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DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ (SELF-) EVALUATION SKILLS. A CASE STUDY ON APPLIED MODERN LANGUAGE STUDENTS IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Viorela-Valentina Dima,Elena Tălmăcian / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: self-assessment; student (self-) evaluation skills; student exam-taking skills; Applied Modern Languages; Bucharest University of Economic Studies – ASE, Romania;

Against the background of international discussion on the benefits of developing students’ (self-) evaluation skills, the aim of this article is to present the approach undertaken in this respect by a team of academics from the Bucharest University of Economic Studies - ASE, Romania. We present the procedure used to equip Applied Modern Language students with exam-taking skills by familiarizing them not only with exam items, but also with evaluation criteria (standardized by means of an evaluation grid), as well as by raising awareness on the possibility of marking variation function of evaluator subjectivity. The article relies on a corpus-based analysis of student midterm exam answers, as well as evaluation grids used by students for self- and peer assessment. Findings point to the usefulness of the procedure, both as regards students’ final exam performance, and as regards student feedback obtained through class discussion.

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INFORMATION LOSS IN CONFERENCE INTERPRETING - WHAT IS LOST IN INTERPRETATION?

Author(s): Matei Idu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: conference interpreting; quality; information loss; mixed-methods study; corpus-based research;

The activity of conference interpreters has long fascinated researchers from different fields of study, but there seems to be no consensus on what interpreting quality is. More precisely, concepts such as fidelity, accuracy or equivalence are so broad that they cannot be studied in their entirety. Interpreting research has attempted, so far, to define quality either in terms of errors by using quantitative studies or by employing qualitative discourse analysis. However, by analyzing omissions from real-life interpreted interactions in mixed-methods research, namely combining a qualitative approach with a quantitative one, we can gain a more thorough and accurate understanding of how interpreters work. Our study aims to conduct such an analysis on a one-hundred-thousand-word corpus of authentic interpreted discourse. Such studies can have a far-reaching impact on norms and ethics, pedagogical approaches and future research avenues, and can be decisive for a field that has not yet reached maturity.

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DEGREES OF LINGUISTIC CONVERGENCE IN THE TRANSLATION OF EU LEGAL TEXTS

Author(s): Andreea Maria CEAN-COSMULESCU / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: equivalence; EU legislation; legal convergence; legal translation; linguistic convergence;

EU legal discourse became a well-contoured expression of language use in legal contexts and has evolved as a mixture of laws, cultures, ethnicities, and linguistic backgrounds. Within the European Union, legal translations are highly specific and should be governed by the principle of equal authenticity of the language versions and of the processed texts. This paper aims to review some degrees of legal-linguistic convergence in the conversion of texts issued in the European Union legislation, with main focus on the comparison of the language versions of EU legal acts showing multi-faceted equivalence expressed as convergence, pseudo-convergence, divergence, pseudo-divergence, dynamic correspondence, and convergence per conventionem. Based on the analysis carried out, we are going to see that legal equivalence may be achieved using several linguistic devices and translation mechanisms. We envisage qualitative research methodology focusing on collecting and analysing textual data, addressing the research aims and objectives.

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FRAMING LITERARY TRANSLATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Author(s): IULIA CRISTINA ANTONIE (COTEA) / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: cross-cultural communication; culture; equivalence; literary translation;

The current paper focuses on setting the boundaries of literary translation in the 21st century as a form of intertextual and intercultural transfer, during the course of an era that spans under the general umbrella of globalization and digitalization. Language is a dynamic tool put into the service of human communication that strengthens social interaction and cross-cultural communication. Global communication would be left in the lurch without productive translation as communication across cultures involves translation, translation in turn implies cross-cultural communication, so translation is the main field of research in which interlingual differences may be explored, appreciated, and interpreted or understood. Had it not been for translation, numerous valuable literary works could not have spread to other linguistic and cultural spaces since translation transports them across linguistic and cultural borders thanks to the translators` interpretative and productive effort. The paper equally highlights the current perspective upon literary translation and the challenges that literary translators as professional rewriters face. It is worth noting that the breathtaking developments in technology and in the globalization process have together radically changed the job profile of translators, but changes have come with both ups and downs.

