Search results for: Gerhardt Csejka in All Content

Max Weber and the Critique of Critical Theory

Макс Вебер и критиката на Критическата теория

Author(s): Johannes Weiss / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 34/2010

Keywords: Max Weber; Critical Theory; Frankfurt School; Horkheimer; Adorno; Marcuse, Habermas; critique of the Critical Theory; Weber’s heritage

Max Horkheimer thought Max Weber to be he foremost protagonist of ‘traditional,’ i.e. non-critical by defi nition, theory. So, Weber’s sociological program used to be regarded as being fundamentally opposed to – and irreconcilable with – what Critical Theory (Frankfurt style) was all about. A closer look shows that things are by no means that simple. Leading theorists of the Frankfurt School (Horkheimer himself and Adorno, Marcuse and, above all, Habermas) were, contrary to many Marxist dogmatists, well aware that Weber had to be taken very seriously – not only politically but also scientifi cally – and that there was a lot to learn from him with regard to the dynamics and pathologies of modern societies. This holds particularly – and the longer the more – true for Adorno who in his last university lecture (“Introduction to Sociology,” Summer 1968) gave much room to Max Weber as being the greatest sociologist of his time. More than that: Weber’s methodology may aptly be considered to be a kind of purgatory in Critical Theory’s long, incessant process of selfcriticism. This process, and Critical Theory altogether, comes to an end in the later work of Jürgen Habermas. Here, Weber has become quite obviously one of the most important socio-philosophical authorities with regard to an adequate, and suffi ciently critical, understanding of our time.

Scheherazade’s Metamorphoses: English Translations of The Thousand and One Nights – A Comparative Study

Metamorfozy Szeherezady. Studium porównawcze angielskich przekładów Księgi tysiąca i jednej nocy

Author(s): Marta Mamet-Michalkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2013

Keywords: The Thousand and One Nights; reception; translation; mythologization; cultural metamorphoses

This article constitutes a comparative study of three nineteenth-century translations of The Thousand and One Nights, by John Payne (1882), Edward William Lane (1883) and Richard Francis Burton (1885). The Thousand and One Nights has not only been translated into many European languages, but it has also appeared in contemporary prose, music, art and, last but not least, fi lm. The article argues that the polyphony and diversity of the English translations of The Nights result from numerous literary and cultural metamorphoses of the book. Moreover, the article discusses the trajectories of interrelations between the source text/ the Eastern culture/ the Other and the target text/ Western culture/ the Same. The comparative analysis of the English translations indicates that The Thousand and One Nights has undergone a process of mythologization, which is also noticeable in Polish culture, since readers of Polish translations or adaptations of the book as well as some of translators and academics erroneously perceive this collection of various stories as “The Fairy Tales” of The Thousand and One Nights.

OVERVIEW OF THE PROHIBITION OF REFORMATIO IN PEIUS IN THE HUNGARIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

OVERVIEW OF THE PROHIBITION OF REFORMATIO IN PEIUS IN THE HUNGARIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Author(s): Csongor Herke,Csenge D. Tóth / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Reformatio in Peius; Criminal Procedure; Constitutionality; Waving the Prohibition of Reformatio in Peius; Sentencing; Criminal-Policy

The prohibition of reformation in peius has two meanings in the Hungarian legal terminology, such as the prohibition of increasing punishment and the so called reformation in peius. In the effective Hungarian legal system it is regulated, within the rules of the criminal procedure, regarding the ordinary and extraordinary legal remedies, separate procedures and, in addition to the criminal procedure, it is regulated even regarding the law of minor offences. Furthermore, the reformation in peius is not an inevitable consequence of the rule of law, but only a legal favour, and many questions and problems emerge in the light of fundamental principles and constitutionality concerning this prohibition. The prohibition of reformation in peius may be regarded as a legal guarantee for the defence to be able to file an appeal without the risk that the judgment might be altered to detriment of the accused. Therefore, it is a case of favour defensionis and as such it plays a huge role in sentencing, especially when the judgment was appealed in order to increase the severity of sentences. This paper examines the connection between the prohibition of reformation in peius and the principle of constitutionality, as well as the its relation to the aggravating and mitigating factors of sentencing taken into account by the court of appeal.

