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CHANGE AND 21ST CENTURY MEDIA

Author(s): Sarah Dooley,Emma Moore,Alexander Averin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Cluetrain Manifesto, written in 1999, around the advent of the Internet, celebrates the emergence of a flattened and divided media space. Each individual user is equal amongst the millions of other users but at the same time divided as the Internet enables coalescing amongst like-minded people. The sixth of Cluetrain’s 95 Theses states: ‘The Internet is enabling conversations among human beings that were simply not possible in the era of mass media.’161 The Internet is, however, not the only result of technological development. As has been slowly becoming clear over the past two decades, this new technology might not be merely ‘enabling conversations’. In order to understand the position of fake news in our current media environment, one needs to take a bird’s eye view, not only in space, but also in time.

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FURTHER RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The results of the subject matter expert workshops and the first pilot studies show that measuring Russia’s influence in the information environment of the NB8 region is not a trivial task. The effects are spread through various dimensions of public life and interact with existing social, economic, political and cultural circumstances in eight separate countries. However, the complexity of the task is no reason to shy away from the goal. The lessons identified only reinforce the idea that more time and a greater research capacity are necessary for obtaining comprehensive and unambiguous answers. Based on the work done, it is possible to highlight several further research directions within each dimension of analysis.

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PLATFORMS: GEOGRAPHY, CULTURE, LANGUAGE

Author(s): Giorgio Bertolin,Katerina Sedova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Different platforms dominate different cultural-geographical areas. Different networks lend themselves to different exploitation tactics. Social media companies are aware of the impact that disinformation planted online has on public discourse, and have come up with some countermeasures. However, it remains to be seen the extent to which these countermeasures are effective. Russian-speaking internet users prefer Russian-made social media platforms. These platforms are qualitatively different from their Western counterparts, and can be used more effectively in disinformation campaigns by malicious actors.

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THIRD-PARTY SERVICES AND FAKE NEWS MEDIA SITES

Author(s): Nora Biteniece / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter discusses how user data collected by third-party services coupled with online advertising technologies can be exploited for targeted information activities. This chapter also presents findings from our study of online news sources mentioned in a discussion regarding the NATO presence in the Baltic States and Poland on Twitter. The discussion is referred to as the Enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) dicussion, using NATO’s name for its defence and deterrence posture in Eastern Europe.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Author(s): Antti Sillanpää / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study describes the current information environment of Moldova. The main focus is on how societal vulnerabilities are exploited by political actors who are following policies promoted by the Kremlin. The mechanisms linking societal vulnerabilities and people’s behaviour are described here in order to better understand the Moldovan information environment, especially the Russian influence on Moldovan politics. Compared to a traditional target audience analysis, this study highlights the importance of the structure of media environment, which promotes hostile Kremlin narratives in Moldova (see picture page 5). This study assumes that societal problems are not discussed in a vacuum. Moldovans’ perception of what is going on around them and the actions they take in response are shaped by the structure of and key actors in the media environment. As a result, only some topics are selected for public consumption.

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INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Author(s): Antti Sillanpää,Ion Bunduchi,Igor Munteanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study on the Moldovan information environment focuses on how societal vulnerabilities are exploited by Moldovan and other actors who are following the Kremlin’s lead. The chapters that follow discuss vulnerability, hostile Kremlin narratives, media ownership and control, and public opinion leaders. The study ends with a conclusion and recommendations. The NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence initiated and oversaw the study, while the research was carried out by the Institute for Development and Social Initiatives (IDIS Viitorul) and the Independent Journalism Center (IJC).

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Przestrzeń bloga – przestrzeń dramatu. Blogi księży jako świadectwo poszukiwania tożsamości

Author(s): Lech Giemza / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Internet shows an increasing number of blogs written by priests and monks, which appears problematic. Priests frequently do not realize that a blog is a form of meeting, which is different from a meeting in church. An author of a blog ceases to be an authority figure when he employs a different kind of language – less formal than in church. Examples quoted in this article indicate that the blogging priests face problems with the changing way of communication.

