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Küsimused eestikeelses infodialoogis II. Küsimused ja tegevused

Author(s): Kirsi Laanesoo,Andriela Rääbis,Tiit Hennoste / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01/2013

The article is a follow-up to Küsimused eestikeelses infodialoogis I. Küsimuste vorm (2009). The article points out (a) what social actions are performed in the Estonian institutional information-seeking dialogue by means of questions of different categories and forms, and (b) compares the authors’ results with those of a comparative project on questions done at Nijmegen Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. An analysis of everyday dialogues in four Indo-European languages serves as reference material. The article presents an analysis of 859 questions used in phone conversations, drawn from the dialogue corpus of the University of Tartu and consisting of 282 content (q-word) questions, 46 alternative questions and 531 polar questions. The approach is quantitative. The social actions analysed are as follows: Request for information (RI), Other initiation of repair (OIR), Request for confirmation (non-OIR), Assessment (A), Suggestion/offer/request (SOR) and Adjusting of the conditions of answer (ACA). The analysis demonstrates that in Estonian, each question category has a primary action to fulfill in informational interaction. Content questions and affirmation asking polar questions are mostly used in RI and SOR. Polar questions asking for confirmation are mostly used in OIR. Alternative questions are mainly used in Estonian dialogues in ACA. Different form variants of polar questions are used for different actions: kas and kas+või are mainly used to formulate questions which ask for affirmation (e.g. RI and SOR), whereas the declarative form, jah and või are mainly associated with questions which are used to ask for confirmation (e.g. OIR and Request for confirmation). Different actions have their own statistically significant agents among the categories and forms of questions. RI is in most cases presented either using a content question or a polar question formulated with kas+clause. In OIR a polar questions asking for confirmation are mostly used which are formulated as a grammatical phrase without a verb and in the most cases use declarative form or the particle jah. Comparison with Indo-European everyday interaction shows some differences between the everyday and institutional information-seeking dialogues. In comparison with everyday interaction, institutional dialogues use more content questions and ACA action, probing the interlocutor’s knowledge, opinions and wishes. Questions anticipating a yes/no answer or assuming some prognosis of information important for the interlocutor are less frequent. Everyday dialogues, however, contain more actions connected to Assessments.

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Rakenduslingvistika epistemoloogilisest staatusest

Author(s): Karlfried Knapp / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2012

As a result of today’s political and economic pressures, academic disciplines can no longer distance themselves entirely from the mundane practical problems of the societies that aliment them. They even cannot restrict themselves to just describing or interpreting those problems. Nowadays, all academic disciplines are increasingly required to justify the resources allocated to them and to shift their focus from problem understanding to problem solving. This paper discusses the epistemological status of applied linguistics. It will argue in favour of the position that applied linguistics is neither an autonomous discipline nor a loosely connected set of issues and interests. Rather, it will be argued here that applied linguistics is a particular, focused way of „doing linguistics”, namely: „linguistics as problem solving”. To develop this argument, the presentation will, firstly, give a brief historical survey of the development of the field designated as ”applied linguistics” and its spread around the world (Section 1), secondly, present some aspects of the relation between theory and practice both in epistemology in general and in linguistics (Section 2), discuss two influential positions that deny any independence of applied linguistics of theoretical linguistics (Sections 3 and 4), present examples for praxis as a trigger of theoretical developments (Section 5) and ultimately give arguments for a theoretically autonomous applied linguistics, conceptualized as an interdisciplinary way of doing linguistics with a practical purpose, i.e. with solving practical problems with language and communication (Sections 6 and 7).

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Küsimuse vorm, episteemiline staatus ja episteemiline hoiak

Author(s): Tiit Hennoste / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2012

One of the central problems in the analysis of asking questions is how the tools of asking (interrogative utterances in various forms and declarative questions pronounced with various intonations) might relate to asking questions as a social action. The model and approach underlying the present study come from John Heritage, US sociologist and conversation analyst. Heritage trusts that in a general case the interactants have a different access to the topic of current conversation. This difference is termed as epistemic status. Heritage argues that when a question is formed, epistemic status prevails over morphosyntax and intonation, ultimately determining whether the given utterance will be interpreted as one of asking or giving information. Examples of yes/no questions used in conversation are used as proof of this argument. Another important concept introduced by Heritage is epistemic stance, which marks the moment’s situation in the informational balance, which changes from turn to turn, being controlled by means of turn/utterance structure (e.g. Are you married? and You’re married, aren’t you?). The present article has two purposes: first, to demonstrate how the epistemic status of the interactants appears as a metagrammatical factor in Estonian communication, and second, to make a list of the formal tools available for expressing the epistemic stance in Estonian yes/no questions and show that the speaker will choose precisely such tools that match his/her epistemic stance in that moment’s situation. The methods used in the reported study are conversation analysis and quantitative analysis. The examples presented come from Tartu University Corpus of Spoken Estonian.