CHALLENGES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SINGLE RESOLUTION MECHANISM

CHALLENGES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SINGLE RESOLUTION MECHANISM

Author(s): Kaloyan Simeonov / Language(s): English / Issue: 07/2013

Keywords: SINGLE RESOLUTION MECHANISM; BANKING UNION; EURO AREA; FINANCIAL CRISIS; RESOLUTION;

After the political agreement on the establishment of the Single Supervisory Mechanism mainly within the Euro area, granting supervisory powers to the ECB, another important milestone for the future shape of the EU Banking Union is the design of the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM). It is expected the European Commission to submit a legislative proposal related to the SRM after the summer break in 2013 but discussions on European level on its characteristics and features already started. The debate about the future design of the SRM was enhanced by a deal between the German Chancellor Angela Merkel and the French President Francois Hollande that was agreed on 31 May 2013. Many challenges for the future establishment and functioning of the SRM are identified even before the issue of the Commission proposal and the start of negotiations among Member States in the Council. The legal base for the Commission proposal and the eventual need of Treaty changes; the institution that shall take the responsibilities of Single Resolution Authority; the geographical and institutional scope of the SRM; the sequencing and interaction with other EU legal proposals and acts as well as SRM interaction with national solvency and resolution legislations; the architecture of SRM and its cooperation with other EU legal proposals and acts as well as SRM interaction with national solvency and resolution legislations; the architecture of SRM and its cooperation with other EU mechanisms and institutions; the arrangements between SRM and national resolution funds as well as many others are among some of the most important challenges for the SRM. There are many challenges but only one desirable option in front of the future SRM. The only desirable option is the success as the SRM will be "too big and too important to fail".

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF ORGANIZATION AND ITS EMPLOYEE: SICKNESS CASE ANALYSIS

ORGANIZACIJOS IR JOS DARBUOTOJO SOCIALINĖ ATSAKOMYBĖ: LIGOS ATVEJO ANALIZĖ

Author(s): Laima Jesevičiūtė-Ufartienė,Aistė Veverskytė / Language(s): / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: organization; employee; social responsibility; quality of life; sickness; human resource management.

Organizational social responsibility is more than a management theory. By no means, management theoreticians and practitioners affirm that accelerating globalization and international development of companies have turned it into a business changing strategy. A wide spectrum of general interesting signs of social responsibility promote scientific research. Accordingly, combining academic literature review and empirical research results the article selected sickness case analysis as a method analysing organization's management, as well as, its employees’ perception and implementation of social responsibility. Though healthcare and sickness are frequent and popular subjects within medical, sociological and psychological fields, apparently, they lack attention in the context of management sciences. Taking this into consideration, the article spotlights healthcare and social responsibility aspects associated with it, thus, questioning what behaviour is characteristic to an organization and its employee in case of sickness and how it relates to social responsibility? Hereby, organization and its employee’s behaviour became the object of the research, which aims at determining theoretical and practical relationship between organization and its employees’ behaviour and social responsibility, specifically, in case of sickness. The analysis of academic papers leads us to conclusion that organization stakeholders’ expectations and ensuing requirements are related to the quality of their lives. The expectations can be identified by the stakeholders’ physical and emotional well-being, material and social wealth. These factors could be measured by and based on objective facts on life conditions and/or subjective stakeholder’s perceptions. Both organization social groups – employers and employees – must work together in case of sickness to maintain and foster social responsibility in labour market relations. The employee must actively seek medical care and the organization should give him an opportunity to have a break from playing the employee’s role. The results of the empirical research showed that the respondents’ sickness frequency does not affect their socially responsible behaviour with colleagues or the organization. Yet, it is not a rare behaviour, when the employee goes to work having disease symptoms (e.g., slight fever, cough, runny nose). The results revealed that the decreasing income in case of sickness is a compelling reason for the socially irresponsible behaviour. Withal, the analysis of empirical research data shows the employee’s insecurity and social instability, thus, refuting Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Therefore, it can be concluded that the employee is socially responsible only when the organization behaving in a socially responsible manner allows him/her to be a socially responsible employee.

