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Translation of Latin Christian Works into Bulgarian: Questions and Challenges

Translation of Latin Christian Works into Bulgarian: Questions and Challenges

Преводът на латински християнски произведения на български език – въпроси и предизвикателства

Author(s): Rosen Milanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: theory of translation; Latin Christian literature; word-for-word translation; free translation

There are specific questions concerning the translation of the Latin Christian literature into Bulgarian. In the first place, the choice of valuable works for translation. Next, the correct rendering of the names of the authors and the titles of the works, the translation of the biblical texts inside of the patristic works and, most importantly, the degree of free translation. The choice of an actual work for translation and the method of presentation – totally or in an anthology, are also very significant. Which are the most remarkable works of Latin Christian literature, whose translations have potential to become masterpieces? And which are the rules for the creation of a great translation? Answers to these questions are given in the following article.

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The Penetration of Christianity in Diocleatianopolis

The Penetration of Christianity in Diocleatianopolis

Навлизане на християнството в Диоклецианопол

Author(s): Violina Traycheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Christianity; Christian basilica; Late Antiquity; Diocletianopolis

The present paper research the question of the penetration of the Christianity in Diocletianopolis. The period concerns the time between the emergence of the late antique city of Diocletianopolis and the middle of V c. The study is realized by using the references of the Christian temple architecture of the city. The author discusses the information of the emergence of the Christian temples in the late antique city, some problems in the historiography and in addition provides new questions and views. The high concentration of the Christian basilicas in the territory of one city makes it possible to be concluded that there was a highly developed Christian community in Diocletianopolis. In summary, it could be written that one of the earliest basilicas in the late antique city is Basilica No. 4a, as the primary building is dated in the middle of/the second half of IV c. Another basilica, which is a part of this period, is the primary building of Basilica No. 3. Basilicas No. 2, 5 and 8 are dated in the first half of V c. It could be noted that the earliest Christian temple of the interior of the city is Basilica No. 2.

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Close-kin Marriages in Menander

Close-kin Marriages in Menander

Близкородствените бракове в творбите на Менандър

Author(s): Daniela Tosheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Greek New Comedy; Menander; Athens; close-kin marriage; epikleros

The subject of this paper is the close-kin marriages in Menander’s comedies. The normative preference for close-kin marriage was different in fourth-centry BC Athens from modern societies. However, incestuous relations between full-blood brother and sister pr parent and child were considered wrong, and were never comic material in Menander’s comedy, which was concerned with realities of everyday life. I examine the comic purpose of introducing close-kin marriages in New Comedy, and I try to give explination on the cultural attitude towards endogamy. In order to explain these issues, I classify the close-kin marriages in three groups: (1) Brother-sister marriage, (2) First cousins marriage, (3) Marriage of the epikleros.

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The Culture of the National in the Political Discourse of Modern Greece

The Culture of the National in the Political Discourse of Modern Greece

Културата на националното в политическия дискурс на съвременна Гърция

Author(s): Kristina Simeonova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: culture; identification; nation; modern Greece; political discourse

The paper focuses on the concepts of culture, identity and nation in an attempt to present the most popular perceptions of their range and specifics. Political discourse is also at focus as a specific social form of language. The aim of the paper is to study the penetration of national culture in political discourse. Fragments of political speeches in modern Greece have been examined in an attempt to represent the significant role of national identity in political speaking.

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Hanako: A Kabuki Actress Across Bulgaria and Transylvania at the Beginning of the 20th Century

Hanako: A Kabuki Actress Across Bulgaria and Transylvania at the Beginning of the 20th Century

Ханако: една кабуки актриса из България и Трансилвания в началото на XX в.

Author(s): Andronika Martonova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Japan; Bulgaria; Romania; Kabuki Theater; Hanako; archives

For the first time, this study analyses and export to the academic community the rare documents and archival materials proving that the Japanese Kabuki theatre actress Hanako realised a tour in Kingdom of Bulgaria and Transylvania (Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1911. Referring to the information from Sawada Suketaro‘s book “Little Hanako. The Strange Story of Rodin’s Only Japanese Model” the research paper tracks down and focuses on the contracts, advertisements and the critical reception who introduced unknown aspects of Japanese culture to the territory of mentioned countries from present Eastern Europe. Hanako’s presence is also set in a broad European and research context because she had an important influence on the development of Western stage practices.For the first time, this study analyses and export to the academic community the rare documents and archival materials proving that the Japanese Kabuki theatre actress Hanako realised a tour in Kingdom of Bulgaria and Transylvania (Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1911. Referring to the information from Sawada Suketaro‘s book “Little Hanako. The Strange Story of Rodin’s Only Japanese Model” the research paper tracks down and focuses on the contracts, advertisements and the critical reception who introduced unknown aspects of Japanese culture to the territory of mentioned countries from present Eastern Europe. Hanako’s presence is also set in a broad European and research context because she had an important influence on the development of Western stage practices.