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“CANCEL CULTURE” IN THE ROMANIAN PUBLIC SPACE: MEDIA SCANDALS AND SOCIETAL REACTIONS

Author(s): Antonia Enache,Marina Luminiţa Militaru,Diana-Eugenia PANAIT-IONCICA / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: cancel culture; media scandal; emotional impact; societal reactions; #MeToo;

In the present research, we will analyze the details surrounding two recent media scandals that resulted in a various array of unpleasant outcomes for the main protagonists, outcomes ranging from financial loss to loss of face and significant damage to their reputation. We will look at the background and context of each scandal, at the consequences of the statements made by the two public figures, and we will attempt to draw a parallel between the two situations, shedding light on the existing similarities. The first situation revolves around Viorica Vodă’s allegations made at the Gopo Awards Gala (May 3, 2022), and the second, around the controversial statements regarding women made by George Buhnici (July 16, 2022), a famous Romanian influencer. We will look into these cases that both caused a stir in the media and we will aim to prove that, while they appear to be opposite in nature, they resulted in general societal reactions that can be deemed similar and hugely detrimental to the initiators.

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RACISM ASPECTS IN TRUMP’ S INSULTING TWEETS

Author(s): Shaalan Najem Abdullah Shammari / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Racism; Minorities; Ideology; language attitude; CDA; Van Dijk’s ideological model;

Because racism runs so deep in so many cultures, it has been a touchy subject for researchers to probe. The United States is only one of several nations that faces ongoing racism issues, especially inside its own political system. Donald Trump is often named as a political person who is racist because of the way he has spoken about minorities. This study makes an effort to shed light on the racism displayed by Trump's tweets, posted on Twitter between 2015 and 2019. The purpose of this study is to answer the following two research questions: 1) what linguistic tone does Trump use? And 2) what specific form of racism does Trump display in his tweets directed towards various minority groups? This paper uses Van Dijk's ideological square to uncover the enactment of racism in a discourse and Fairclough's three-dimensional approach to CDA to shed light on the political views that motivate Trump's tweets. The research indicates that Trump's racism fits the profile of "new racism," a classification that views ethnic, religious, and cultural differences as defining lines between the in-group ('Us') and the out-group ('Them'). His new racism can be related to Van Dijk's ideological construction of Positive "Us" and Negative "Them" by building three important aspects: 1) cultural distinctions between "Us" and "Them," 2) "Them" as a threat to U.S. security, and 3) "Them" as a threat to the U.S. economy. Trump's racist rhetoric is seen as a threat to the principles established by the United States Constitution. The immigration policies he has enacted, which are based on his racist ideology, have been shown to be extremely adverse to members of minority groups, making it impossible for them to achieve the kind of better life for which they have hoped. Overall, this research study will examine how Trump uses racism in his language to construct a positive self-presentation and a negative other-presentation.

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FRAMING ALBANIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE THROUGH COMMUNIST LENSES. (AN ANALYSIS OF A TEXTBOOK OF ALBANIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE)

Author(s): Elsa Skënderi Rakipllari / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: foreign language; textbook; communist ideology; Albania; framing;

In terms of cultural diplomacy, countries have been using various mechanisms, some aiming at getting their language taught around the world. Teaching materials and books are specifically designed to best convey the image of the country to language-learning foreign students. Textbooks for foreign languages are part of larger discursive and pedagogical practices, thus being historically embedded in the political, cultural, and social context. The present paper examines the most common frames used to project the image of Albania, its political regime, and its culture in the textbook ‘Gjuha Shqipe 3’ (1981), (Albanian language 3). This textbook for advanced learners of the Albanian language was published under communist rule. Following a framing analysis method, we determine which cultural/political/historical aspects of Albania are made more salient in the textbook for the sake of perpetuating and imposing the ideology of the communist regime. In the textbook, there are multiple forms used to display a glorious communist image of Albania: the reading materials, the illustrations, as well as the grammar sections are all devices displaying the omnipresent communist ideology. This approach is important to understand how textbooks for foreign language learners shape the image of a country by complying with the dominant ideology and the language policy of that specific country.

