UNRRA v Jugoslaviji in Sloveniji

Author(s): Kornelija Aljec / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2013

The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) started operating in the territory of Yugoslavia on 15 April 1945, when its Belgrade office was established. On 1 August 1945 a regional office for Slovenia was also opened in Ljubljana. UNRRA aided Slovenia and Yugoslavia especially by providing material supplies like food, clothes and machinery in order to start up the industrial and agrarian sectors. The UNRRA activities in Yugoslavia were mostly successful, even though a few disagreements with the Yugoslav authorities occurred. The Yugoslav mission concluded its operations on 10 June 1947.

Korruption im ersten Jugoslawien (1918-1941). Eine Skizze zu Diskurs und Praxis

Author(s): Klaus Buchenau / Language(s): German Issue: 72/2013

This paper deals with the under-researched history of corruption in interwar Yugoslavia. Intended as an introduction to the study of this problem, it first reflects on theoretical issues and on the applicability of the term corruption to Balkan traditions of patrimonial rule, then turns to the interwar period, using contemporary Yugoslav newspapers and the existing literature as basic sources. Contemporaries understood corruption not only as a social practice or a crime, but also as decadence in the broadest sense, as a loss of basic values etc. They felt that since 1918, they were living in a much more corrupt society than previously. In the newspapers of interwar Yugoslavia, the critique of corruption was all-present and frequently used as a political weapon, especially in the Serbo-Croat conflict. Corrupt practices included political as well as everyday corruption; while the former was a direct area of focus for newspapers during the 1920s, the royal dictatorship (since 1929) used censorship to depict itself as “clean” and stressed petty corruption as the main problem. This change in discourse notwithstanding, grand corruption remained an endemic phenomenon, a fact that greatly contributed to the failure of the country’s greatest anti-corruption lawsuit carried out in the Slavonian town of Osijek in 1935.

Urbanizacija bosanskohercegovačkih prostora u vrijeme rimske uprave

Author(s): Mersiha Imamović,Bego Omerčević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2017

After the conquest of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian territory, the Romans launched numerous campaigns so this region and its population could be incorporated into the Roman life and Roman civilization of that period as quickly as possible. They believed that this is the only and the best way to make themselves the masters of this region. As part of their extensive activities, those that focused on systematic and full implementation of urbanization in the present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina were especially important. This long process encompassed the infrastructure construction, modelled on the Italic cities, villages, economic and other facilities. The first steps of the Roman authorities were to construct modern and high-quality roads, i.e. a powerful road network that would facilitate a faster and stronger connection between settlements and economic resources around present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Publius Cornelius Dolabella, who served as an imperial governor of the province of Upper Illyria from 14th to 20th AD, had a special role in the implementation of this plan. The construction of the first roads began upon his initiative and under his strict supervision. He intended to establish a better connection between the regions of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina with the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. These first roads created good foundation for a complete urbanization of this area.Along with the road construction, the Romans launched the activities that included new settlements, firstly along the Roman roads, then at the crossroads, and then in the regions had were rich in resources. Each settlement, in its appearance, dimensions and layout of facilities and its infrastructure, had to correspond to the Roman building standards. The first settlements were built along the roads. The most famous sites of urban settlements include: Grkovci and Pelva (Livno plateau), Halapići and Salvium (Glamoč plateau), Pecka (the Sana river valley), Baloie (Šipovo), Bjelajac (Mrkonjić Grad), Castra, Laktaši, Gornji Šeher (Banja Luka), Servitium (Bosanska Gradiška), Delminium (Duvno plateau), Varvara (Rama river valley), Ad Matricem (Gornji Vakuf), Bistue Nova (Bugojno), Višnjica (Kiseljak), Ilidža (Sarajevo plateau), Domavia and Skelani (central Podrinje), Blagaj, Maslovare and Bosanski Novi (the Sana and Japra rivers valley), Golubić (Bihać), Bigeste (Čapljina), Leusinium (Bileća), Diluntum (Stolac), Ad Drinum (Drinjača) as well as many others, but less known. Urbanization had many positive effects in all aspects of work and life of local inhabitants from that period in the region of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. A road network was established, as well as numerous economic activities, lifestyle standard and social relations were raised to a significantly higher level, many settlements (cities and villages) and many cultural monuments were built.