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Отношенията между медийния регулатор и българския парламент

Author(s): Raina Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article describes the control exercised by the National Assembly on the activity of the Council for Electronic Media. It mainly reflects the political rhetoric in this area. The material criticizes the standard stipulated in Art. 29, Para. 3 of the Radio and Television Act, allowing the Parliament to delay the renewal of the composition of the media supervisory body.

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Countering Subversion Online: What Role for Public Policy?

Author(s): Edward Christie / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This final chapter aims to offer a synthesis of the main vulnerabilities that liberal democracies contend with, as they encounter contemporary forms of political subversion, and to propose a set of policy principles to guide ongoing reflections on how to best respond to that challenge. Four areas of vulnerability are identified, namely individualized political messaging; group dynamics and political polarization; platform algorithms and self-radicalization; and falsehood dissemination dynamics. In discussing each of these areas, insights are drawn from both very recent and more established academic research, at the crossroads of psychology, social psychology, communication studies, and political science. This leads to framing elements for the formulation of proposed policy principles, followed by examples of recent measures in selected countries.

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Helping students develop higher order thinking skills

Author(s): Viorica Condrat / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The 21st century context seems to be quite challenging when it comes to discriminate between facts and opinions, truth and lies. Therefore, students should be equipped with the necessary skills which will enable them to judge the value of truth, to transfer the acquired knowledge to new contexts, to solve problems and to think critically. The article examines the importance of scaﬀolding the development of higher order thinking skills at the university level. Students appear to be rather unprepared to think critically. That is why the educator is to design the education process in such a way as to help students enhance their higher order thinking skills. The article examines some strategies applied to fourth-year students at Alecu Russo Balti State University, which can be used to help students become critical thinkers.

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Tradycja jako przedmiot przekazu międzygeneracyjnego w dawnych społecznościach wiejskich

Author(s): Renata Maciejewska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Understanding the notion of tradition is difficulties to give the definition. In the Polish literature sociological, ethnographic or anthropological rare clear definition, the extent to which this concept is applied. The consequence of this is that the notion of tradition does not have too great by explaining. Understanding the essence of tradition as to hand down tradition to posterity between generation in rural communities in Poland. It’s not possible without consideration of it in the wider context of the explaining, which takes account of the impact of multiple elements. For the axis of reflection comparative was adopted by functioning between generation in the traditional model of rural communities.

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An analysis of students’ perception of plagiarism: the case of Alecu Russo Balti State University

Author(s): Viorica Condrat / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Una din problemele stringente ce ține de scrisul academic este plagiatul. Studenții par a nu înțelege gravitatea actului în sine, plagiind ori de câte ori le este greu să își formuleze propriile gân-duri sau nu știu ce exact trebuie să facă. Astfel, ei nu realizează că încalcă normele academice comițând o infracțiune. Articolul prezintă o analiză a percepțiilor față de plagiat ale studenților de la Facultatea de Litere din anul 4 de la Ciclul Licență și anul 1 de la Ciclul Masterat care studiază limba engleză ca limbă principală. Rezultatele indică lipsa de conștientizare a gravității unui asemenea act la studenți. Atitudinea lor pare a fi una superficială față de scrisul academic, iar însăși actul de sfidare a normelor academice pare a fi nesemnificativ pentru studenți.

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OTHERS IN MEDIA: LGBT INDIVIDUALS

Author(s): Yasemin Giritli İnceoğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In Turkish media, the representation of homosexuality is roughly categorized in three periods. “Homosexuals” were perceived as abnormal and “an imaginary creature” after the coup d'état on September 12, 1980. Homosexuals appeared on media as individuals relating to murders, immorality, anal sex, prostitution, transsexual in slang, AIDS, and a bad example for kids in society. After the formula which homosexuality equals to transvestite and trans-sexuality was dominated in the first period, the lack of self-confidence in the period of visibility on media raised doubts about media. “Half-masked” would not be wrong to say for this period. In the second period, Kaos GL (Kaos Gay and Lesbian Cultural Research and Solidarity Association) issued the first magazine on gays and lesbians in Turkey in 1994. In addition to this magazine, Express periodical magazine and Cumhuriyet daily of the year gave coverage to LGBT movement. Eventually, the third period may be defined as “unmasked.” On May 1, 2001, Kaos GL freely and confidently remonstrated with labors and students by holding a banner on which “we are homosexuals, we are real and here” was written. The current situation is as is known to all. Although media is generally seen as shifted from apprenticeship to mastership on making news about LGBT individuals, they sometimes report or broadcast extremely sensitively, but they occasionally get out of kilter by giving headlines such as “They seized after getting out gay bar”, “Transvestite Violence”, “Homosexual Murder”, “I killed because he asked me anal sex,” “Transvestites bargain for prostitution on streets.”

