. The aim is to evaluate whether recently enacted electoral lawscontribute to establishing a higher degree of democracy and transparency in electing the membersof Parliament and councillors of assemblies of local government units. The analysis encompassesthe sections of electoral legislation that relate to electoral rights, their protection, and the role ofelectoral commissions and courts. The basis for enjoying the right to vote has been broadenedby amending the electoral law. The election administration’s structures were enhanced by the introduction of local electoral commissions, which served as a middle level. The two-tier systemfor protecting electoral rights has been upgraded by introducing a new legal tool: a request forannulment of voting at the polling board. The effectiveness of new legal mechanisms that protectelectoral rights and the practice of the electoral commission and courts in their conduct are givenspecial attention.
More...
the article addresses the problem of taking renewable energy sources into ac- count in spatial planning in Poland, especially in planning documents adopted at the level of municipalities, namely the study of conditions and directions of spatial development (after changes the structure plan) and the land use plan. it presents the conditions for spec- ifying the location of devices (installations) based on renewable energy sources, as specified in the Polish act on spatial Planning and development of 27 March 2003, as well as the fundamental principles of taking renewable energy sources into account in the plan- ning documents adopted by municipalities.
More...
the article addresses the role of local authority units in the energy transition process, which is crucial because energy generating systems are located in a specific municipality and they contain sources of emissions exerting a negative impact on the climate. therefore, while the state’s central authorities form the legal framework for the activities of the municipalities, counties and voivodships, it is the actual activities of the voivodship assemblies and boards, the county councils and boards and the municipal councils and executive bodies that enable the planned parameters of this negative impact to be achieved. the article takes into account the obligations arising from Union law.
More...
This article addresses the issue of terrorism and its counteraction in Polish legislation. Its aim is to demonstrate how Polish law is prepared to prevent terrorist incidents and which agencies and authorities are responsible for these actions. The article applies the method of institutional-legal analysis. Based on it, conclusions can be drawn that Polish legislation is relatively well-prepared to combat terrorism.
More...
The problem of distorting the representativeness of elections to provincial assemblies in Poland is widely noted. The local government elections in 2024 confirm the indicated state of affairs. In many situations, the natural electoral threshold significantly exceeds the statutory threshold, and large groups of citizens do not have their representation in the sejmiks, while the largest groupings are overrepresented. The authors of this article set out to compare the number of voters without representation in provincial assemblies after the introduction of the Electoral Code, i.e. in the 2014, 2018 and 2024 local elections, despite having voted for groupings that exceeded the statutory electoral threshold. The authors, using institutional-legal analysis and classical systemic analysis, also propose a simple way to solve the pointed out significant problem for the representativeness of the elections, which is the abandonment of the division of provinces into smaller electoral districts.
More...
Spatial planning is a crucial policy within the self-governing tasks of localauthorities. Local governments, especially rural communities, should involve localstakeholders in consultation processes. Legislative changes in spatial planning underscorethe importance of social participation, with an emphasis on the role of geoparticipatorytools designed to support traditional methods of consultation that have been used to date.This article aims to assess the level of participation in its current form, which could serveas a basis for future research when new participatory methods are more widely adopted.Additionally, this study analyses the spatial variability of participation in shaping communes’spatial policies. The research was able to identify local government units that make planningdocumentation available online. The objectives were met through a methodology thatinvolved an in-depth analysis of the websites of rural communes in the Łódź voivodeship,particularly focusing on council resolutions and mayor’s orders. The study also evaluatedthe availability of these documents on commune geoportals. The results indicated thatamong 72.8% of the rural communes surveyed, there was the possibility of determiningthe level of involvement of local actors in developing studies on conditions and directionsfor planning development.
More...
The European policy is dedicated to achieving sustainable development goals through in- tensified activities. One such area of focus is the adoption of the circular economy model. However, these efforts are often hindered by market barriers and market failures. A key group of actors engaged in the transition from a linear to a circular economy are public authorities and institutions. In this context, the aim of the article is to identify govern- ment failure as barriers limiting the possibilities of effective implementation of circular economy assumptions in Poland. Our research highlights two main barriers: existing legal regulations and their application, as well as the competency and willingness to cooperate with among public authorities.
More...
The transition from linear to circular economy requires conscious action and coordina- tion of behaviour of all actors of development processes. The public procurement system coordinates the distribution of approximately 7% of Poland’s GDP (2021) with 14% of GDP on average in EU countries (2019). Hence, state interventionism focused on the im- plementation of sustainable development goals may actually contribute to changes in the foundations of the functioning of the country’s economy and may determine the dynamics of these changes. In this context, it is interesting to what extent public authorities use the public procurement system to promote economic transition and minimize the negative effects of global processes of change in the natural environment. The aim of the work is to identify the level and directions of involvement of the public sector through the sus- tainable public procurement system in support of building a circular economy in Poland in regional terms. The results of the research prove a very low level of availability of data on green public procurement in international comparisons. In addition, green procurement is still of marginal importance for the Polish economy, especially those of an innovative nature. On the other hand, noticing pro-social public procurement is growing.
More...
The article focuses on the analysis of the existing prerequisites for the exclusion of contractors from participation in public procurement. In this context, author points out the in- completeness of the regulations of Polish law. The author also presents the possibility of intro- ducing into Polish law the premise of examining the contractor’s tax situation for the future, tak- ing into account pending tax inspections and proceedings. The article proposes a new premise of exclusion, which takes into account the possibility of the contractor to submit a list of inspections and pending proceedings together with administrative acts issued in their course.
More...