Cirkuliranje novca u prvom stoljeću u unutrašnjosti rimske provincije Dalmacije (na uzorku publiciranih primjeraka)

Author(s): Maja Pandža / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2017

This paper examines the circulation of Roman coins in the 1st century in the inland of province of Dalmatia. The research timeframe is the period from the first reign of Octavian Augustus to the end of the reign of Nerva. The geographic region consists of the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, or the province of Dalmatia in the Roman period. This paper analyzes the available reports on coin findings, individual coins or coin hoards, as well as the frequency of coin findings in relation to the Republican period. By combining the information of coin findings with the historical circumstances of coin storage, the paper creates a numismatic topography of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1st century. The study of money circulation paints a better picture about the monetary exchange level, as well as the economic development of this area.

Au sujet de la production agricole des régions urbaines en Byzance et dans les territoires balkaniques sous domination byzantine (XIIIe - XIVe s.)

Author(s): Zdravko Plyakov / Language(s): French Issue: 3/1994

GENERAL ECONOMIC INDICES

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 3/1971

TOTAL ECONOMIC INDICES

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 2/1974

Listovi gračaničkog kalendara od 25.11.2007. - 30.04.2008.

Author(s): Omer Hamzić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 25/2008

The Organic Structure and Effectiveness of the Byzantine Fiscal System – A Critical Evaluation

Author(s): George C. Maniatis / Language(s): English Issue: 54/2017

This article investigates the organization and effectiveness of the Byzantine fiscal system and of the implementing government apparatus as constituent elements of the operative insti tutional framework of the economy. Emphasis is placed on: the conceptualization and architecture of the imperial budget; the established budgetary objectives and priorities; the method employed in the preparation and execution of the budget; the enacted tax structure, evolution over time, and associated incidence; the sources of revenue relied upon; dispassion in tax collection; the rationalization of tax concessions and relief; the extent of tax avoidance and remedial measures; the impact of an array of public expenditures on the economy; the socio-economic repercussions of tax enforcement policies and tactics; and the effectiveness of the fiscal system and of the implementing bureaucracy in achieving prescribed goals. It is hoped that the searching examination and ensuing evaluation of the instituted fiscal arrangements put into effect diachronically will provide valuable insights as to their genesis, adaptation over time to reflect changing circumstances, experiences and expediencies, and their ultimate effectiveness in light of the Byzantine economic, social, and political realities.

UN TEZAUR DIN SECOLUL AL XVI-LEA DESCOPERIT LA URZICENI, JUDEŢUL IALOMIŢA

Author(s): Marius Blasko / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2016

The author presents a medieval coin hoard from the 16th century discovered in 1963, in Urziceni, Ialomiţa County. 25 pieces entered the collections of the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology of the Romanian Academy while other data regarding the discovery or the initial number of coins is unknown. The hoard is a mixed one, composed of 25 silver coins, issued by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (11), the Kingdom of Hungary (8), Transylvania (2), the Ottoman Empire (2) and the Holy Roman Empire (2). The earliest coins are from 1539 while the most recent ones date from 1597. The burial of this hoard can most probably be attributed to the military events taking place in Wallachia at the end of Michael the Brave’s reign. Alongside this hoard, other hoards discovered in Wallachia and dating from the period between 1595 and 1601 are also presented, pointing out some of their common features and aspects of monetary circulation at the time.

