Законът за прогресиращото изтощаване на родолюбието сред българското общество
Patriotism arises during the historical development of nations as a natural outcome from the benefits which the motherland provides to personality and nation.
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Patriotism arises during the historical development of nations as a natural outcome from the benefits which the motherland provides to personality and nation.
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The Slavic Macedonian nationalism changed in the XX century. At the beginning of the century the Slavic activists in Macedonia felt a strong affection to „Macedonia" as a multiethnic motherland.
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The story of a powerful Chinese family of the late 19th – early 20th centuries began from Charles Soong. He was one of the first Chinese who had an opportunity to receive education abroad and achieved success in business. Having lived in the United States for about 10 years as an emigrant from China (huaqiao) and taken up the Western mentality, Ch. Soong always remained faithful to his homeland. For this reason, he tried to ensure that his children, who studied at the best universities in the United States, would return to China. The members of the Soong family played a leading role in the economic and political history of China: his son, Soong Tse-ven, was a successful businessman and held the most important public positions; his three daughters – Ai-ling, Ching-ling, and Mei-ling – became the most influential women in China. Ch. Soong strived to unite the East and the West. His biography is of interest for studying the role of large families and clans in the political, economic, and cultural life of China during the 19th and 20th centuries.
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Studies of the history of marginal groups in Bosnian historiography are gradually encountering an increasing number of researchers, despite the chronic lack of appropriate first and second-class sources. For these reasons, it is necessary to start collecting data and using a wide spectre of resources of different origin and quality. However, the fact is that using the method of oral history is usually the only effective way to access the necessary information. Researchers of Roma past and culture in the first line have encountered such a challenge because in spite of a fact that Roma are the largest national minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina, data on them either in literature or in original material are extremely scarce. The presence of Roma in Zenica can be observed in the course of several centuries without any interruption, but even this has not affected the possible number of available resources that could tell us more about the way of their lives at the micro-historic level. This paper analyzes all existing historical evidence that may mention Roma in the are of Zenica region either directly or indirectly. The goal of the paper is to determine the continuity of coexistence of Roma with other inhabitants of Zenica, as well as to analyze the contribution of the Roma community to the overall development of the city through the past. Although the paper is aimed at following the history of the Roma living in Zenica ever since the first recorded case of their immigration in this area, the emphasis is nevertheless placed on the period of the 20th century. Somewhat better situation in the availability of sources, with the interview method being the leading information, has lead to such a concept of the work. The quantity and quality of the collected information enabled us to identify several significant aspects of the way of life and cultural herritage of the Roma in Zenica, which although fragmented and incomplete, make an important contribution to the understanding of the role of the Roma community in the overall development of the city.
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The early Middle-Ages necropolis on Kicelj belongs to type of necropolis straight graves on queues. During the protective archeological excavation, are dug out 3-12 probes, on the occasion is discovered 12 graves and it supposes that are much more on a locality. Position of head, hands, way of burial is characteristic for necropolis from that period. It is interesting the orientation in direction North-South, which is contrary to traditional orientation in direction West-East, but this appearance is explained with configuration of locality. With three skeletons are also discovered a Copper earrings and Iron buckle. The earrings belong to Dalmatian-Croatian cultural group. It supposes that on this necropolis are buried inhabitants of Middle-Ages City Soli, which were situated in foot of hill Kicelj. The further investigations on this locality will offer more answers on many questions for this necropolis.
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This paper is dedicated to the Starčevo culture sites of the Early and Middle Neolithic period in Bosnia. In more then 100 years of research only two sites of this culture have been discovered so far. However, their rich cultural deposits require further analysis in the context of the relationship to the core region of the Starčevo culture and also to the natural resources. The author draws attention to the available radiometric dates and settles them in the context of pottery forms and decoration styles. A matter of special interest here is salt, so abundant in the Tuzla region, as a vital resource for the Early Neolithic settlers.
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Aufgrund der Prospektions- und Grabungsergebnisse eines bosnisch herzegowinisch/ deutschen Gemeinschaftsprojektes (Kujundžić-Vejzagić i dr. 2004.) besteht die Möglichkeit, demographische Variablen verschiedener Siedlungen im zentralbosnischen Visoko-Becken zu bestimmen. Aus der Rekonstruktion der Häuserzahl pro Siedlung ergeben sich einerseits Einwohnerzahlen von bis zu 1000 Einwohnern pro Dorf bzw. 31E/qkm in den Kernregionen der spätneolithischen Besiedlung, was einer Bevölkerungsdichte von ca. 1,8 E/qkm im gesamten Butmir-Einzugsgebiet entspricht. Diese Werte werden mit denen anderer demographischer Modelle für den südosteuropäischen und mitteleuropäischen Raum verglichen. Andererseits sind eine offene Kulturlandschaft mit einer durchgehend ausgeräumten Feldflur und Formen mobiler Tierhaltung im Gebiet Zentralbosniens zu postulieren.