Anselm L. Strauss—Pragmatic Embedment, Pragmatic Implications

Anselm L. Strauss – pragmatyczne korzenie, pragmatyczne konsekwencje

Author(s): Krzysztof T. Konecki / Language(s): / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: Anselm L. Strauss; symbolic interactionism; pragmatism; Chicago School; qualitative sociology

In the paper, I will present scientific achievements of Anselm Strauss and the socio-philosophical context of how his concept of sociology emerged. The article at hand summarizes his biography and scientific development, his achievements in the field of social psychology, methodology of social science, sociology of work, and sociological theory, and I will refer to his inspirations deriving from pragmatism. Central and cohesive elements of the whole scientific achievements of A. Strauss are: processual and interaction-constructivist approach to social reality, processual-structural approach to self and identity, and the category of interaction as the underpinnings of all actions, where temporality is one of the main dimensions of social life analysis. I also will present his concept of identity and its interaction-constructivist character deriving from the tradition of social pragmatism. Moreover, I will present how his methodological achievements were conditioned.

On the Traditionalism of the private Sphere. Democracy without the Women's Right of Self-Determination?

Über den Traditionalismus des Privaten. Demokratie ohne das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Frauen?

Author(s): Ute Gerhard / Language(s): German / Issue: 03/1992

Keywords: Traditionalism ; private Sphere ; Democracy ; Women's Right ;Self-Determination ; Traditionalismus ; Demokratie ; Selbstbestimmungsrecht

Der vor einem Jahr im Schnellverfahren ausgehandelte Einigungsvertrag zwischen den beiden deutschen Staaten, der am 3. Oktober 1990 den Beitritt der ehemaligen DDR zur BRD besiegelte, wäre beinahe an den Meinungsverschiedenheiten über den Paragraphen 218 des westdeutschen trafgesetzbuches und die Strafbarkeit des Schwangerschaftsabbruches gescheitert. Man einigte sich kurzerhand auf eine Verschiebung und vereinbarte, die Lösung des Rechtsproblems - die Aufhebung von zweierlei Recht in einem vereinigten Staat - bis zum Ende des Jahres 1992 durch eine neue Gesetzgebung zu bewerkstelligen. Dies ist der äußere Anlaß, warum der § 218 seither in der Bundesrepublik wieder auf der politischen Tagesordnung steht, warum die Diskussion um den Schutz des werdenden Lebens tobt, warum Kirchenglocken für die ungeborenen Kinder geläutet werden und inzwischen Aktenordner mit Drucksachen, Entwürfen und Zeitungsartikeln für und wider zu füllen sind.

Reception of Wittenberg Theology in Transylvania: The Formula Pii Consensus 1572

Rezeption der Wittenberger Theologie in Siebenbürgen: Die Formula Pii Consensus 1572

Author(s): Ulrich Andreas Wien / Language(s): German / Issue: _/2015

Bereits 1519/1520 wurde die von Wittenberg ausgehende reformatorische Bewegung in Hermannstadt rezipiert. Dieser Ort war politisches und religiöses Zentrum der seit Mitte des zwölften Jahrhunderts dort als Gäste (hospites) angesiedelten Bevölkerung1. Diese zunächst als Flandrenses oder Teutonici benannte Gruppe stammte überwiegend aus der Rhein- Mosel-Maas-Gegend, mit moselfränkischem Dialekt. Sie sollte als Wehrbauerngesellschaft zum Schutz der Krone (ad retinendam coronam) die östliche Peripherie des mittelalterlichen Ungarn – Siebenbürgen/ Transsylvanien – besiedeln und schützen2. Dazu waren ihnen von Anfang an – auf dem Königsboden (fundus regius) – Privilegien verliehen worden, unter anderem die Wahl der Pfarrer3. Diese Sonderrechte der später sogenannten „Sachsen“ konkretisierten sich im Laufe des Spätmittelalters, als die blühenden Städte und deren selbstbewusstes Patriziat eigene Institutionen ausbildeten. Diese schufen Voraussetzungen für die Übernahme und Durchsetzung der deutschen Reformation in Siebenbürgen.