Z dworu ziemiańskiego na uniwersytecką katedrę. Przyczynek do genezy inteligencji polskiej

Author(s): Jarosław Kita / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2018

Landowners and intelligence are two layers of Polish society that had complemented each other and played an important role in maintaining of the Polishness in the era of partitions, and seriously contributed to regaining independence in 1918. An educated landowner, or an intellectual of landowner origin, it was often difficult to define belonging to a particular social layer. After the January Uprising, publicists were writing about gentry as “country intelligentsia”, which had to play an important role in the modernization of the Polish countryside. In the light of the previous findings of historiography, it appears that indeed the landowning environment became one of the main groups of recruitment of the Polish intelligentsia in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. An analysis of the sources of various provenance shows that one of the most important intellectual professional groups, to which were getting first sons and then daughters from the landowners families, were scientists. The main research problem is the attempt to characterize people of science, who had abandoned the mansions and decided to pursue a career at universities in Cracow, Lviv and Warsaw, and after independence, also Poznań, Vilnius and Lublin. This issue will be discussed both in the broader context of collective fates as well as selected individual biographies of Polish scholars on landed genealogy. An important selection criterion will be their simultaneous involvement in various political and social ventures.

Handel w Krakowie i dystrykcie krakowskim w okresie okupacji niemieckiej – zarys problematyki

Author(s): Krzysztof Broński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The article examines the trade sector in and around Kraków in the years 1939–1944. The statistical method and analysis of the source material were used for its preparation. The analysis covers mainly legal trade operating on the basis of law. After German troops seized Polish lands in 1939, the General Government was formed from a part of the territory, the capital of which was Kraków. This area was divided into smaller administrative units called districts. The occupation authorities took over a large part of the property, especially Jewish property, including numerous trading companies. During the occupation, the number of companies dealing in wholesale trade increased in Kraków and the district. For the most part, the companies were German property. At the same time, the number of retail trade companies, which were owned mainly by Polish citizens, decreased. In terms of industry, food shops and department stores prevailed. In addition to official trade, illegal trade developed and was an important source of supply for residents. Illegal market prices were many times higher than the ones set by legal trade.

Бронзов фолис на картагенския узурпатор Домиций Александър от Пловдив

Author(s): Lubomir Vasilev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The article review one very rare roman bronze coin from the start of 4th century AD - follis of the roman usurper from Carthage - Lucius Domitius Alexander(308-309/311?) - also and only Domitius Alexander.The coin is a single find as is founded in the territory of the modern Plovdiv.She is minted to Carthage in Northern Africa.The find is a part from bulgarian private collection of a citizen from Sofia - the modern capital of Bulgaria.

Dél-Szlovákia gazdasági és szociális helyzete néhány mutató tükrében (3. rész)

Author(s): Zsolt Horbulák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2019

Southern Slovakia has traditionally been identified with the region inhabited by Hungarians. However, for analytical purposes it is more appropriate to assume the administrative-statistical regions, and in Slovakia, the most suitable territorial entities are the districts. In Southern Slovakia there are 16 districts with a significant proportion of Hungarian population, and, for historical reasons, Bratislava and Košice can also be classified as belonging to the examined region. Looking at the aggregated data of this area, it can be concluded that its development is lagging behind the national average. Regarding industrial production, the southern region, in view of its gravity, accounts for a smaller proportion of the national output. Similarly, lagging behind can also be observed in respect of the corporate average wage, as well as in view of productivity. The economic development of the southern region is uneven, the western–eastern opposition is significant, although it is continuously decreasing. The economically most backward region in the long term is Gemer.

