Le problème de la valence et de l’ordre des prédicats dans la conception des structures prédicat-arguments de Stanisław Karolak

Author(s): Beata Śmigielska / Language(s): French Issue: 25/2013

The predicate-arguments structure constitutes the frame of semantic grammar which was the subject of many years of study of Stanisław Karolak, an outstanding Polish linguist. The conception at hand here, based on analytic philosophy, focuses on the relations that occur among logic, language and the outside world. This, then totally new, approach to the description of language supplies us with necessary tools to conduct the analysis of conceptual relations nets, which reflect the situations taking place in the real world. At the deep level of language the predicates open one or more positions for different types of arguments, thus forming the predicate-arguments structure (proposition) invoking a given extra linguistic situation. One of the most difficult tasks of semantic grammar is to objectively show implications of different number and different types of arguments. The author studies valency and rank of chosen predicates, simultaneously giving thought to the method of their classification based within the frames of the approach adopted in the article.

La lingua in servizio alla persuasione

Author(s): Agnieszka Pastucha-Blin / Language(s): Italian Issue: 25/2013

These considerations are developed within the cognitive approach to language study. They represent an attempt to discuss the mechanisms of language used by writers to achieve a persuasive impact on the recipient (by inducing emotion, influencing the recipient’s consciousness, imagination and reactions). The article characterizes linguistic actions which are intended to influence the decisions of customers by imposing a particular vision of reality on them. Undoubtedly, the use of appropriate lexemes (borrowings, technical vocabulary) and syntactic structures (causal structures between compound sentences, subordinate conditionals) belongs to this type of strategy.

L’hyperthème et le thème généralisant dans la structure informationnelle du discours

Author(s): Ewa Miczka / Language(s): French Issue: 25/2013

In this paper the author analyses the role of global and generalising themes in the information structure of discourse defined as hierarchically organized thematic-rhematic structures. In their thematic part, the author distinguishes three levels represented by : (1) global theme, (2) themes of thematic segments and generalising themes, and (3) themes of sentences. The author focuses her attention on possible localisation and functions of global and generalising themes in discourse.

L’Approche Orientée Objets ou l’EuroWordNet s’adapte mieux à la traduction automatique ? Partie I: origines, principes, organisation des données

Author(s): Sonia Szramek-Karcz / Language(s): French Issue: 25/2013

Lexical databases such as AOO or EWN are built in order to enable machine translation of written word. The author’s intention is to test the applicability of the above listed databases in machine translation and to choose the one that proves to be more successful. The presentation of final results consists of two parts. Part I is the analysis of factors influencing the process of machine translation with the use of AOO and EWN that is to say: steps in database design, their theoretical aspects and the categorization of lexical items. In author’s belief, the above mentioned elements exert profound influence on the result of machine translation produced with the use of one of the herein described lexical databases. The second part of the presentation touches on the matters of hierarchy, semantic inheritance and word-sense disambiguation.

Restrictive ou appositive ? — encore quelques remarques à propos des relatives

Author(s): Anna Czekaj / Language(s): French Issue: 25/2013

The article concentrates on the problem of the description and classification of relative clauses, which is frequently discussed in specialist literature. Various grammar books and course books divide relative clauses into two basic types: restrictive relative clause (defining relative clauses) and non-restrictive relative clauses (non-defining relative clauses). Taking into consideration the conception of syntax based on semantic approach proposed by S. Karolak, the author considers the rightness of such a restrictive division of relative clauses and proposes the approach based on the category of use, demonstrating that one and the same clause may function as restrictive or non-restrictive depending on the context. The author provides the readers with many examples of such uses of restrictive clauses.

La linguistica e l’insegnamento delle lingue straniere. I problemi delle lezioni di traduzione a livello avanzato della competenza linguistica

Author(s): Aleksandra Paliczuk / Language(s): Italian Issue: 25/2013

Linguistics seems to be very unappreciated in the process of learning / teaching a language. This paper endeavours to emphasize the necessity of a conscious approach to teaching such a subject as language, no matter mother tongue or foreign language. It examines the works made by students (of an advanced linguistic competence) during the translation classes and shows the problems they have while translating into their mother tongue. The project presents correlation between the two disciplines: linguistics and glottodidactics, by explaining the complexity and particularity of language as the object of the educative process.