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Gibran Khalil Gibran's “The Prophet” and the American Counterculture of the 20th Century

Gibran Khalil Gibran's “The Prophet” and the American Counterculture of the 20th Century

Пророкът на Джубран Халил Джубран и американската контракултура на 20 в.

Author(s): Vesela Todorova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Gibran Khalil Gibran; American Counterculture; “The Prophet”

This paper discusses the reasons why Gibran Khalil Gibran’s book “The Prophet” has become a world literary phenomenon with more than 9,000,000 copies sold in America, as well as the influence of Al Mustafa’s messages on counterculture formation and New-Age movements in America in the 1960s. Although the work has not been well received by the academic community in America and was not highly rated by literary critics, because of its simple style, the short form of poetic essays and the symbolism used make the Prophet’s messages easily reach the heart of the American youth seeking the way to the spiritual without being obliged to obey the dogmas of organized religions.This paper discusses the reasons why Gibran Khalil Gibran’s book “The Prophet” has become a world literary phenomenon with more than 9,000,000 copies sold in America, as well as the influence of Al Mustafa’s messages on counterculture formation and New-Age movements in America in the 1960s. Although the work has not been well received by the academic community in America and was not highly rated by literary critics, because of its simple style, the short form of poetic essays and the symbolism used make the Prophet’s messages easily reach the heart of the American youth seeking the way to the spiritual without being obliged to obey the dogmas of organized religions.

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The Cross Triumphant over the Crescent Moon, or the End of the Arab Reign over the Iberian Peninsula

The Cross Triumphant over the Crescent Moon, or the End of the Arab Reign over the Iberian Peninsula

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров

Author(s): Ivona Karashtranova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Arabs; Christians; influence; Al-Andalus; Arab Caliphate

The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.

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The Traditional Chinese Family Institution. Organization of Traditional Family Relationships in China

The Traditional Chinese Family Institution. Organization of Traditional Family Relationships in China

Традиционната китайска семейна институция. Организация на традиционните семейни отношения в Китай

Author(s): Diana Maglova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Chinese; family; traditional; relationships; organization; concubines

The present work is devoted to Chinese traditional family institution and organization of traditional family relationships in China. The present paper analyzes the noble and rural family in imperial China. The relationships between spouses are described, and the social roles of men, women and children in the family group are clarified. Paper also reveals some interesting cultural practices related to important life events, family cults in China in the past and the institution of concubines.The present work is devoted to Chinese traditional family institution and organization of traditional family relationships in China. The present paper analyzes the noble and rural family in imperial China. The relationships between spouses are described, and the social roles of men, women and children in the family group are clarified. Paper also reveals some interesting cultural practices related to important life events, family cults in China in the past and the institution of concubines.

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Celebration of Traditional Bulgarian Holidays By Bulgarian Migrants Living in Beijing

Celebration of Traditional Bulgarian Holidays By Bulgarian Migrants Living in Beijing

Честване на традиционни календарни празници в живота на българските мигранти в Пекин

Author(s): Teodora Yonkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: cultural differences; Bulgarian traditional holidays; Beijing; food; family; circle of friends

This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.

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From Herodotus to Christian Authors: On the Widows of Thracians and Their Ritual Death

From Herodotus to Christian Authors: On the Widows of Thracians and Their Ritual Death

От Херодот до християнските автори: за вдовиците на траките и ритуалната им смърт

Author(s): Dobriela Kotova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: ancient texts; Thracians; ritual death

The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians. The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians.