НЕВІДОМА ІМІТАЦІЯ ВІЗАНТІЙСЬКОГО ФОЛІСА МИХАЙЛА ІІ

Author(s): W. Schulze,Wolfgang Schulze / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Dieser Artikel berichtet über Imitationen eines Byzantinischen Follis aus der Regierungszeit von Michael II. (820-29). Michael II. ließ Münzen in Konstantinopel und auf Sizilien schlagen, die ihn zusammen mit seinem Sohn Theophilus als Mitkaiser zeigen. Zwei Ausgaben von Folles aus Konstantinopel sind bekannt: eine kleinere von 20 mm Durchmesser und einem Durchschnittsgewicht von 5,5 g. mit der Offizin A unter dem M auf der Rückseite und eine größere – möglicherweise von 824/5 – mit ähnlichem Aussehen, aber mit einem Durchmesser von 28-32 mm. und einem Durchschnittsgewicht von 7,5 g. Der auf Abbildung 1 gezeigte Follis von Konstantinopel hat einen Durchmesser von 31 mm und ein Gewicht von 7,8g. Die Vorderseite zeigt die Büsten von Michael (links) mit Chlamys und Theophilus mit Loros, beide mit einem Kreuz auf der Krone. Es gibt ein zusätzliches Kreuz und einen Punkt zwischen ihren Köpfen. Die Umschrift lautet MIXAHL ЅΘ ЄOFILOS. Die Rückseite zeigt ein Kreuz über dem M, darunter die Offizin Θ. Die Buchstaben X/X/X und N/N/N an den Seiten werden als rein dekorative Elemente bezeichnet. Die Folles aus der größeren Serie – Klasse 3 in DOC – sind üblicherweise gut geschnitten und sorgfältig auf Flans in richtiger Größe geprägt. Die Abweichungen von dem Durchschnittsgewicht von c.7,5 g. und dem durchschnittlichen Durchmesser von 30 mm. ist marginal, und die Stempelstellung von 6 Uhr entspricht der Norm. Alle genannten Daten stehen im Gegensatz zu der neuen Münze, bei der es sich mit Sicherheit um eine Imitation handelt, die nun präsentiert werden soll (Abbildung 2): Dieser imitative Klasse 3 Follis hat einen Durchmesser von 30,5 mm. und wiegt 12,22 g. Der Durchmesser entspricht dem Original, allerdings ist das Gewicht viel zu hoch für das Durchschnittsgewicht von 7,5 g. Außerdem entspricht die Stempelstellung von 1 Uhr ebenso wenig der Norm wie das Design der Münze: Die Vorderseite ist dem Original ähnlich, allerdings zeigt sie nun Michael mit Loros auf der linken und Theophilos mit Chlamys auf der rechten Seite. Offenbar hat ein ungelenker Stempelschneider das kopiert, was er auf einem Original gesehen hat. Die Legenden sind ebenfalls vertauscht und zusätzlich verwildert. Anstelle von MIXAHL ЅΘ ЄOFILOS liest man …FILIS IMICSA... Wie Chlamys und Loros sind auch die Kronen auch ziemlich grob dargestellt; das Kreuz zwischen den Köpfen ist zu groß. Die Rückseite der Imitation zeigt ebenfalls ausgetauschte und verwilderte Legenden. Rechts vom M kann man nur ein X anstelle der üblichen X/X/X lesen. Links vom M, wo üblicherweise N/N/N steht, erscheint so etwas wie ЧІ. Verdächtig ist auch das Kreuz als Offizin unter dem M statt des üblichen Θ. Nach alledem bestehen kaum Zweifel, dass wir es hier mit einer ungeschickten Imitation eines Klasse 3 Follis von MichaelII. zu tun haben. Interessanterweise listet Grierson im DOC-Katalog einen „italienischen Solidus von grobem Stil, verwilderten Umschriften und niedrigem Goldgehalt im Namen von Nicephorus (802-11) und Theophilus (829-42), der vielleicht den Herzögen von Neapel zuzuschreiben ist“ sowie „Solidi von Theophilus, deren Stil und Fabrik es unmöglich machen, dass sie aus einer regulären Münzstätte stammen“. Im Hinblick auf die von Grierson beschriebenen Imitationen lag der Schluss nahe, dass es sich bei dem hier vorgestellten Follis ebenfalls um eine zeitgenössische Imitation (vielleicht aus Unteritalien) handelt. Diese Einschätzung musste allerdings stark in Zweifel gezogen werden, als Steve Mansfield das Foto eines zweiten Stückes einer solchen Imitation vorlegte (Abbildung 3). Die Abbildung dieser ebenfalls übergewichtigen Münze ist nicht sehr gut, aber ein detaillierter Vergleich lässt den Schluss zu, dass beide Münzen vom selben Stempelpaar stammen. Die zweite Imitation ist mit einer – vermutlich – künstlichen sandigen Patina belegt und hat das Aussehen, als ob sie gerade ausgegraben worden sei. Steve Mansfield hat außerdem mitgeteilt, dass er während einer Reise in Ägypten ähnliche Münzen gesehen habe, die an leichtgläubige Touristen verkauft wurden. Solche Fälschungen sind gut bekannt: Während geführter Touren finden Führer in archäologischen Stätten „zufällig“ gefälschte Münzen in der Erde, die sie zuvor versteckt haben, und verkaufen sie an begeisterte Touristen.haben, und verkaufen sie an begeisterte Touristen.

