Search results for: Gerhardt Csejka in All Content

First Outline of the History of the Jewish Fighting Organization

Pierwszy zarys historii Żydowskiej Organizacji Bojowej

Author(s): Dariusz Libionka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 9/2013

Keywords: Jewish Fighting Organization; Warsaw ghetto uprising; Icchak Cukierman

This document presents a study of the context of the creation of the Jewish Fighting Organization, the course of fighting in the Warsaw ghetto as well as in other ghettos and camps in 1943. It was written in the spring of 1944 by Icchak Cukierman “Antek”, at that time the commander of the Jewish Fighting Organization, and then sent along with other materials of the Jewish underground to London. After the war, it was published in Palestine and became an important source for historians of the history of Jewish resistance.

Reviews

Figyelő

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 09/2007

Magyar László András: Bájos borzalom (Havasi Attila: Manócska meghal, vagy a lét csodás sokfélesége; 1001 magányos rinocérosz) • 1218 Dunajcsik Mátyás: Irgalom a húsnak (Nemes Z. Márió: Alkalmi magyarázatok a húsról) • 1220 Weiss János: A reflexió útja a fragmentumokig (Heller Ágnes: Megtestesülés) • 1224 Laki Mihály: Mi az elit – ki az elit? (Lengyel György: A magyar gazdasági elit társadalmi összetétele a huszadik század végén) • 1232

Frescoes in the Virgin Peribleptos Church Referring to the Origins of the Archbishopric of Ohrid

Freske u Bogorodici Perivlepti i poreklo Ohridske arhiepiskopije

Author(s): Branislav Todić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 39/2001

Keywords: church of the Virgin Peribleptos; Ohrid; frescoes; archbishopric;

In the year 1294/95, in the church of the Virgin Peribleptos in Ohrid, figures of the apostles Peter and Andrew were painted in the bottom register of wall paintings of the south wall, in front of the altar space (fig. 1), while those of St. Clement of Ohrid and St. Constantine Kabasilas appeared on the opposite, north wall (fig. 2). Their choice and placement on such a conspicuous location have already been the subject of interest of scholars who attempted to explain their iconography and unveil the reasons behind their appearance in this Ohrid church. The image of apostle Peter is related to the text of Mt. 16, 18 and this apostle is thus represented as carrying a church on his back while trampling on Hades who, at the same time, is being pierced by an angel bearing a lance. From above, Christ, shown in bust, addresses St. Peter with the gospel text written out in fresco above his image. This rare representation could be interpreted as an image referring to the founding of the church on earth by Christ. The gospel text which inspired it was one of the main arguments in the primacy doctrine of the Roman church. In Byzantium, on the other hand, the equality of all apostles was underlined, and Peter shared his place of honor with Paul and, at times, Andrew. This can explain the presence of the latter by Peter’s side in the mentioned Ohrid church. On the opposite wall we find figures of saints who held in particular reverence in the Ohrid area, namely those of Clement and Constantine Kabasilas. St. Clement (whose relics were treasured in Ohrid) was a bishop in nearby Velika in the X century, and his cult developed shortly after his death. On the other hand, at the end of his lifetime Constantine Kabasilas, an archbishop of Ohrid from the middle of the XIII century, was very devoted to the emperor Michael VIII and that seems to have decisively contributed to the early development of his cult.

The Concept of Meditation in Descartes and Leibniz

Pojam meditacije kod Descartesa i Leibniza

Author(s): Dragan Prole / Language(s): / Issue: 01-02/2014

Keywords: René Descartes; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; Meditation; erste Philosophie; Gewißheit