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Emotsioonid - kõnetehnoloogia olevik ja tulevik

Author(s): Hille Pajupuu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2012

One of the challenges of human-computer interaction is how to make a computer recognize emotions from human speech and react adequately. The article provides a survey of the role of speech technology in affective computing, explains the concept of emotion in that field, introduces different approaches to emotion classification (categorical and dimensional, combined), and describes different emotion corpora (acted, elicited, spontaneous) as well as the methods of collecting emotional speech for each kind of corpus. The paper highlights recent and on-going work at the institute of the Estonian language in affective computing, in particular the creation and content of the Estonian Emotional Speech Corpus. A brief survey is given of the available research on the acoustics and perception of Estonian emotions as well as of the current trends in emotional speech synthesis and in emotion recognition from speech.

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Public relations management in the Internet environment

Author(s): Ján Závadský,Anna Šatanová,Eva Hvizdová / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2017

Introduction. Working with the public is a priority issue for management. It should be not just a one-time act, but long, well planned process. Public relations is a multiform tool for marketing communication, widely used by managers in their business activities. It requires knowledge of marketing, journalism, creativity, and profound knowledge of the Internet environment. In order to keep businesses competitive, it is necessary to invest in the knowledge and skills of managers to upgrade their capabilities to manage relationships with the wide public. In order to understand how the Internet environment transforms views on the business and influences its products, it is important to explore the perception of the Internet environment by the consumers. That is why the purpose of this paper is to examine the views of consumers on the forms and effectiveness of PR on the Internet. Results. We undertook a survey focused on the use of public relations tools in the online environment. It was conducted online in Slovakia from February to March, 2017, and included 357 respondents of different age and social groups. We have established 4 hypotheses. Each hypothesis consisted of a zero and alternative hypotheses. Using correctly selected statistical methods, we sought dependencies among variables based at questionnaire responses. In Hypothesis 1 we examined whether random respondents had knowledge of the concept of «Public Relations», depending on the level of education; in Hypothesis 2 - whether there is dependence between the respondent’s gender and paying attention to online advertising; in Hypothesis 3 - whether there is dependence between work position and the length of time the respondent spends on the Internet; in Hypothesis 4 we found out which factors, including age, affect respondents when they decide to make e-shop purchases. Conclusion. The research results based at the undertaken survey point to the fact that the most powerful factor in making decision on purchase via e-shop is the price of the product, the credibility of the site, and the communication with the vendor through the chat windows together with the connection with age of the respondents. At the same time, gender does not play a significant role in attention to on-line advertising, and job position in perception of consumers does not influence the amount of time they can spend on the Internet. Our findings show direction for PR strategies development in the Internet and indicate areas of prior attention to businessmen.

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Industry 4.0.: socio-economic junctures

Author(s): Vladimir Budanov,Irina Aseeva,Ekaterina Zvonova / Language(s): English Issue: 11-12/2017

The modern civilization, known as Industry 4.0., is in the midst of a new industrial revolution. It is characterised by the pervasive implementation of convergent technologies, the shift in forms of ownership, fusion of cyber-physical and social realities, endowment of machines with elements of intellect and utilisation of social media in new communication alternatives. Such major social shifts will inevitably instigate a search for new methods of interaction between people and machines in all spheres, including economy, education, industry and everyday life. Gaining awareness of technological, economic and socio-anthropological risks is the primary subject of this paper. The authors analyse various social transformation scenarios, which are fraught with tectonic shifts in the modern society: disappearance of the middle class and unqualified workers, decreasing migration of unskilled workers to Western countries and their self-isolation, and increasing potential migration of the middle class to developing countries. The paper conducts an Umwelt-analysis of both man-machine system development prospects and the danger of the technological singularity, when machines endowed with artificial intelligence may create an economic and political situation that would threaten human strategic domineering and the very existence of humankind. The authors ponder alternative paths for the evolution of humanity through supporting international consolidating megaprojects, establishing network civil society structures, building an economy of trust, releasing mankind’s creative potential and spiritual values in the context of decreased industrial employment spurred on by the deployment of the digital economy, which will require a radical change in the aims and methods of education.