ПРО ВІДМІННІ РИСИ ПАРА АХМЕДА ІІІ ВІД МЕДІНІ АХМЕДА І, КАРБОВАНИХНА МОНЕТНОМУ ДВОРІ У МІСРІ (ЄГИПЕТ)

Author(s): Ravil Islamov / Language(s): Turkish,English,Russian,Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

In the Ottoman numismatics there are rare cases where the legends of the coins of different sultans have almost identical text. This circumstance may impede the identification of a coin if the date is missing or illegible. Particularly difficult identification of the silver vapor produced at Misr mint at the beginning of the reign of Sultan Ahmed III (1703-1730). This coin is often mistaken for the silver medini of Sultan Ahmed I (1603-1617), although the time difference between their releases is equal to the centenary. And not surprisingly, because they have the same features: the coins are almost unchanged in size and weight, the composition of the silver alloy is approximately the same, and the date is usually either missing or unreadable. The reverse of both coins depicts a “knot of happiness” that attracts great attention. On both coins, the inner rim is solid, and the outer rim is dotted. Arabic-language legends have one and the same text on one and the other coin. Namely, on the obverse: “Sultan Ahmed the son of Mehmed Khan”; on the reverse: “Help God to make him the winner, repent, Misr, year 1115 (or 1012).” Bad quality of minting in Misr negatively affected the readability of the legends of coins issued on it. The edges of the coin were roughened particularly badly, that is, the place where the date is located. Even in those cases when the date still fell on the coin, it is often difficult to read correctly because it may contain an error, digits may be distorted, or a part of numbers may be missing. These disadvantages are equally the same as the pair of Ahmed III and the mediums of Ahmed I; In this article, an attempt is made to describe all types of steam minted at Misir. Misr during the reign of Sultan Ahmed III, compare the pair of “type 1” from the median of Sultan Ahmed I, thrown at Misir. Misr, and point out the differences in their legends. The information received contributes to the identification of the “type 1” pair even on individual fragments of the legend, and will help the numismatists to distinguish the pair from the median of the sultan Ahmed I. For the study, a couple was taken which, with a great degree of certainty, relate to the time of the reign of Sultan Ahmed III, and the Medina by the time of the reign of Sultan Ahmed I. This work was favored by the occasional finds of the three treasures. The author managed to get acquainted with them and fix the 39 Ottoman coins that were in them. After studying the peculiarities of writing the legends, we can determine the difference between the pair of Sultan Ahmed III from the medini of Sultan Ahmed I.1. The word “Sultan” in the pair “type 1” has a high “nun”, and the letter “son” – with an even lower line. At the medina of Sultan Ahmed I, the letter “Nun” in the word “Sultan” reaches about half the neighboring letter “aliph”, and the letter “son” is wavy.2. The names of “Ahmed” and “Mehmed” on the pair “type 1” are styled and written differently than on the median of Ahmed I and other Ottoman coins.3. The letter “nun” in the word “son” of the pair “type 1” in height is equal to the letter “aliph” in the name of “Ahmed”, moreover, in the letter “nan” often there are at the same time both the diacritic point and the “extra” diacritic dash In the medina of Sultan Ahmed I, in the word “son”, the letter “nun” is lower than the letter “aliph” in the name of “Ahmed”, and only one diacritical point above the letter “nun”.4. On the couple of the sultan “type 1”, the names “Ahmed” and “Mehmed” slightly protrude to the left of the part of the word “Sult ...”. And on the median of Sultan Ahmed I the name “Ahmed” does not appear from the part of the word “sultana ...”, and even, on the contrary, is slightly offset to the right.5. In the median of Ahmed I, the word “Shede” is placed in the third line of the letter above the letter “distant” in the name of “Mehmed”, and the word “Shede” is placed in the name “Mehmed” above the first letter “mim” on the “type 1” pair.6. At the medina of Ahmed I, the third line of the aperture ends with the word “khan”, and the pair “type 1” instead of the word “khan” places the image of “knot of happiness”.7. On the obverse and the reverse of the pair “type 1” in most cases, the diacritical points are replaced by wedge-shaped dashes. Often the word “Shede” is depicted as a dash.8. The reverse of the coin has its own dates. On a pair of “type 1” diacritical points are usually replaced by wedge-shaped dashes.9. There can be no significant displacement of the upper stamp relative to the lower one on the “type 1” pair.