Rediscovering Kant through Foucault in the Perspective of the Ontology of Actuality and the Reality of Philosophy

Преоткривайки Кант през Фуко с взор към онтологията на актуалността и реалността на философията

Author(s): Valentin Kanawrow / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2-3/2017

Keywords: Kant; Foucault, critique; thinking; Aufklärung; ontology of actuality; reality of philosophy

Foucault tenaciously insists that his philosophy be viewed as a continuation of Kant’s critical philosophizing. But he sharply distinguishes the critical philosophy as an analytics of truth from the subjective critical thinking of the individual philosopher. Thus, Foucault makes a double error: he eliminates the heuristic metaphysical element of the transcendental conceptuality and he turns his back to the productive synthetic character of Kant’s critique. Foucault subjectifies the critique to the extreme, as he totally excludes from it the transcendence and the formal power of thinking. According to him, philosophy does not search for the truth about things. Its reality is reduced to ascesis, and the only thing left to the philosopher is truthful public speech. Thus, Foucault has no right to regard himself as a continuer of Kant’s critique. In Kant, the ontology of actuality is transcendental, and the reality of philosophy is Enlightenment itself, above all as a product of ontologically constitutive formal critical thinking.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: An Intellectual Portrait

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: An Intellectual Portrait

Author(s): Przemysław Gut / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; modern philosophy; rationalism; pluralism; monad; theism

The aim of this paper is to set out the following: firstly, the most important facts from Leibniz’s biography; secondly, the position of Leibniz’s philosophy within the philosophical thought of the 17th century; thirdly, the diverse ways to explicate Leibniz’s philosophical thought that are still in use in literature today; fourthly, basic features which define the general spirit as well as the methods of Leibniz’s philosophizing.

INFORMAL AND FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL OF MENTALLY ILL PERSONS

INFORMAL AND FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL OF MENTALLY ILL PERSONS

Author(s): Petar Opalić / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2007

Keywords: Social control of mentally ill persons; Mental incompetence; Law and psychiatry;

Forms of indirect social control of mentally ill persons are presented first, through the attitudes on normal and pathological mental state, as well as prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Subsequently, the control of mentally ill patients by legal provisions is analyzed, as well as the issue of mental incompetence from a legal, psychiatric and ethical perspective. Legal provisions regulating involuntary hospitalization are specifically analyzed. The conclusion points to a series of unsolved social, professional, normative and political dilemmas related to social control and legal provisions regarding the social control of mentally ill persons.

INFORMAL AND FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL OVER THE MENTALLY ILL

НЕФОРМАЛНА И ФОРМАЛНА ДРУШТВЕНА КОНТРОЛА ДУШЕВНО ПОРЕМЕЋЕНИХ ОСОБА

Author(s): Petar Opalić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2006

Keywords: Social control over the mentally ill; Incompetence; Law; Psychiatry;

Forms of indirect social control over the mentally ill are first presented, through the views on normal and pathological, as well as prevention and treatment of psychic disorders. Subsequently, the author analyzes control over the mentally ill through legislation, as well as the issue of incompetence from the legal, psychiatric and ethical perspective. Legal provisions regulating involuntary hospitalization are specifically analyzed. The conclusion points to a series of unsolved social, professional, normative and political dilemmas related to social control and legal provisions regarding the social control over the mentally ill.

To Live a Dialog – Footprints of Paulo Freire

Živjeti dijalog – koracima Paula Freirea

Author(s): Tomislav Krznar,Antonija Bendeković,Silvija Šijak / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 28/2017

Keywords: The thought of Paulo Freire;the philosophy of education;education;dialogue;obesity;liberation;