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KAOS GL MAGAZINE'S ROLE IN THE EMERGENCE OF THE LGBTI PUBLIC SPHERE IN TURKEY

Author(s): İdil Engindeniz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Jürgen Habermas’ work entitled “The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society” has brought the concept of “public sphere” to an important place in social science debates, since its publication in German in 1962, but especially in 1989 when it was translated into English. Since then Habermas has been criticized by feminist readings and counter-public sphere approaches, and Habermas himself has made several changes in his approach over time. In France in 2010, Professor on sciences of information and communication, Bernard Miège’s “L’espace public contemporain. Approche infocommunicationnelle” (Contemporary public sphere, informationalcommunicative approach) also introduced a new approach and proceeded through the concept of “societal public sphere”. The challenge is to show how the concept of public sphere, which is used in the field of political science, can also be useful in terms of communication sciences, as well as allowing us to evaluate different public spheres which can include not only rational discussion, but also personal narratives.

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Massive Displacement Meets Cyberspace: How Information and Communication Technologies are helping Refugees and Migrants and How We Can Do Better

Author(s): Joseph G. Bock,Kevin McMahon,Ziaul Haque / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the global response to the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for humanitarian assistance has grown dramatically. These technologies include mobile phones, applications (“apps”) installed on phones, and computer connectivity or internet-based sites which receive data from or send it to phones. We call these collectively “platforms”. Employing them has the potential to improve efforts to assist displaced people, or to liberate them in being more able to help each other, or both. The magnitude and visibility of the current refugee and migrant crisis has yielded a rich harvest of new platforms, a survey of which we cover in this paper. Similar to the acronym ICT4D, commonly used to denote the use of ICTs for development, we refer to the technologies in this paper collectively as ICTs for refugees and migrants, or simply ICT4RM. And while platform development has resulted in a patchwork of initiatives-an electronic version of “letting a thousand flowers bloom”-there are patterns emerging as to which flowers grow and have “staying power” as compared to ones that wilt and die. In hopes of providing guidance to wouldbe developers, we offer explanations for what leads to a successful ICT4RM initiative.

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The Depictions of The Refugee Crisis on the Public Arena: An Analysis of the News Frames Promoted by Spanish Digital Media

Author(s): Sergio Álvarez,Alfredo Arceo / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Digital media played a prominent role as a source of information about the last refugee crisis. Refugees leave their countries of origin due to threatening events, while migrants are motivated by material conditions. Journalistic framing helps to understand how refugees are depicted in digital press outfits; it consists of selecting and highlighting certain aspects of reality in a text, so that it suggests a definition for the described situation, as well as their possible causes and treatment; frames have been studied from the perspective of news production as well as that of the audiences; they act as abstract structures that organize the elements of a communicative text, but some of them are issue-specific. A content analysis was conducted on news about the refugee crisis published by the top 4 Spanish digital diaries by number of readers, to describe how they framed those contents over a six month period. They were mainly centred around the journeys of refugees, clearly from the perspective of the European receiving countries. Mentions to poverty and physical integrity won over terrorism and crime, generally pointing to the victims’ frame over their depiction as intruders. The next challenge is to analyse the effects over the audiences.