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ENVIRONMENTS AND COMMUNICATORS IN SCIENCE COMMUNICATION

Author(s): Dana LUPU (CONSTANTINICĂ) / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: science communication; communicator; environment; audience; lay public;

As it has happened in all fields of research, the study of language has adjusted and is still adjusting to the development of the world, which has led to the corresponding changes in the linguistic area. One cannot develop on this topic without referring to the digital environment and the means it has generated, which are made use of in sharing information of any kind, including scientific. The technologies available today in the domain of digital communication represent the revolutionary bridge between scientists and unspecialized people. The sharing of the scientific content takes place in the virtual environment, in a wide variety of forms and at a fast speed, both within each of the separate categories, specialists and non-specialists, on one hand, and between the two categories, on the other hand.One of the main factors that have been proven to have significant influence on science communication is the communicator of scientific knowledge, whose perspective is inevitably, and sometimes intentionally, imprinted on the material to be disseminated to the public. In this research article an attempt will be made to discover whether and how the institution of the communicator and the environment impact the scientific material to be transmitted and the way it is perceived.

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THE RELEVANCE OF AN ESP INSTRUCTOR IN HELPING STUDENTS ACQUIRE CONFIDENCE AS A BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILL

Author(s): Ramona Elena CHIȚU / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: confidence; communication competence; fluency; accuracy; self-assessment; labour market;

Having as a starting point the common belief that effective communication relies to a great extent on building meaningful content while making use of a wide range of grammatical and lexical resources and attempting to have a sensible discourse management approach, this paper aims to focus on the relevance of confidence in successful communication. Both outer confidence, that is fluency, naturalness, engagement and inner confidence, that is accuracy, one’s personal touch and meaningful pronunciation, influence the effectiveness of communication and are to be considered 21st century relevant communication skills. The outcomes reached by means of qualitative and quantitative research show the usefulness and relevance of an ESP instructor in helping adult learners acquire confidence as a basic communication skill.

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TEACHING ROMANIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AT THE BUCHAREST UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMIC STUDIES. A BRIEF HISTORICAL VIEW

Author(s): Raluca Nicoleta Șerban,Nicoleta Adina PANAIT / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Romanian as a Foreign Language (RFL); language teaching; historical view;

This paper aims to briefly present the history, as well as the current situation, of teaching Romanian as a foreign language (RFL) at the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, more specifically by the academic staff members of the Department of Modern Languages and Business Communication (DLMCA), as reflected in the instructors’ interest in RFL-related research. For this purpose, we shall look at two of the Department’s journals, Synergy and Dialogos, and at the proceedings of the Department’s conference, Synergies in Communication. The outcome will be a historical view/ statistics of the research in the area of teaching RFL, carried out by our academic community.

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RETRANSLATION AND INTERTEXTUALITY: A STUDY

Author(s): Sai Chandra Mouli TIMIRI / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: retranslation; intertextuality; process; glossary; context; meaning;

Isabelle Collombat boldly termed the 21st century as the “Age of Retranslation.” Translators generally desire to make useful contribution to cultural history of their country. Retranslation is not a new phenomenon. As a text becomes historical, triggers for more retranslations are activated. Focus of investigation shifted from the product to process. Market dynamics and reception by Target Language (T. L.) audience in digital environment assume significance here. Quality of retranslated text determines its longevity. Venuti (2004) opines that retranslation is creation of values. According to him there are three approaches to the process viz “research on translator’s agency, intertextual studies and historical studies.” Intertextuality may be construed as an abstract or specific relationship between S. L. text and texts created in T. L. and study of translated texts in a specific language (T. L). For my study, I chose descriptive translation mode with focus on translation process and translation products. I contacted practicing translators to seek their views on intertextuality and process of translation of literary texts. While 20% of them preferred providing footnotes and glossary, 60% felt that one should devise one’s own means to communicate through the text either by explication or by offering meaningful data and 20% informed that they are not aware of intricacies of these aspects. They all agreed that support of technology is vital. I shared a questionnaire encompassing retranslation, intertextuality and process of translation with more translators.