In this paper, we want to give a few basic concepts in the thought of Brazilian pedagogue Paulo Freire, by doing this we have in our mind the "whole" of the educational process. We focus our attention on the analysis of several of key concepts in Freire's most important book Pedagogy of the Oppressed. We are trying to reflect this in the context of Freire's life, so we focus on the phenomenon of dialogue as Freire sees it, especially the relations of actors within the dialog process as well as the "external" social and economic determinants that often dominate the educational process. Particular attention in this area is drawn to Freire's thought that man as a free being by dialogue builds the human world, and in the same time the education is the mechanism that creates social inequality and obesity of many. Another important phenomenon that lies in the focus of our thinking in this paper is Freire's criticism of the "banking concept of education" as Freire calls the "classical" forms of education that are at work in Western societies. The most significant determinations of this concept are the passivity and subversion that Freire opposes education for freedom and the need to build a more humane world. Yet one thing remains: Freire's thought is extremely inspirational and it is possible to revive it even in the microstructures of the education system. This is the message that this article carries, both in the conceptual and operational view.

Precedent in the Decision-Making Process. Point of Legal Theory and Judicial Practice

Precedent in the Decision-Making Process. Point of Legal Theory and Judicial Practice

Author(s): Leszek Leszczyński / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: precedent; the Polish science of law; judicial practice; codified law order;

This publication encompasses the presentation of precedent as a legal category in the context of practical (judicial) approach and in the light of the theory of law. After introducing the term “precedent”, which is both universal and relevant to the codified law order, the question of distinguishing its particular kinds is described, which appears in the Polish science of law, mainly in the theory and philosophy of law. In the practical part, precedent is treated as a part of judicial practice, which in case of the codified law order constitutes a qualified form of applying a prior judicial decision. The most significant features of this practice are covered within the framework of the legal reasoning (with regard to validation and interpretation), which occurs during the decisional process, as well as the quality of justification of the judicial decision as regards law enforcement.

Inter Disciplinary Criminology Studies: Experience and Perspectives

Tarpdalykinės kriminologijos studijos: patirtis ir perspektyvos

Author(s): Gintautas Sakalauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 59 (1)/2008

Contemporary crime trends, diffusion of various forms of deviance, problems of delinquency, require analytical complex knowledge about the nature of crime issues, their possible control and prevention. Social demands for high level specialists possessing solid educational background that transcends boundaries of sociology, psychology, law, and other realms of social knowledge, have already manifested themselves both locally and globally. Interdisciplinary approach to teaching criminology, bridging different theoretical paradigms inside criminology, is essential in order to provide students with thorough understanding of the societal roots of ‘criminal conflicts’ and ways of their solution. The project aims to create interdisciplinary criminology studies at Vilnius University. They will consist of three study programs such as: Master program of Sociology criminology, Master program of Psychology criminology and “Criminology”- a branch of Law study program. All study programs will have common unit of criminology that will ensure proper specialization of psychology, sociology and law in the framework of former study programs. Criminological practice will also be enclosed into these studies. The Law institute will organize this practice. Currently only narrow specialized criminology studies exist in Lithuania. Also separate courses of criminology have been taught up till now. Such kind of interdisciplinary criminology studies has not existed yet. The idea of interdisciplinary criminology studies is unique not only in the context of Lithuania, but in the Central and Eastern Europe too. This kind of studies is also rare in the academic context of West Europe and North America.

Prof. dr. Mihail Diaconescu, "Istoria literaturii dacoromane"

Prof. dr. Mihail Diaconescu, Istoria literaturii dacoromane

Author(s): Claudiu-Ioan Coman / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 05+08/2016

Keywords: book review; Mihail Diaconescu; religion; Christianity;

Review of: Prof. dr. Mihail Diaconescu, "Istoria literaturii dacoromane", ediția a II-a, Editura Fundației Internaționale „Mihai Eminescu”, București, 2013, 832 p.; by: Claudiu-Ioan Coman

THE QUEST FOR THE IDEAS OF LEADERSHIP IN PHILOSOPHY OF WILHELM STOROST-VYDŪNAS

LYDERYSTĖS IDĖJŲ PAIEŠKO S VILHELMO STOROSTO S-VYDŪNO FILOSOFIJOJE

Author(s): Aelita Skarbalienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 95/2018

Keywords: leadership; leader’s identity; Vydūnas;