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Migration and Refugee Representation in Political Cartoons

Author(s): Arda Umut Saygın / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Today, migration, immigrants and refugee issues are closely related to the whole world. The developments about these issues can be followed from the media almost everyday because they have news value. Political cartoons, which are woven with messages based on drawings, are interested in these issues too since they are also media contents. The purpose of this study is to show how the refugee case is handled in political cartoons. In the study, 989 political cartoons which were exhibited between the years of 2013 and 2016 in The Aydın Doğan International Cartoon Competition was selected. Then, both quantitative and qualitative content analysis were applied to them to understand how much place these issues take place and in which context they are discussed. Finally, it is determined that political cartoons about these issues has became even more important year by year.

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Muhacir Gazetesi’ne Göre Göçerler ve Sorunları

Author(s): Özgür Tilbe / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Kavramlar ve onlara yüklenen anlam zaman içinde değişebilir. Kavramlara yüklenen anlam olumlu olmasının yanı sıra olumsuz da olabilir. “Göçmen” kavramı bu bağlamda değerlendirilebilir. TDK Büyük Sözlükte, “Göçmen” kelimesi, “Kendi ülkesinden ayrılarak yerleşmek için başka ülkeye giden (kimse, aile veya topluluk), muhacir” olarak açıklanır. Uluslararası Göç Örgütü’nün yayını olan Göç Terimleri Sözlüğünde ise “Göçmen” maddesi açıklanırken; “Uluslararası ölçekte, evrensel olarak kabul edilmiş bir ‘göçmen’ tanımı bulunmamaktadır” tespiti yapılır. Açıklama şöyle devam eder; “Göçmen terimi genellikle, bireyin göç etme kararını, zorlayıcı dış faktörlerin müdahalesi olmaksızın kendi özgür iradesiyle ve ‘kişisel uygunluk’ sebepleriyle aldığı tüm durumları kapsar şekilde anlaşılmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu ifade, maddi ve sosyal koşullarını iyileştirmek ve kendileri ve ailelerine ilişkin beklentilerini geliştirmek amacıyla başka bir ülkeye veya bölgeye hareket eden kişiler ve aile fertleri için geçerli kabul edilmiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler göçmeni, sebepleri, gönüllü olup olmaması, göç yolları, düzenli veya düzensiz olması fark etmeksizin yabancı bir ülkede bir yıldan fazla ikamet eden bir birey olarak tanımlar.” (Perruchoud, 2009, s.37.) İlk bakışta Göçmen kavramını tanımlama veya açıklama konusunda fikir birliği olmadığı göze çapar.

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Building Corporative Marketing Brand and Communication with the Public through Social Media

Author(s): Mirko Tripunoski,Borche Sibinovski,Fisnik Ferati,Zlatko Leov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this research paper we will try to present the situation in marketing and in economy in general through research and analyses of the current trends in society in order to assist the companies which nowadays face numerous challenges. We live in an era where people’s lives take place in the social media, on one hand, and on the other hand the companies and brands, which are in focus in this research paper, are facing huge competition pressure. From these reasons, we reckon it is inevitable to use contemporary, marketing methods, i.e. one to have thorough data on the product and the brand as the most important elements through which one makes the marketing strategy. Taking into consideration the fact that products and brands do not exist in isolation, but in an environment with various types of influence, it is clear that they have to adapt to the environment itself, and in today’s terms that certainly means development of an online component. An online component might be developed through numerous marketing and other tools, from which we believe the most important ones are the social media regarding their social significance. In this research paper they will be analyzed in order to emphasise the possibilities they offer and the risks they entail, and the very fact that they can turn into a key for success as long as they are given strategic importance and use.

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Членството на България в ЕС и свързаните с него предизвикателства пред професионалните стандарти и етиката в медийната среда

Author(s): Ena Lozanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper reviews fundamental for the contemporary journalism documents – ethical and professional standards such as Munich Declaration of the Duties and Rights of Journalists, code of conduct, responsibilities and rights of the press representatives. It reviews the media regulatory mechanisms, broadcasting regulations on a local level as well as the European institutional and legal framework in this regard. The author highlights regulatory mechanisms and establishments in Bulgaria and outlines their role in the effective control and governance of the ethical standards in the content provided by the media.

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