Aufgrund des Begriffs der Meditation besteht der Verfasser darauf, die gesamte ontologische Wende Leibniz’s im Gegensatz zu Descartes zu erfassen. Obwohl der ursprüngliche Zweck der Meditation gebunden war an den Weg der inneren Transformation der jedem Gläubigen bevorsteht, war der einzige ontische Boden an den sich Descartes Meditationen anlehnten, mein Ego. Dies bedeutet, dass das meditierende Subjekt nicht mehr gläubig sein müsste. Der entscheidende Schritt der Meditationen Descartes’ setzte sich insofern in ihrer prinzipiellen Orientierung aus abstrakten Wahrheiten der ersten Philosophie zusammen. Bei Leibniz’s Bestimmung der Meditation erkennen wir, dass die Meditation nicht ausgerichtet ist auf die Reflexion der Cogitationes, die sich im aktuellen, bewussten Leben herausstellen. Vielmehr schließt das Meditieren über den Entwurf die Möglichkeit der Trennung des cogito vom cogitatum aus, was bedeutet, dass die Prinzipien einer Realität nicht von den Prinzipien der Perzeption dieser Realität unterschieden werden kann. Damit ermöglichte Leibniz, dass der Vernunft zum Prinzip aller Prinzipien wird. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit deutet der Verfasser darauf hin, dass Leibniz’s Theorie über kleine Wahrnehmungen voraussetzt, dass die Begierde für eine perfekte Wahrnehmung niemals befriedigt werden kann. Trotzdem stellt sich der Verlust einer absoluten Erkenntnis für die Subjektivität zugleich auch als Gewinn heraus, widergespiegelt in der eigenen Vitalität und Dynamik. Infolgedessen kann der Schluss gezogen werden, dass sich die Krone Leibniz’s Meditationen aus derjenigen These zusammensetzt, dass die Subjektivität aus den eigenen Grenzen hervorgeht, was wiederum bedeutet, dass die Quelle der Konstitution nicht erst aus der Macht der souveränen Selbstbestimmung hervorgeht, sondern aus der Konfrontation mit der eigenen Verneinung.

Germany’s Approach to Military Interventions between 1998 and 2013: A Continuation or a Change?

Podejście Niemiec do wybranych interwencji wojskowych w latach 1998–2013: kontynuacja czy zmiana?

Author(s): Karolina Libront / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2015

Keywords: Germany; German security policy; German foreign policy; civilian power; Zivilmacht; Bundeswehr; Angela Merkel; Guido Westerwelle

For a number of years, Germany had a very careful approach to military interventions. This attitude was connected with the self-restraint of Germany in the fields of its foreign and security policies, which resulted from the events of World War II. This article focuses on the years 1998–2013. The author puts forward the thesis that Berlin was acting less coherently during that time with reference to its contribution to military interventions. One could no longer observe a steady rise in the number of German troops engaged in international peacekeeping or peace-enforcement operations. Furthermore, it seems that many new factors were included in the decision-making process. In the author’s opinion, there was a major change in the scope of the motivation behind the approaches to some international security issues. Some justifications appeared for the first time in the political discourse, some other were losing importance. The sets of justifications were analyzed through Hanns W. Maull’s model of civilian power.

Following the Trace of Constantines Glagolica

По следите на Константиновата глаголица

Author(s): Heinz Miklas / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2007

The article contains the authors most relevant results concerning the development and the character of Constantine-Cyrils writing system, together with some unpublished ideas and material: Although based on Greek scriptural thinking (according to which each alphabetical unit has two major functions phonological and numerical, and the direction of writing is from left to right) and influenced by other writing traditions, the Glagolica nevertheless represents a new, genuine system that was formally conceived of as a so-called distance-script (like the Caucasian systems, but contrary to Cyrillic as an extended script cf. plate 1) for politicocultural reasons. In accordance with this, it also contains theological elements meant to foster the catechetic and didactic aims of its inventor.Two general features are reminiscent of the contemporary Greek minuscule the hanging position of the letters and the predominance of rounded forms. Due to the numerical function of the characters the Glagolitic alphabet comprised originally, like the Old Armenian and the Old Georgian alphabet, 36 (=4x9) units. Seven units that are superfluous from the point of view of Slavic phonology were used by Constantine as classifiers for proper names and words of Greek origin the homophonous equivalents of the Greek. Paradigmatically the Glagolitic characters are composed of 7 basic elements (graphic features), which often yield three complex, iconic units (cross, triangle, circle cf. plates 2-3). The symbolic concept of the Glagolica can also be detected syntagmatically, especially in abbreviations of nomina sacra. From the very beginning the Glagolitic system disposed of a large amount of grapheme classes and combination rules (cf. plate 4), making it a highly efficient book script.