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Ideology of Augustus Embodied by the Images in the Temple of Mars Ultor

Ideology of Augustus Embodied by the Images in the Temple of Mars Ultor

Августовата идеология, въплътена в образността на храма на Mars Ultor

Author(s): Lilia Kyurkchiyska / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Temple of Mars Ultor; Forum; Augustus; ideological; Roman

The purpose of the paper is to study the ideological messages sent by Augustus through architectural monuments, focusing its attention to the temple of Mars Ultor, seeing it as one monument with the forum of Augustus. The focus of this paper is set on the following questions – the long period of time between the oath of construction and the consecration of the temple. A lot of reasons of financial, political and ideological nature are considered. Special attention is drawn to Marcus Antonius’s relation to the monument as possible co-initiator and political adversary of Augustus. The second problem concerns concepts of the Roman mind, placed in the scheme of the temple and the forum. These concepts are given new ideological meaning by the one who order the construction. The study concludes that Augustus intentionally leaves the original idea so that he can draw the attention of the Roman society away from the civil wars to the secured presence which he guards.The purpose of the paper is to study the ideological messages sent by Augustus through architectural monuments, focusing its attention to the temple of Mars Ultor, seeing it as one monument with the forum of Augustus. The focus of this paper is set on the following questions – the long period of time between the oath of construction and the consecration of the temple. A lot of reasons of financial, political and ideological nature are considered. Special attention is drawn to Marcus Antonius’s relation to the monument as possible co-initiator and political adversary of Augustus. The second problem concerns concepts of the Roman mind, placed in the scheme of the temple and the forum. These concepts are given new ideological meaning by the one who order the construction. The study concludes that Augustus intentionally leaves the original idea so that he can draw the attention of the Roman society away from the civil wars to the secured presence which he guards.

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Bulgarian-Pashto Cognates. Analysis of Their Meaning and Origin

Bulgarian-Pashto Cognates. Analysis of Their Meaning and Origin

Българо-пущунски когнати. Анализ на тяхното значение и произход

Author(s): Ivan T. Ivanov,Mariana Minkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: cognate words; Old Bulgarian; Pashto; Proto-Bulgarians; Hephthalites

The article presents eight words from Pashto language, considered as cognates to words left by Proto-Bulgarians. This conclusion is supported by the fact that Proto-Bulgarians generally have East-Iranian origin, as do the Hephthalites, the ancestors of modern Pashtuns. Six modern Bulgarian words and eleven Old Bulgarian words and semantic roots of unspecified origin are shown as cognate to Pashto words, hence their Proto-Bulgarian origin is suggested. The ancient hydronym Gerdab “iron gate“ for a gorge on Danube river is shown to correspond to the Pashto phrase gird вb “stirred water“ and hence, it could also have Eastern origin. In conclusion, a significant number of examples are adduced evidencing for Eastern heritage in the languages of ancient and modern Bulgarians.The article presents eight words from Pashto language, considered as cognates to words left by Proto-Bulgarians. This conclusion is supported by the fact that Proto-Bulgarians generally have East-Iranian origin, as do the Hephthalites, the ancestors of modern Pashtuns. Six modern Bulgarian words and eleven Old Bulgarian words and semantic roots of unspecified origin are shown as cognate to Pashto words, hence their Proto-Bulgarian origin is suggested. The ancient hydronym Gerdab “iron gate“ for a gorge on Danube river is shown to correspond to the Pashto phrase gird вb “stirred water“ and hence, it could also have Eastern origin. In conclusion, a significant number of examples are adduced evidencing for Eastern heritage in the languages of ancient and modern Bulgarians.

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On the Origin of the Name Kazanlak and the Location of the Town of Kran

On the Origin of the Name Kazanlak and the Location of the Town of Kran

За произхода на името Казанлък и местоположението на град Крън

Author(s): Mariana Minkova,Ivan T. Ivanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Akça Kizinlik; etymology; rotacism; Kazanlik; location of Kran

The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.

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Diary of Economos Todor Penkov (1878–1959): A Forgotten Story about the History of the Diocese Brotherhood Home and the St. Panteleimon Church in the Village of Yagoda, Diocese of Stara Zagora

Diary of Economos Todor Penkov (1878–1959): A Forgotten Story about the History of the Diocese Brotherhood Home and the St. Panteleimon Church in the Village of Yagoda, Diocese of Stara Zagora

Дневникът на свещеноиконом Тодор Пенков (1878–1959) – един забравен разказ за „Св. Пантелеймон“ в старозагорското село Ягода

Author(s): Rumyana Lecheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Diary; Eparchial advisor; Union of the Priests; Orthodoxy

The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.