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A JOURNEY BETWEEN EAST AND WEST IN CARMEN FIRAN’S THE LOST SHADOW

Author(s): Alexandra MORARU / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: conceptual metaphors; semantics; eastern vs. western cultural stereotypes;

The increasing interest in the prominent theme of cognitive semantics, which promotes conceptual mappings, has become a favourite topic analysis both of literary and non-literary texts. Following the theoretical cognitive-semantic studies of George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, and others, the article highlights the conceptual metaphors in the latest novel of a Romanian-American writer. Carmen Firan’s “The Lost Shadow” is a book of love and adventure, a psychological exploration of the emigrant between two ages who is caught in between identity dilemmas. The stylistic analysis traces the directions in which the conceptual metaphors can lead us in exploring the possible interpretations of the novel, as well as the characters’ attitudes and actions. The research analyses the conceptualisation of life as a journey, of time as money, of vertical space as mental processes, as well as money and freedom throughout the book. It is the story of a Romanian couple settled in New York, a writer and a ballerina, who face the challenges of the new world with different intensities and perceptions. The novel thoroughly examines the paradigm of the eternal emigrant, of the man who ran away from his own success, from his own identity and his own country for no reason, and who no longer fits into any society. Therefore, the present research shall decode and interpret the conceptual metaphors LIFE IS A JOURNEY, TIME IS MONEY, and various orientational metaphors UP vs. DOWN.

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WHOSE TEXT IS IT ANYWAY? AUTHORITATIVE AND DIALOGIC TENDENCIES IN JOSEPH CONRAD’S UNDER WESTERN EYES

Author(s): Michal Moussaffi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Culture-gap; dialogism; east/west; Edward Said; English literature; heteroglossia; individualism; Joseph Conrad; Mikhail Bakhtin; polyphony; post-colonialism; orientalism; reader’s response; ...

In this essay, I address the multiplicity of voices in Joseph Conrad’s Under Western Eyes, showing how it is inherent to understanding the cultural gap posited in the novel between “east” and “west”. By tracing three parallel quests for the monologic voice in the novel, those of the protagonist, the narrator, and the reader, I show that, while an authentic voice cannot be differentiated and isolated from other voices influencing it, the search for an individual voice generates a high level of involvement in the reader and may lead to a new understanding of the nature of heteroglossia in text and society. This I do while underscoring the links and dichotomous differences between narrator and protagonist, and how they reflect the east-west gap.

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SHOOTING WITH BOW AND ARROW IN JAPANESE VERSUS WESTERN CULTURES

Author(s): Irina-Ana Drobot / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Buddhism; Zen; virtue; Stoicism; meditation;

This paper will use sociological cultural analysis to compare values and practices of shooting with the bow and arrow in Japanese vs Western culture, focusing on Eugen Herrigel’s Zen in the Art of Archery, first published in 1948. Herrigel shows the differences in mentalities between the two cultures with respect to shooting with a bow, which in Japanese culture is considered a philosophical act, rather than an act of strength. Japanese archery requires extensive training, as well as a certain state of mind, together with specific values related to the deep respect of the student for the master. As Herrigel is a Westerner, he can use the Japanese cultural approach to archery to guide his readers regarding their expectations for learning the practice. Herrigel’s book is of particular interest, due to current fascination with the specificities of the mindset and values inherent to any culture and civilization. The contemporary world urges us to be aware of the differences among cultures, and also to respect each and every way of thinking. Showing empathy towards cultural differences in thinking is customary, and even necessary, for anyone wishing to live in today’s society. Moreover, the contemplation of Zen archery, as presented by Herrigel, can be helpful even to those who have no intention of taking up the sport, particularly, though not intuitively, academics.The practice of archery and the symbol of the bow and arrow has been analysed from several viewpoints: religion, philosophy, cultural awareness and evolutionary anthropology.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF YIDDISH LITERATURE IN ODESSA IN THE 1920S – 1930S