Between history and memory

Zwischen Geschichte und Erinnerung

Author(s): Heinke Roth / Language(s): German / Issue: _/2014

Dieses Zitat verdeutlicht, welch immense Bedeutung der Erinnerung zukommt. Eine äußerst wichtige Quelle, die darüber Auskunft geben kann, bietet die lokale Heimatgeschichtsschreibung. Deren Publikationen, die sogenannten Heimatbücher, prägen, so Mathias Beer, „nicht nur die Sicht auf die Vergangenheit eines Ortes, sondern sie bestimmen in hohem Maße auch die jeweilige Sicht auf die Gegenwart“2. Damit kann die Gattung Heimatbuch als „mentalitätsgeschichtliche Quelle ersten Ranges“3 angesehen werden, die vor allem verdeutlicht, wie die Lebensverhältnisse und die Geschichte eines Ortes rückwirkend kollektiv gesehen und verstanden werden. Wichtig wird der Blick auf die Vergangenheit vor allem dann, wenn diese durch den Verlust der Heimat geprägt ist. Als infolge des Zweiten Weltkriegs deutsche Volksangehörige aus den ehemaligen Reichsgebieten, dem Sudetenland sowie den Siedlungsgebieten aus Ost-, Mittelost- und Südosteuropa ihre Heimat verlassen mussten, führte die Erinnerung an diese zur Verbundenheit der Heimatvertriebenen im Hier und Jetzt.

On Relations between Bulgaria and Bavaria VIIth to XVth c.

Zu den Beziehungen zwischen Bayern und Bulgarien vom 7. bis 15. Jahrhundert

Author(s): Winfried Baumann / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/1994

Relations between nations develop in space and time. This also applies to the Bavarian-Bulgarian relations. They are carried out in key European history eras and have their own space. Contribution to research on this topic has primarily Bulgarian science.

European Plans and Private European Organisations in 1920s

Európa-tervek és magán Európa-szervezetek az 1920-as években

Author(s): István Németh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2003

Using the Reformed Confessions in Preaching Practice

Református hitvallásaink tükröződése az igehirdetésben

Author(s): György Papp / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: preaching;confession of faith;Reformed confessions

Metaphorizing the Holocaust: The Ethics of Comparison

Metaphorizing the Holocaust: The Ethics of Comparison

Author(s): Mark Webber / Language(s): English / Issue: 15-16/2011

Keywords: Holocaust; Jewish (1939–1945); Shoah; Genocide; Metaphor; Rhetoric; Metonymy; Synechdoche; Comparison; Comparability; Unique; Singular; Rhetoric; Ethics; Ethical; Empathy; Antisemitism;

This paper focuses on the ethics of metaphor and other forms of comparison that invoke National Socialism and the Holocaust. It seeks to answer the question: Are there criteria on the basis of which we can judge whether metaphors and associated tropes “use” the Holocaust appropriately? In analyzing the thrust and workings of such comparisons, the paper also seeks to identify and clarify the terminology and concepts that allow productive discussion. In line with its conception of metaphor that is also rhetorical praxis, the paper focuses on specific controversies involving the metaphorization of the Holocaust, primarily in Germany and Austria. The paper develops its argument through the following process. First, it examines the rhetorical/political contexts in which claims of the Holocaust’s comparability (or incomparability) have been raised. Second, it presents a review (and view) of the nature of metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche. It applies this framework to (a) comparisons of Saddam Hussein with Hitler in Germany in 1991; (b) the controversies surrounding the 2004 poster exhibition “The Holocaust on Your Plate” in Germany and Austria, with particular emphasis on the arguments and decisions in cases before the courts in those countries; and (c) the invocation of “Auschwitz” as metonym and synecdoche. These examples provide the basis for a discussion of the ethics of comparison. In its third and final section the paper argues that metaphor is by nature duplicitous, but that ethical practice involving Holocaust comparisons is possible if one is self-aware and sensitive to the necessity of seeing the “other” as oneself. The ethical framework proposed by the paper provides the basis for evaluating the specific cases adduced.

Good thing in bad thing (Attachment to the theory of indirect happiness between teodicej and Geschichtsphilosophie)

Sreća u nesreći (Prilog teoriji indirektne sreće između teodiceje i Geschichtsphilosophie)

Author(s): Odo Markvard / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 264/1981

Pitanje o sreći ostaje apstraktno ako se odvoji od pitanja o nesreći. Jer, za ljude ne postoji sreća bez nesreće. Ljudski nije moguće postojanje svega korisnog, a nedostatak onoga što je štetno. Na ovome svetu ne postoji čista sreća: to uviđa i onaj koga nagriza sumnja da li — u nekoj večnosti ili budućnosti — postoji neki drugi svet iz kojega bi ona mogla da potiče. Pa ipak, u »ovom svetu«, u svetu u kojem žive ljudi, sreća uvek ide uz nesreću, javlja se uprkos nesreći ili povezana s njom. Ljudska sreća je, sasvim elementarno, neprestano sreća u nesreći.