Although, in Lithuania, the philosophical quest for leader’s identity is gaining great capacity, the ideas of leadership are sought in Eastern and Western philosophies bypassing the philosophical heritage of Lithuania. Efforts are made to restrict pragmatism and consumerism and promote sustainable ideas of leadership based on moral values. Every person is encouraged to look for the leadership identity in her/himself. It is argued that identity consists of subjective self-assessment, the choice of personal values and social roles. The idea that personal leadership is just a social construct and can be successfully developed became popular in the world and recently was accepted in Lithuania. But perhaps, in the Lithuanian philosophy heritage, there is the original idea of leadership developed by Vydūnas. It is highly likely that, by encouraging a return to morality and values, he could also raise ideas of leadership. This article presents the results of the quest for the ideas of leadership in Vydūnas’s philosophy.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth as an Ideological Foundation of the Unity of Intermarium?

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth as an Ideological Foundation of the Unity of Intermarium?

Author(s): Alvydas Nikžentaitis / Language(s): English / Issue: 57/2018

Keywords: memory culture; politics of history; historiography; The Grand Duchy of Lithuania; the union of Both Nations; the union of Lublin; the Constitution of May 3

The article surveys the question how the past of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Commonwealth of Both Nations is used in region’s cross‑border issues, and the question could it be the ideological basis for the idea of the Intermarium is raised. The analysis of the countries of the region revealed that these themes in Lithuania, Poland and Belarus are basicaly used for the creation of the identity of the societies, however in any country these topics of the past are not dominating, moreover in Ukraine the theme of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Commonwealth of Both Nations is in marginal position. The central position in the memory culture of these societies take the events of the 20th century. Obviously such secondory position of the understanding of the events of the past showed the commemoration of the anniversary of the Union of Lublin in Poland in 2009. The analysis of the historical research demonstrates different view. Evaluations of the historians in four countries do not differ so cardinally as it was before 1990. Such situation is as a signal that probably it is a time to think about the preparation of the general textbook for schoolchildren of four countries, or synthesis of the history.

A Story of a Science: On the Evolution of Chemistry

A Story of a Science: On the Evolution of Chemistry

Author(s): Rein Vihalemm / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: evolution of chemistry; history of chemistry;

This book aims to observe the evolution of chemistry as a science. Its main goal, however, is not to give the reader a regular popular science account of the history of chemistry. The history of chemistry is only intended to serve as a background material for the analysis of problems which emerge at the intersection of the history, methodology and philosophy of science, presented in the format of popular science. These questions concern the nature of science, the preconditions for the emergence of science, its timeline, the rules and regularities of the development of science.

Prolegomena for the Determination and Positioning of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Nihilism

Prolegomena za odredbu i pozicioniranje nihilizma kod Friedricha Nietzschea

Author(s): Tomislav Bunoza,Stjepan Radić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 01/165/2022

Keywords: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche; truth; good; morality; act; existence; conflict; nihilism; perspectivism; value;

The analysis of cognitive-ontological and especially ethical concepts in Nietzscheʼs philosophy shows deprivation as an important component that compromises their status. The emptiness, in the form of purity, inevitably appears during the decomposition of Nietzsche’s thought. Under the influence of perspectivism, epistemology, along with the question of truth, have undergone radical deconstruction. The results significantly affect the existence of morality, values and the notion of good in general. Deprivation appears in values, which leads to pessimism. Pessimistic values move away from the intensity of life instinct. As a reflection of life, man strives and destroys the aspirations for life. The whole reality, on the other hand, is in opposition and thus, necessarily, in dialectic and conflict. Nietzsche, however, does not strive for (Hegelian) reconciliation (versöhnen) opposites, but requires their enduring (dulden), which is, at the same time, overcoming. Conflict between pessimistic and life valuesinevitably arises. Pessimism precedes nihilism, which alternates the notion of truth, meaning, and foundation. In the concluding analysis, it becomes clear how the value creator is placed in relation to the concept of eternal return and overcoming nihilism. Emptiness and lack of sense are replaced by a dynamic and conflicting conception of life, i.e. existence, where the dynamics of life must not be understood in an organic or other bio-morphological sense, but in relation to the individual and his creative potential only in the form of change and reestablishment of reality. This, in turn, means that, ultimately, the focus is on the subject, man as will and his existential acts.