Las controversias sobre las fuentes modernas del español jurídico

Author(s): Aniela Kucharska / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 25/2013

Everyone knows that legal language is substantially a part of ordinary language. However, while reading a legal text we have the impression that we are entering a different reality than what we know. This is because the constituents categories of legal language, due to its function, organize and therefore describe the reality in a different way. To illustrate this phenomenon, we want to focus on the study of the sources of legal language in which Latin is very important. At first we try to define key terms for this analysis, such as Latinisms, the Arabisms, the Hellenisms and barbarisms e.g. Anglicisms and Gallicisms. With many different examples we display both classical and modern sources of Spanish legal language. In modern sources we address the issue of the use of foreign words from the point of view of the correction of the legal language. Legal language causes many problems for people who are unfamiliar with the law. This article shows the classification of the Spanish legal sources that will help you use the correct legal Spanish.

Le rôle de la détermination du nom dans le calcul aspectuel sur l’exemple de quelques verbes polonais préfixés par na-. Une analyse contrastive...

Author(s): Teresa Muryn / Language(s): French Issue: 25/2013

This article tries to determine French equivalents of Polish verbs prefixed with na-. The analysis is based on the definition of aspect as a semantic category. The determination of the noun phrase accompanying verbs is crucial to define the aspectual value of the construction na-verb + NP.

Différences dans la conceptualisation entre le français et le polonais selon l’approche orientée-objets

Author(s): Magdalena Perz / Language(s): French Issue: 25/2013

It is well known that languages differ in how they describe the same piece of reality. In this paper, the author examine that the categorization of some events does not proceed in identical way in French and in Polish. On the basis of two nouns of French language analysed as an example, according to the object-oriented method, the author shows that in some cases one item could have few equivalents in other language. The lexicographical description was illustrated with the results deriving from two exemplary nouns (storm, frost). The selection of linguistic equivalents depends on the context of units. It causes great problems for the translator above all for the automatic translation. To chose the proper equivalent, the translator has to analyse a number of uses of unit and understand the concept expressed by the expression.

New Forms of Democracy in Socialism

Author(s): Mihailo Marković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1981

Marxism and Democracy

Author(s): Michael Harrington / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1981

Sozialismus und Emazipation

Author(s): Ljubomir Tadić / Language(s): German Issue: 1/1981

Socialism and Democracy

Author(s): Carol C. Gould / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1981

Negativity: Theme and Variations

Author(s): Richard J. Bernstein / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1981

Abstracts and Notes on Contributors

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1981

Cover-Page and Content List

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1981

Фолклорът и творчеството на Николай Хайтов и Йордан Радичков

Author(s): Petar Dinekov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1977

L’oeuvre de Nikolay Haytov et Jordan Radichkov est un des phénomènes les plus intéressants dans la prose bulgare contemporaine. Par son éclat et son originalité il attire fortement l’attention des lecteurs et de la critique. Cherchant la clef du monde artistique de Haytov et Radichkov, certains critiques portent leur regard sur les traditions folkloriques bulgares. Cette voie est juste mais la méthode à l’égard de ce problème doit être spécifique; on ne saurait se servir des notions traditionnelles sur les rapports entre folklore et création personnelle de la manière dont les pressente jusqu’ici l’histoire de la littérature bulgare. Aujourd’hui le „folklorisme” se manifeste avant tout dans la nécessite de rafraîchir la poétique et la langue. Chez Haytov et Radichkov l’immersion dans la langue populaire parlée mène non seulement à l’utilisation des ressources d’expression du langage populaire mais aussi au rapprochement organique avec la technique du récit populaire vivant, à la pénétration directe dans la pensée poétique populaire. Radichkov ne se contente pas seulement de développer des moments distincts de la poétique populaire et folklorique (par exemple la variabilité); il touche à la mythologie et la démonologie populaires. Ses héros le plus souvent vivent dans le monde des superstitions, de la fantaisie populaire, du grotesque et de l’absurde, dans un monde allégorique merveilleux. L’auteur cherche l’explication historique et littéraire théorique de ces phénomènes.

Антология на южнославянското народно песенно творчество

Author(s): Boris Goranov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1977

Изследване на българските постелъчни тъкани

Author(s): Konstantin Mechev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1977

Фолклорни елементи в романа на Иво Андрич „Мостът на Дрина”

Author(s): Mateja Matejic / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1977

Maints critiques littéraires yougoslaves s’arrêtent sur les éléments folkloriques évidents dans l’oeuvre d’Ivo Andrich. Cependant l’article du prof. M. Matejic représente la première étude plus détaillée de ce problème. Analysant le roman „Le pont du Drin”, l’auteur montre que Andrich utilise dans bien des cas le matériel lexical, caractéristique de la langue populaire parlée et surtout de la poésie épique populaire. D’autre part, le réalisme dans la prose d’Andrich est du à la fusion complète entre légende, mythe et réalité ainsi qu’il arrive souvent dans le conte populaire et la poésie épique. L’auteur éclaircit sa pensée en analysant les moments essentiels dans le roman „Le pont du Drin”.