Історіографія українського скарбознавства

Author(s): Victor Kotsur / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2017

The article deals with the historiography of the study of treasures of coins connected with the history of monetary circulation of Ukrainian historic regions. The totality of knowledge about the coin treasures, namely: the source value of the coin complexes, their classification, the causesof tezavrasii, topography of finds, the composition of treasures, treasure trove of the methodology and sources of research is determined by the notion of treasury.The definitions of the concept of treasure are quite complete and qualitatively presented in numismatic dictionaries. Given the fact that the numismatics science has been substantially The Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, Issue 1.16enriched with new knowledge, we consider it necessary to supplement the definition of the concept of treasure. In addition to the works of the predecessors of the signs, it should be added that treasures can consist not only of coins, but also of paper money, and other valuables, of scrap of precious metal, etc.Study and detailed analysis of treasures is one of the effective tools in clarifying certain issues of metrology of coins and their systems, which in previous studies we defined as one of the most important directions of modern studies on numismatics of the Middle Ages in the history of Ukrainian historic lands.Treasures are closely linked to Ukrainian folklore, endowed with enchantment, mystery, are often spoken or spellbound.In prerevolutionary historiography, leading domestic researchers paid attention to the issue of treasures' receipt for the collection of St. Volodymyr's University's Münster Cabinet, as illustrated by K. Strashkevich. Also, research focused mainly around the compilation of the topography of finds of coin treasures in some historical regions of Ukraine studied: the findings ofPolissya –M.F.Bilyashivsky, Volyn –V.B. Antonovich,Northern Black Sea Region –V.Goshkevich.Numerous references to the finds of treasures are contained in Ukrainian pre-revolutionary newspaper periodicals.In the prewar period, the attention of domestic numismatists in the focus of the treasury was focused mainly on expanding representations about the topography of treasures, the findings of the coins of Kievan Rus’were fixed by A.Ilyin, the question of the distribution of coins of ancient Rome and their finds –V. Lyaskoronsky.Attention to the topography of the finds of coin treasures in some historical regions of Ukraine was given to Soviet scientists: the common findings of coins of the 16th–17thcenturies are described by D. Berg, the findings of treasures on the territory of historical Podillya –M. Kotljar, historical Sivershchyna –V. Ryabtsevich, findings Western European early medieval coins published by V. Potin, Roman coins on the territory of the USSR –V. Kropotkin. The treasure of the Roman antoninists from the Crimean peninsula was published by I. Pioro and A. Herzenim, the coins of the Byzantine Kherson –A. Gilevich.Fundamentals of domestic treasury and the main aspects of the methodology of scientific study of treasures laid by MykolaKotlyar. One of the sensational cases was the discovery of a whole treasure of coins captured in Kyiv on behalf of DukeVolodymyr Olgerdovich, also investigated by M. F. Kotlyar.During the period of Ukraine's independence, scholarly fixation of treasures and the study of their role as sources in the study of the history of monetary circulation of Ukrainian historic regions were studied by O. Popelnytska and O. Bakalets.An important source in the study of treasury aspects is the data archives, as well as Internet resources.Among the complex finds of coins are known numismatists and certain special finds, or non-standard treasures. Examples of such finds are monist –jewelry made of coins, as well as cases of finds in coins of treasures that are uncharacteristic of the monetary structure of a particular period and region.Consequently, from the above material,the following conclusions and suggestions can be made. Treasures found on the territory of Ukrainian historic regions are a powerful source of study of the history of money circulation. Attention to the study of treasures was given to both Ukrainianand foreign researchers since the time of the Russian Empire, which emphasizes the high importance and relevance of their study. An impressive array of treasure information includes archival sources, modern digital information Internet resources, newspapers, and more. The study of treasures is reflected not only in popular science-historical intelligence, but also in scientific profile research: scientific reports, descriptions, topographies, complex studies and scientific dissertations. Mint treasures stored inmuseums' funds are actively introduced into scientific circulation. As for the method of treasury storage in museums, we see the actual development of a modern instruction on the storage and marking of coins in the study and research of treasures.Taking into account the fact that the numerous treasures showing already known "slices" of monetary circulation of certain historical regions in different historical periods have already beenpublished and are widely studied, further researches of modern scholarswe see in the study of Український нумізматичний щорічник.Вип.1.17treasures with a composition that is different based on the structure of the classical, contains previously unknown in the treasure coin, clarifies or emphasizes the role of coins of individual issuers in the monetary circulation ofUkraine and Eastern and Central Europe in total