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Gypsies on the Balkans and their Place in the Restored Bulgarian State (Late 19th – Mid-20th Centuries)

Gypsies on the Balkans and their Place in the Restored Bulgarian State (Late 19th – Mid-20th Centuries)

Циганите на Балканите и мястото им във възстановената българска държава (края на XIX – средата на XX век)

Author(s): Evgenia I. Ivanova,Velcho Krastev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Romani community; Bulgarian; migration processes

With the restoration of Bulgarian statehood the various ethnic and religious communities, incl. and Gypsies, become full-fledged Bulgarian subjects. In the announcement, we are addressing only the specific moments outlining the place of the Gypsies in a Bulgarian state in the period from the end of the 19th century to the mid-twentieth century. We fix on the actions of the executive to them as regards of migration processes, nomadism and the territorial settlement of their neighborhoods. We look at the institution of cheribashiata – the proxy who presents the gypsies in front of the municipal administrative authorities as well as the place of the Gypsies in the institutions responsible for external and internal security and public order in Bulgaria.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.

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The Creative Reception of the Ancient Tradition in Walahfried Strabo’s “De Cultura Hortorum”

The Creative Reception of the Ancient Tradition in Walahfried Strabo’s “De Cultura Hortorum”

Творческа рецепция на античната традиция в „DE CULTURA HORTORUM“ на Валафрид Страбон

Author(s): Kalina Boseva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Walahfrid Strabo was a celebrated poet and theologian of the 9th century. He lived and studied mainly in Reichenau, a monastery in modern Germany, where he was monk and at some point abbot. His education covered the Scripture, the writings of the Holy Fathers, as well as Latin, Greek, geography, poetry and the liberal arts. Walahfrid’s many works, written in Latin, consist of theological treatises in prose and many poems on different subjects. Among them is a poem on gardening and the medicinal uses of the plants titled „De cultura hortorum” – „On the cultivation of gardens”. The poem has many scientific and poetical sources: Pliny the Elder, Collumela, Dioscorides, Celsus, Serenus Sammonicus, Pliny Valerianus, Apuleus Platonicus, Isidore of Seville, Virgil, Horace, Lucretius Carus. Strabo used his sources creatively, with a view to do more than just another compilation. He used the words and phrases he found as building blocks in order to come up with a new, contemporary concept for both aesthetics and utility. He is believed to have served as a monastery gardener himself, so likely fused his ideas and practical experience with the received literary tradition of his time. He thus created a unique snapshot of a real life cloister garden – his own garden – both authentic and ideal.

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Latin Idioms with an Onomastic Component in a Linguo-Culturological Context

Latin Idioms with an Onomastic Component in a Linguo-Culturological Context

Латински фразеологизми с ономастичен компонент в лингво-културологичен аспект

Author(s): Pepa Lungarova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: phraseological unit; onomastic component; anthroponyms; toponyms; antonomasia; concept; cultural-linguistic aspect

The present paper explores the phraseological meaning and linguistic-cultural aspects of the latin phraseological units, so called “”flying thoughts”, containing onomastic component. The material was selected from “Dictionary of the Latin flying thoughts” (1982), edited by N. Babichev and J. Borovskij. The attention is paid to the semantic of phraseologisms, to different approaches of their synchronic and diachronic description, and to cultural specificity. Reflecting the nature of the Roman conception of the world and the human relationships phraseological units proceed from the subjective human experience. Proper names are linguistic items fulfilling a referential function. The proper names in phraseological units are of great importance in communication where they are signs of cultural, linguistic, geographical, ethnic and social identity.

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Literature and Theology in “Commonitorium” of St. Vincent of Lerins

Literature and Theology in “Commonitorium” of St. Vincent of Lerins

Литература и богословие в „COMMONITORIUM“ на Св. Винценций Лерински

Author(s): Rosen Milanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

One of the saints of the Lérins islands (modern day France) is St. Vincent of Lérins († after 434). He is the author of the very significant work Commonitorium (in two books). Commonitorium is esteemed from Antiquity till today in the West as well as in the East. The reason for this is its theological value and the important thoughts therein concerning authority in the Church and the principles of development of the Christian doctrine. However, Commonitorium possesses other qualities as well – literary and especially spiritual. The language of Vincent of Lérins is not artificial; at the same time, there are many beautiful similes and antitheses in his essay. Furthermore, the subject-matter of Commonitorium is topical even now and it has special meaning for the life of each Christian today. Commonitorium is a testament to the possibility that the Christian church can express its truths in an exceptionally fascinating way.