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Transformation of the nature of terrorism in the conditions of glocal social space: political, legal, economic and communication aspects

Author(s): Svitlana Tishchenkova,Nataliia Cherniak,Yuliia Chaplynska,Olena Soldatenko / Language(s): English Issue: 7-8/2019

The paper presents findings of a complex research on the problem of countering terrorism in the conditions of global socioeconomic and legal space. In particular, an analysis is conducted to determine the nature and sources of the origin of terrorism with further substantiation of its two types - ambient terrorism and viral terrorism. To reveal the essence of ambient terrorism, we introduce the notion «incomplete historic gestalt», the underlying meaning of which comprises conditions and factors favourable to the development of terrorist hotbeds. The work establishes cause-effect relations between upsurge of the terrorist threat in certain countries of Africa, Europe and Asia and the state of social and economic development of these countries. The paper further elucidates modern trends in determining the location of terrorist hotbeds according to its nature. In particular, we considered the factor of the information society in different regions to assess the level of danger of viral terrorism. For this purpose, we employed the data supplied by the ICT Development Index and the Worldwide Press Freedom Index together with the Global Terrorism Index. We have found out that a high level of freedom of speech and pluralism become a tool for forming the rhetorics of radicalism and extremism among the population. Such a trend is representative for the countries that became the recipients of large migration inflows from Asia and Africa lately: the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Belgium. It has been concluded that ambient terrorism has a more or less sustained pattern and is localized in the territory of states immersed in crisis conditions, while viral terrorism does not have a permanent location, being unpredictable, mobile and rapidly spreading. At the same time, we must admit that conclusive identification of the nature of contemporary terrorism is extremely complex. It transforms dynamically and has a hybrid nature.

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FACTORS OF THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE BOOK. FOR SOME STRATEGIC PROCESSES IN THE BOOK PUBLISHING INDUSTRY

Author(s): Luchezar Georgiev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The present research elaborates on the current strategic approaches in book publishing and their projections in the world of printed communications. The study shows how a well-planned, thoroughly prepared and economically feasible strategy can be a crucial factor contributing to the financial prosperity of a publishing house. It also provides an analysis of the publishing industry; provides an account of the distribution processes in book publishing, and the modern trends in publishing management. There is a reference to some leading global events in the sphere of printed communications, as well as some strategies and attitudes. This research is based on the following research methods – reference and bibliography citing, comparative method, analytical method, method of personal empirical observation, etc. Prof. Lachezar Georgiev actively draws on his own experience of involvement in the world of printed communications – in his capacity of publisher, editor, head of a printing and publishing house, journalist, writer, author of numerous researches on the book and book publishing, and a university lecturer. Prof. Lachezar Georgiev is the author of 65 scientific, fictional and documentary books.

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СТРУКТУРИ И ПАЗАРИ, СВЪРЗАНИ С КНИГАТА

Author(s): Stella Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The purpose of this article is to study the impact of certain factors influencing effective book marketing. Observations are made on the impact of book publishing structures on Spanish-Latin and Latin-American book markets. The study analyzes the formation of value added tax, sets parameters and characteristics on book pricing in Europe and Latin America. The role of e-marketing in Europe is also highlighted. The study puts forward many examples from the contemporary practice in the field of book marketing.

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Determinante percipirane povrede psihološkog ugovora akademskog osoblja

Author(s): Mirna Marković / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 20/2022

The traditional model of a university is gradually being metamorphosed into a corporate model that brings forth certain problems, alongside numerous solutions. In such circumstances, establishing and maintaining a culture of trust is the foundation of constructing a positive psychological contract between the organization and its employees. In such circumstances, establishing and maintaining the culture of trust in the academy’s commitment to the traditionally defined mission of building and disseminating knowledge aimed at improving, training, and educating the most important potential of the society – people are the foundation of constructing a positive psychological contract between teachers and higher education institutions. The psychological contract represents mutual expectations that the parties in this relationship do not have to be fully aware of, but which, nevertheless, guide their mutual behavior. It is an implicit agreement between the academic staff and the higher education institution specifying what each party in this relationship expects to offer but also receives in return. Since research on psychological contracts in the academic work environment is very rare, and the concept itself is relatively new and unexplored in the Bosnian context in general, this paper first sought to determine which factors may be related to the violation of psychological contracts in the academic context. The results suggest that a lower organizational performance of the higher education organization, lower academic staff member performance, as well as a lower level of formalization of the process of organizational socialization of newly-hired academic staff, lead to a higher perceived psychological contract breach. Findings also suggest that the implicit communication of the mutual expectations between the faculty/academy and the academic staff leads to a greater perceived psychological contract breach. The paper offers certain recommendations to higher education institutions for the establishment and preservation of a positive psychological contract in the academic context and the prevention of avoidable psychological contract breaches.