Топографія знахідок в Україні монет держави Тевтонського ордену в Пруссії та її Лівонського відділення (зведені відомості по областях)

Author(s): Vasyl Orlyk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2017

The process of formation and development of the inter-state relations of theUkrainian medieval lands with the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia is represented mainly in written sources of the second half of the XIII –beginning of the XVI century, and particularly in documents. However, these relations should have left a mark not only in written sources. The relations, even if they were occasional, leave a sufficient number of numismatic sources in the cultural layers of settlements. In this case they are the Teutonic coins which were lost by their owners in their time. The purpose of the article is to study and introduce into scientific circulation the corpus of numismatic sources which reflect the relations of the Ukrainian medieval lands with the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The main numismatic sources are the coin findings with the coins and materials and tools for coin mining. Coin findings allow enhancing the existing concepts of money circulation and trade relations as well as sometimes these findings change the established stereotypes. Let us turn to the problem of coins of the State of the Crusaders –the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, and the monetary circulation in the medieval Ukraine.The coins of the Teutonic Order are found in Ukraine as one of a kind as well as in money and material hoards. This problem has been studied in the scientific literature. The first information about such findings appeared in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, particularly in the works of K. Strashkevych, in the materials of the Archaeological Congresses. The Ukrainian Soviet historiography ignored the presence of the Teutonic coins in the monetary circulation of Ukrainian medieval lands, as well as the findings of these coins in Ukraine. Recent decades have brought the processes of rethinking of the historical past. The study of the problems of the history of the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, including the relations of this state with the rulers and the population of medieval Ukraine, was also no exception. In modern Ukrainian historiography, some aspects of the problem of finding the coins of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia on the territory of Ukraine are reflected in the works of H. Ivakin, A. Pozikhovskyi and R. Shust, S. Demydko, O. Pohorilets and S. Stopenchuk, A. Shestopal, R. Savvov, V. Orlyk and others. In addition to the works mentioned above, the information about coin findings of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia in Ukraine can be found in various sources: archival documents, museum collections, confirmations of ethnographers and materials of forum for treasure hunters.Theinvestigation of coin findings of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia on the territory of modern Ukraine makes it possible to conclude about the relations (mostly economic) of its medieval lands with the Teutonic Order and the presence of the Order coins in circulation in Ukrainian territories in the XIV-XV centuries. The problem we encountered requires further scientific development. First of all, a detailed study of the numismatic collections of the National Museum of History of Ukraine, regional and district local history museums, reports of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, published documents of the XIV-XV centuries, funds of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in the cities of Kyiv and Lviv, as well as Torun city archives, Gdansk, Kaliningrad (Königsberg) and others. Thus, for further comprehensive study of the relations of the Ukrainian medieval lands with the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, it is necessary to use various sources including numismatic ones. And the topography of the findings of coins undoubtedly holds a significant place.