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Music is the Only Motherland: The Rebetika Songs in the Greek Musical Tradition

Music is the Only Motherland: The Rebetika Songs in the Greek Musical Tradition

Единствена родина е музиката: песните ребетика в гръцката музикална традиция

Author(s): Zdravka Mihaylova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: rebetiko; underground; revivals; refugees; musicology; Smyrna

Rebetiko music lies at the intersection of East and West. The “Greek Blues”, as it is often referred to, emerged from the hash dens and prison cells of Greece around the beginning of the 20th century. Through the life story (as presented in the documentary My Sweet Canary directed by Israeli film director Roy Sher) of notable rebetiko singer Roza Eskenazi, a vanished world is evoked and its influences today followed. „Roza Eshkenazi, the most famous singer of 1930s Greece, the Diva of Rebetiko, with her posters displayed in every gramophone store, with her bohemian looks would drive even the toughest men crazy”, asserts Thessaloniki writer Dinos Christianopoulos in his short story ‘Roza’. Roza Eskenazi sang and lived with passion, fire and love. The origins of rebetiko – a musical style emerging in urban surroundings typical for commercially developed port cities (and distantly related to Buenos Aires milongas and ‘blatnye’ songs of the Odessa underworld), is inextricably related to the cultural and economic progress of Smyrna during the mid-to late 19th century. Rebetiko music as it evolved in this cosmopolitan city received both western and Oriental influences: Italianate mandolin ensembles and violin solos, as well as indigenous instrumentation (santouri, oud) characteristic of the Levant. In the wake of traumatic 1914–1922 events culminating in the Asia Minor Catastrophe, these songs were brought by Greek Orthodox refugees to almost all the major urban areas of metropolitan Greece, especially Athens, Piraeus and Thessaloniki, and also flourished amongst the remaining Greeks of Constantinople. Rebetiko music also accompanied Greek emigrants overseas, particularly to America, leaving a valuable legacy of unique archival recordings from the 1920s and 1930s. The paper will trace the history of rebetiko studies by ethnomusicologists, such as the Greek intellectual Ilias Petropoulos, and the Australian researcher Gail Holst who spent years in Greece amongst rebetiko musicians playing with them. Light will be shed upon the main music instruments used in rebetiko ensembles, places where this music was performed, the social impact of the rebetic way of life and the reaction of mainstream society (especially the 1930s Metaxas dictatorship and the military junta 1967–1974) to these musicians’ nonconformist and often underground lifestyle. Roza Eshkenazi’s biography, starting from her Sephardic Jewish origins in Istanbul and Thessaloniki and debut in Athens – where she attained fame by the late 1920s, becoming the most recorded rebetiko performer, with more than 500 sides sung in Greek, Turkish and Ladino – up to the tragic end of her life, will illustrate the history of a music genre still alive and popular in Greece, while gaining ever more admirers in Turkey, Israel, Australia, Germany, the USA, Sweden and elsewhere.

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Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259–1822)’s Policy in the Mediterranean

Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259–1822)’s Policy in the Mediterranean

Политиката на император Михаил VIII Палеолог (1259–1282 г.) в Средиземноморието

Author(s): Momchil Mladenov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The paper presents some aspects of the Byzantine policy in the Mediterranean during the second half of the 13th Century. Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259–1282) wants to restore the Byzantine fleet and for this purpose invested a lot of money. This fleet should become a rival of Venice and Genoa. The efforts of the emperor realized partially. Оnly part of the Greek Islands are exempt from Latin rule. But Byzantine diplomacy managed to restore its influence in Western Mediterranean. The Reign of Michael VIII was the last period when Byzantium again rise as a Mediterranean power.The paper presents some aspects of the Byzantine policy in the Mediterranean during the second half of the 13th Century. Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259–1282) wants to restore the Byzantine fleet and for this purpose invested a lot of money. This fleet should become a rival of Venice and Genoa. The efforts of the emperor realized partially. Оnly part of the Greek Islands are exempt from Latin rule. But Byzantine diplomacy managed to restore its influence in Western Mediterranean. The Reign of Michael VIII was the last period when Byzantium again rose as a Mediterranean power.

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