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Instagram i politička komunikacija – vizuelni elementi u političkoj kampanji „Budućnost Srbije“

Author(s): Neven Obradović,Marija Z. Vujović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 20/2022

For more than a decade social media have been an important medium of political communication, more accurately since 2008 and the campaign of Barack Obama. Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube were primarily used for political communication; however, the rapidly growing popularity of Instagram has conditioned political entities to adapt to the visual concept of communication with the citizens. One of the additional problems of this form of communication with the public is prominent political populism. Moreover, this trend is present in the Republic of Serbia, where more and more individual and collective political entities are joining Instagram. Also, the profile with the highest number of followers and posts on the Serbian political scene is the profile of the President of the Republic of Serbia, Aleksandar Vučić (@buducnostsrbijeav). As far as the empirical research is concerned, the authors analyzed the posts published on this profile in the first month of its creation and the realization of the political campaign "Future of Serbia" (February 5 – March 5, 2019) and applied the methodology of Maria Grabe and Erik Bucy (2009), which includes nine visual categories characteristic of populist political campaigns. The results of the research indicated that out of 550 visual contents, 434 photographs and 22 videos can be classified into eight out of a total of nine suggested categories. According to the obtained results, the authors concluded that the communication of the President of the Republic of Serbia, Aleksandar Vučić with the public through social media Instagram is based on visual content that Greib and Busy define as populist.

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Interkulturelle Kommunikation im DaF-Unterricht

Author(s): Anca Dejica-Carțiș / Language(s): German Issue: 21/2022

Die interkulturelle Kommunikation ist eine Form der Kommunikation. Interkulturelle Kommunikation findet dann statt, wenn Menschen aus unterschiedlichen Kulturen miteinander kommunizieren. Verschiedene Bildungseinrichtungen führen die interkulturelle Kommunikation im DaF-Unterricht ein, mit dem Ziel kommunikative Beispiele in verschiedenen Bereichen zu begegnen und kommunikative Situationen kennenzulernen. Die interkulturelle Kommunikation ist im privaten und im geschäftlichen Bereich aktiv und aktuell. Im Empfang kommen verschiedene Kommunikationsformen. Für verschiedene Kommunikationsformen sind das Wissen, die Erfahrung und die Anpassung wichtig. Vorliegender Artikel bewertet einige wesentliche Aspekte der interkulturellen Kommunikation, die auch im Rahmen der Seminare für DaF-Unterricht eingeführt wurden, um verbale und non-verbale Besonderheiten in verschiedenen kommunikativen Situationen reibungslos zu begegnen.

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Kas kaks eesti keelt?

Author(s): Jaan Kaplinski / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2012

Eestis toimub huvitav eksperiment keelega. Olen mitmel puhul kirjutanud, enamasti kriitiliselt, meie keelekorraldusest, mõelnud aga vahel, et uus, intensiivselt õpetatud ja lausa autoritaarselt kohustuslikuks tehtud keel saab nooremale põlvele loomulikukskoduseks. Pole aga selge, kas see siiski niimoodi on. Olen küsitlenud 30-40 - aastaseid ja ka algkoolilapsi, ning mulle oli omajagu üllatus, et nende keeletunne ei erine minu omast nii palju, kui arvasin. Isegi kirjakeeles, olgu siis toimetajate hoolikuse või kirjutajate konformismi tõttu lausa obligatoorne lühike superlatiiv näib ka noortele ja lastele tunduvat võõras, kõnes nad seda ei kasuta, erandiks ehk mõned sõnad: parim, suurim ja võib-olla veel mõned, keeles sagedased ja paljudes Euroopa keeltes supletiivsete vormidega sõnad: vrd vene хороший - лучший, inglise good - better, ladina bonus - melior jne.

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