Фальшиві монети Середнянського замку

Author(s): Maria Zhilenko,Igor Prokhnenko / Language(s): English,Russian,Ukrainian Issue: 1/2017

In the Western part of the village Sredniy in Uzhgorod district, in the Transcarpathian region, the ruins of the castle are located in the plains near the river Velya (formerly the Old Town). Today, the most respected building for its buildings (18.6 x 16.5 m), which is located in the central part of the architectural ensemble. It is surrounded by a locked patio with limited stone walls. The fortification system, in terms close to the square form, is represented by two lines of noticeably shoved shafts and ditches. In some places, the modern height of the shafts reaches 3.5 m. The external shaft defines the area of the monument – 200 x 200 m. The artificial water circulation system (the pipe of the set and drainage), which flowed from the river to the ditch on the western side and flowed out of them into The direction of the mill from the east is now already destroyed, resulting in a large part of the ditches being swamped. The archaeological expedition of the Uzhhorod National University was studied in 2008 and 2017. In the first field season, in order to find out the stratigraphic situation and proceeding from the possible excavation of the area, the study began with the territory of the castle court. The excavation #I (22 x 4 m) cut it from the southern corner of the central building to the ditch. The power of the cultural layer, which consisted of layers of clay of different colors, from gray to black (in the basis), reached 2.8 m. The erection of stone walls in the XVI century. It was stratigraphically confirmed by the discovery of the false Hungarian coin of 1543 Ferdinand I. (1526-1564). The next period (XVIIth – the beginning of the XVIIIth century) was determined by the quantitative increase in the collection of material (ceramic crockery, tiles and metal products). A relatively large percentage of counterfeit coins is not unique to these territories. It characterizes the specifics of the regional monetary circulation of the late Middle Ages and early modern times. Also it notes the active work of local counterfeiters whose work left traces in archaeological materials and in written sources. Found during the excavation of the castle counterfeit coins correspond to the chronological range of the operation of the monument, as well as reflect the activities of the falsifiers of the Upper Hungary, in whose products most massively present counterfeit silicon products. A small number of finds does not allow us to draw conclusions about the main periods of activation of the "thieves in the coin", but three of the four coins refer to the times of Ferdinand I, in Hungarian historiography called "the golden age of Hungarian counterfeiters." Specificization of the information on the quantitative and qualitative composition of false denominations in the Central lock is possible only after a systematic study of significant sites in different parts of the monument and replenishment of this group of finds with new instances.

Kasa Dyskontowa (1776–1793) – instytucja finansowa ancien régime’u

Author(s): Krzysztof Derejski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2018

W artykule przedstawiono historię ewolucji Kasy Dyskontowej, od banku handlowego do instytucji pożyczkowej kontrolowanej przez państwo. Wskazano w nim pogarszającą się sytuację finansową Kasy pod koniec ancien régime’u i na początku rewolucji francuskiej. Opisano momenty, w których panika wśród posiadaczy jej biletów mogła doprowadzić do jej bankructwa. Refleksji poddano relacje pomiędzy wartością biletów Kasy Dyskontowej w obiegu a pieniądzem kruszcowym, który stanowił ich zabezpieczenie. W tym celu dokonano analizy rachunków Kasy Dyskontowej, zawartych w sprawozdaniu A.-D. Laffona de Ladébata, któremu powierzono zadanie przeprowadzenia jej likwidacji w 1793 r. Głównym problemem Kasy Dyskontowej okazała się pogłębiająca się zależność od państwa, która wraz ze zbliżającym się bankructwem monarchii stawiała przed nią zadanie kredytowania deficytu. Rozważania przeprowadzono na podstawie francuskojęzycznych źródeł i publikacji naukowych.