Author(s): Valery LEVCHENKO / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Soviet Jewish Literature; Yiddish; Odessa; proletarian writers; Jewish proletarian literary organizations;

Soviet literature in Yiddish contributed to the education of the Jewish population of the Ukrainian SSR. The Yiddish literature supported the socialist education of Jewish workers. The education of Jewish workers needed literature in Yiddish to combat religious, nationalist and Zionist prejudices. At the same time, it contributed to an atheistic and internationalist worldview. Odessa Jewish writers in Yiddish found a certain freedom of expression in their expression of patriotic feelings, life-affirming lyric poetry, descriptions of their historical past and faith in a better future. Through such creative themes, Odessa Yiddish writers turned successful. Until the end of the 1930s, many of their works often followed the spirit of «socialist realism», while partially reflecting the reality. At present, these works document that period. Soviet Jewish Literature in Yiddish in the 1920s-1930s experienced a revival, yet many writers associated with this period either stopped writing during the Stalinist terror of the 1930s, died in World War II, or became victims of post-war repression. After that, many of them were under the control of the Communist Party and could only work along the «socialist realism». With few exceptions, some of them emigrated to other countries. This paper presents the most remarkable writers in Odessa during this decade; in order to provide this overview, I have used periodicals, archival sources and various scholarly contributions.

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HOME AND RE-HOMING IN NORTH EAST INDIA: WHEN HOME IS DIASPORA

Author(s): IULIA RĂȘCANU / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: home; Sherdukpen; community; dediasporization; Crossing Bridges (2013); Thongdok; Northeast India;

The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the new millennium are marked by artistic writings, theory and theoretical criticism on post-coloniality, migration, diaspora and transnationalism. William Safran’s (1991) characterisation of diaspora from 1991, imposing the existence of a migratory group for diaspora to even be accepted, has been long debated, re-assessed, and re-interpreted with some theorists taking diasporas to the global level, some others emphasising the inevitable hybrid nature of diasporans’ identities and the ‘in-between’, ‘Third Space’ that they inhabit (Bhabha, 1994). Some others have questioned the very validity of recent diasporas, as opposed to ‘classic’ diasporas, due to their widespread conceptual extension generative of lack of density and of substance for diaspora.In this paper, the researcher, aware of the processes of ‘diasporic homing’ and of how diasporans may or may not negotiate their cultural affiliations in the diasporic space, sets to explore modalities through which diasporans re-consider ‘home’ by gradually becoming part of a de-diasporisation process (Laguerre, 2006). This article is an analysis of director Sange Dorjee Thongdok’s Crossing Bridges (2013), a film that challenges theories according to which diasporans negotiate their home and space in the diaspora. Instead, it follows the experience of a multi-lingual multi-cultural man who re-discovers the homeland, involuntarily getting involved in a whole system of de-diasporisation within the home. The type of diaspora alluded to in the film is internal diaspora while the protagonist’s diasporic thinking and consciousness are equally investigated in the context of post migration homeland. The paper also insists on the particularity of internal diaspora with the protagonist shifting between ethnic and national identities, languages and cultures.

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SHADES OF MEMORY IN MATEIU CARAGIALE’S THE RAKES OF THE OLD COURT

Author(s): Dana Radler / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Mateiu Caragiale; The Rakes of the Old Court; Balkanism; identity; memory;

In Remember (first volume-edition in 1924) and The Rakes of the Old Court (first Romanian serial edition in 1921, in print in 1936 and English version in 2021), Mateiu Caragiale (1885-1936) exposes a world on the verge of extinction. Drawing on his knowledge of heraldry, Caragiale presents several males who indulge in pleasure, knowledge and group-affirmation as they preserve their own principles. These rakes possess the financial means to engage in various types of experiences that others do not have access to or an appetite for. While employing the Saidian concept of “Orientalism” and that of “Balkanism” coined by the Romanian critic G. Călinescu, this paper examines the construction of a refined narrative. Scenes and portraits are typically painted in heavy, rather dark tones, with sophisticated fragrances and attire in tune with equally complex entertainment and conversational practice. What do the main protagonists think about their own identity and how do they pursue their interests? While knowledge and wealth are the key to a comfortable life, being one of a select few is vital to the key protagonists. They enjoy time spent together, as well as looking back at their roots. Visual, audio and linguistic representations, diluting or enhancing distinct temporal, spatial and personal ingredients, build on a particular universe in which introspection and companionship are the key ingredients to one’s existence.