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Lake of Desilo is part of the „Hutovo Blato“ nature park, which is situated in the southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, precisely in Bajevci, municipality of Čapljina, about 10 km from the Metković-Mostar highway. This is a unique sub-Mediterranean marsh area located into specific Herzegovinian karst ambient. The site is named after the spring of Desilo, one of the numerous springs and lakes which become from the water of the subterranean river Trebisnjica, the largest subterranean river in this area. With a total area of 2 ha, and very significant depth which, on some points, even reaches 10m, Desilo is like a water hip, considerably pulled in between two hills, Pulica and Lopate. The area around the lake has been formed as a very specific archaeological landscape where an underwater archaeological site were registered, a hill-top settlement on the Lopata hill, and a necropolis which is presented in this article. So far, in the lake were discovered remains of two Illyrian ships with a cargo of amphorae of Lamboglia II type, Roman iron spears, dated in the 2nd and 1st century BC, as well as a double bladed bronze axe, and numerous fragments of ceramic from the bronze age from the underwater prehistoric layer, confirm the continuity of settlement in this area from prehistory until present times. The necropolis that we present here was discovered by accident, during construction works. The area of the prehistoric barrow (diameter 16m, and 2.5m high) was partly destroyed by the construction works and by the local road that was placed on it. Excavations discovered that the barrow was made by a combination of soil and chopped stones in the upper layers and small stones at the bottom
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Der durch die intensivere Metallnutzung seit der fortgeschrittenen Frühbronzezeit bedingte Wirtschaftsverkehr dürfte sich über das einfache Tauschen und Schenken zu einem komplexeren Warenverkehr entwickelt haben, der ohne das regelhafte, bewertende Messen oder Taxieren von Gütern kaum ausgekommen sein dürfte. Bestimmte Gegenstände bekamen in mehr oder weniger großen Räumen zu ihrer Primärfunktion eine zweite, nämlich eine Verwendung als Werte bemessende Verkehrseinheit im Warentausch. Sie wurden als Geld eingesetzt, ohne ihre ursprüngliche Bedeutung und Verwendung verloren zu haben. So ist zum Beispiel für die frühbronzezeitlichen, durch ganz Mitteleuropa verbreiteten Ösenhalsringe wiederholt vermutet und wahrscheinlich gemacht worden, dass sie in ihrer Einheitlichkeit im Gewicht, ihrer meist rohen, zum Tragen um den Hals nicht verwendbaren Form sowie wegen ihres häufi gen Vorkommens in großen Depotfunden am ehesten einen Einsatz als frühes Geld, als Tauschwerteinheit, Verwendung gefunden haben. Sie dürften auch als Barren gedient haben, deren Wert wegen des gleich bleibenden Gewichtes wieder erkannt und abgeschätzt werden konnte. Die enge Bindung an die Primärfunktion als Halsring lässt sich recht gut an Hand der Stücke erkennen, die bezeichnenderweise im peripheren Verbreitungsgebiet gefunden worden sind.
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The area of Rogatica had a special significance in the development of the ancient province of Dalmatia. It contained the urban and administrative core of a colony whose name is fragmentarily preserved only with the fi rst three letters RIS... The found epigraphic material also implies the presence of inhabitants of this “Rogatica” municipal unit. On eight epigraphic monuments eight different people have been identified. In the area of Rogatica and Romanija individuals with an Aelian gentile name are predominant (5 individuals), while two individuals carry Ulpian gentile names, and one a Claudian name. These persons performed a number of different municipal duties. As can be seen from their gentile names, the municipal aristocracy of the Ris... colony is dominated by people of native descent. Apart from epigraphic monuments, a number of other ancient remains were also found in the areas surrounding Rogatica. In the Early Middle Ages this region had a signifi cant meaning for the local Romanic populations, which is additionally confirmed by the name of the mountain Romanija.
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The author discusses the attached views of V. Sokol and M. Petrinec who recently commented in his writings on his thoughts on the origin and nature of the findings “komani” type in the wider area of East Coast. Warns wrongly interpreted the data for the study of this problem provides one fresco in Rome, and which served Petrinec.
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In Povelja Kulina Bana it can be found many linguistic’s facts about the Old-Bosnian language from 12th century which specified it in regard of the Old- Slavic language, such as: the denasalisation of nasales (ǫ > u, ę > e), the equilization and the laeking of ъ and ь, the secondary ь, the change y > i, the iotation of t in ć; -a in gen. sg. and -u in locc. sg. in the masculine, -e in gen. sg. and -ov in instr. sg. (like the intermediate form from -ojǫ to -om) in the feminine nouns, adjectives and adject. pronouns, -ov- in plural of one bisyllabic masculine noun, the cases without -anin’ in such kind of nouns, ja for pers. pron. for 1st pers. in nom. sg., -ø in 3th pers. pres., -e and the category of number in part. pres. act. of the verbs, the conjuction godě... It can’t be concluded something about syntaxis, becouse Povelja was translated from the Latin, and took many constructions from there, but the form of nom. sg. in direct object is obviously the scribe’s error, the more for the fact that in Latin in this place stay the form of acc. Many other’s errors appear in different translations, less in interpretation, and one detailed analysis like this one correct it and offer other, non-linguistic conclusions about Povelja Kulina bana, such as those about the chronology of three available texts of Povelja, or about the circumstances in which ban Kulin issued this document.