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LOVE AND FEAR IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC – STUCK TOGETHER

Author(s): Alexandra MORARU,Gabriela Andrioai / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: conceptual metaphors; semantics; humour; cultural stereotypes;

The focus of the present research is to study the conceptual metaphors that emerge from the French comedy “Stuck Together” which cover the social effects of the 2020 pandemic and show a humorous image of love, hate, fear and other emotions during panic attacks. The study’s endeavour is to understand the semantic markers which project the image of the pandemic and people’s reaction when facing the military measures of social distancing, lockdown, economic redirection, as well as psychological aspects of past and future “normalcy”. The viewers are plunged into the depths of reality and are forced to face their own psychological dramas while watching the movie. Thus, the research translates these emotional situations into conceptual metaphors which build the meaning by integrating the structure that give rise to more than the sum of its parts. Human imagination, as cognitive metaphor theorists claim, plays a crucial role in cognitive processes and in what it is to be human. Metaphors not only infiltrate within the language people use to express their emotions but also engage in the process of understanding the way in which emotional experience is being conceptualised. Therefore, the article relies on Conceptual Metaphor Theories and proposes a thorough analysis of positive as well as negative outcomes, and of the metaphorical mappings of love, hate and fear during the forced two months’ lockdown together with the psychological aspects generated by the threat of contagion, given the high coronavirus infection rate.

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CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR GOALS ACHIEVEMENT AND SOME THEORETICAL INSIGHTS

Author(s): Marijana Dukić Mijatović,Ozren Uzelac,Aleksandra Stoiljković / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: corporate social responsibility; sustainable development; business procedures; profit-maximizing orientation; legal framework

Achieving a sustainable development should be one of the top priorities for the whole society. However, achieving a sustainable development is a complex function of different economic, social, institutional, political and historical factors. By implementing the corporate social responsibility, companies contribute to a sustainable development of the entire social system. According to the fact that it is not entirely clear at the micro level what corporate social responsibility involves, and that most of the company-level social activities are voluntarily initiated, it is necessary the institutional bodies encourage socially desirable forms of corporate behavior and implement the legal framework to business obligations to elicit responsible business procedures. Though responsible corporate business is highly desirable, companies have to consider the fact that the corporate interests and corporate social responsibility will always be constrained by the profit-maximizing prerequisites and general economic circumstances.

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DIGITAL ASSETS – A LEGAL APPROACH TO THE REGULATION OF THE NEW PROPERTY LAW INSTITUTE

Author(s): Predrag Mirković / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: digital society; digital economy; digital assets; digital token; digital assets issuance

Development of a digital technology has transformed the way in which an individual, a social group or community, i.e. a state, interacts in their domains of interest. The application of a digital technology, especially ICT, has caused the need to review whether the existing legislative solutions correspond to such news, or whether it is necessary to change or supplement the legal system of the state with new regulations. One of such issues refers to the creation of new types of assets identified as digital assets or the assets based on the creation of a digital technology. The subject of the research paper is the analysis of the institute of digital property with a special reference to the legislative domain of the way of issuing digital property. In his work, the author affirmed the issue of the importance of the legislative challenge in the standardization of relevant social phenomena and relations in the age of the intensive development and application of a digital technology. The aim of the work was achieved in the domain of the conducted normative analysis of the relevant provisions of the Digital Property Act in the part referring to the legislative approach to standardizing the concept of the digital property institute, as well as the particular issues from the domain of issuing digital property.

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