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Im Text werden einige symbolische und ideologische Aspekte der Grabhügel und des Kreises behandelt, die bislang wenig bekannt waren. Es wird festgestellt, dass die Grabhügel zum ersten Mal während des 5. Jts. v. Chr. im Kontext sozialer Umwandlungen der frühen Kupferzeit Europas auftauchen (Abb. 1-4). In den nächsten prähistorischen Perioden wurden sie zu einem der meist verbreiteten kulturhistorischen Denkmälern in der alten Welt (Abb. 7-10). Vereinzelt werden sie noch heute sekundär gebraucht (Abb. 11). Von diesen Umständen ausgehend führt der Verfasser, neben den bereits bekannten Charakteristiken eines Grabhügels, eigene Feststellungen an. Danach ist der Grabhügel das erste monumentale Kultbauwerk, für das man mit Sicherheit behaupten kann, dass es nicht Gott, sondern dem Menschen gewidmet wurde. Das Auftauchen erster Grabhügel ist demnach ein gewaltiger und mutiger geistiger Schritt gewesen, mit dem sich der Mensch den Göttern zu nähern wagte und seine Ansprüche auf eine höhere Sphäre der himmlischen Ewigkeit offenbarte, die bis dahin nur Gottheiten zugestanden hatte.
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Zu den vieldiskutierten Themen in der russisch- und ukrainischsprachigen Literatur gehört die Subsistenzwirtschaft in den osteuropäischen Steppen während der Kupfer- und der Bronzezeit. Hielt man in den ersten Jahrzehnten der Forschung über die wirtschaftsarchäologischen Aspekte der betreffenden Kulturen noch eine komplexe Wirtschaftsweise, die sich aus Ackerbau und Viehzucht zusammensetzte, für wahrscheinlich, nahm man in den sechziger und siebziger Jahren Abstand davon und hielt das Betreiben einer Viehzucht für die Lebensgrundlage im Steppenraum. Interessanterweise bildeten die Grabhügel, die in der offenen Steppenlandschaft, zum Teil relativ weit entfernt von Wasserläufen errichtet sind, eines der wichtigsten Argumente für diese Überlegungen, nicht etwa archäozoologische Studien. Diese wurden von V. P. Šilov in einer jüngeren Arbeit nachgeliefert, in der er ausschließlich auf Tierknochen, die in kupfer- und bronzezeitlichen Bestattungen in den Grabhügeln geborgen worden waren, Bezug nahm.
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Over the course of the last century, interest in cults in the territory of Istria and the Kvarner islands during classical antiquity (the Roman era) has grown steadily. Previous research has shown the deep roots of spiritual culture in the life of the Romanized Histrian, Histro-Venetian and Liburnian populations, which systematically influenced many segments of their social, political and economic life. Throughout history, cults have existed as a part of religious rites in all societies. They have been a component of the organization of human life and they have expressed beliefs, ways to serve and revere deities, forms of behaviour and grounds upon which institutions, customs and values were built. It is very difficult to comprehend the activities of human beings without a deeper understanding of their cults in various historical periods. Archaeology, onomastics, and toponomastics, as well as the interpretation of cults through the evolution of autochthonous Greek and Roman mythologies and their profusion by syncretism, provide us with valuable comparative knowledge on the existence of Roman-era belief systems in Istria. I attempted to throw some light only on some of the more important questions tied to the problem of cults in Istria during classical antiquity, although some of the brief commentaries on individual cults or cult communities and cult centres indicate important links and considerations of religious and spiritual influences on the life of Roman Istria’s residents on the border between East and West, within the sphere of the emergence and development of Christianity and the gradual decay of the Roman Empire.
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Previous attempts to determine the dating of the inscription on the tombstone of Vukašin Dobrašinović from Konjsko near Trebinje have not been convincing. It is apparent that through the numerous analyses of the contents, language, script or generally all internal or external characteristics of the tomb inscriptions, archival documents still represent the most reliable comparative corrective for the further study of the medieval Bosnian tombstones – stećci. It can be assumed that a large majority of the completed work on the study of the external characteristics of the tombstone inscriptions, primarily concerning the script, did not reach the satisfying standards by which the numerous stećci would be dated with more certainty. This is an open and insufficiently researched area which, after Marko Vego, Šefik Bešlagić, and other epigraphists, representatives of the old generations and pioneers in epigraphy, still does not have its specialist in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Even though the convincing parallel of the name and surname from the tomb inscription and those from the archival sources do not represent the final solution, Vukašin Dobrašinović from the stećak in Konjsko could be the same person recorded in archival documents dating from April 1421 and June 1428.
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