Civil Jurisdiction Against Soldiers in Poland in 16th and 17th Centuries

Cywilna jurysdykcja wobec wojskowych w Koronie na przełomie XVI i XVII stulecia

Author(s): Karol Łopatecki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2007

We can observe the process of determining the competence of military courts in Poland in the second half of the 16th century. They were competent to decide in all cases in which at least one of the parties was a military man. There were problems with these courts, so Polish noblemen decided to establish new courts for cases in which one party was a soldier and second was civilian (mixed cases). This reforms have been implemented since 1567 and from this time the civil courts could also decide in such cases. Another important aspect is connected with strict liability of commanders for their soldiers.Polish noblemen didn’t want to accept the commanders’ jurisdiction in mixed cases. After 1578, when the supreme Crown Tribunal (Trybunał Koronny) was established, they struggled for giving the competence to this civil court in mixed cases. They succeed in 1593, although even after this date there were political disputes about the competence of civil jurisdiction.

Role of family, peers and school in externalised adolescent risk behaviour

Povezanost obiteljskih, vršnjačkih i školskih odnosa s eksternaliziranim rizičnim ponašanjima adolescenata

Author(s): Goran Livazović / Language(s): English / Issue: Supp./2017

Keywords: adolescents; risk behaviour; family relations; peer relations; school attainment; sociodemographic traits;

The aim of this paper was to examine the role of family, school and peer relations as protective factors in adolescent risk behaviour. The goal of the empirical research was to examine the frequency of risk behaviour with a focus on the significance of sociodemographic traits and relations with family, peer and school as important factors. A multidimensional survey was conducted in 2016 with 133 adolescents, 69 male (51.9%) and 64 female (48.1%). The highest reported individual risk behaviours among adolescents were "Alcohol consumption" (M=2.69), "Socialising with problematic peers" (M=2.25) and "Smoking cigarettes" (M=2.15), while "Theft" (M=1.05) and "Deliberate property destruction" (M=1.15) were least reported. The mother’s and father’s educational level, the father’s work status, school success and family configuration were not significant factors in relation to adolescent general risk behaviour, quality of peer relations, quality of family relations or school attainment. Age was significant for general risk behaviour (p<.01), with older adolescents receiving higher scores. Girls reported significantly higher satisfaction with the quality of peer relationships (p<.05). Participants with employed mothers reported higher quality of peer relations (p<.01). Participants from vocational schools reported significantly more risk behaviour (p=.007) tha students from gymnasiums and art schools. Art school students reported most school satisfaction (p=.001), and gymnasium students reported highest peer satisfaction (p=.043). General risk behaviour negatively correlated with quality of family relations (p<.05) and school attainment (p<.001). Quality of family relations positively correlated with quality of peer relations (p<.01) and school attainment (p<.001). The correlation matrix on individual adolescent risk behaviour showed high positive comorbidity. Socialising with problematic peers correlated positively with all but one risk behaviour, theft. Gambling positively correlated with all risk behaviours except smoking. Smoking positively correlated with consumption of alcohol (p<.001) and psychoactive drugs (p<.001), while deliberate property destruction strongly correlated with theft (p<.001).

“Nature Was Helping Us”: Forests, Trees, and Environmental Histories of the Holocaust

„Przyroda nam pomagała”. Lasy, drzewa i historie środowiskowe Holokaustu

Author(s): Tim Cole / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: World War II; Holocaust; environmental history; Eastern Europe; forest; survivor;

How can environmental history contribute to Holocaust and genocide studies? Analysing memoirs and interviews with Jewish survivors who spent the wartime years hiding in the forests of Central and Eastern Europe, we can recognize three main problems: first, the experience of the forest as a strange place that still offers shelter from the even more dangerous world beyond; second, food supply: nature was generous, but it was still necessary to get additional goods from outside the forest; and third, adaptation to natural conditions, or, as many survivors put it, to become ‘an animal’.

ESTONIAN PEASANT IN IMAGES. NOTES ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE PORTRAIT ART IN ESTONIA

EESTLANE PILDIL. LISANDEID SIINSE PORTREEKUNSTI VARASEMALE AJALOOLE

Author(s): Ants Hein / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 24/2018

It goes without saying that people who used to be portrayed in Estonia belonged among the wealthiest and most powerful in society. Representatives of the lower classes, including the peasantry, were as a rule not portrayed, and if they were depicted at all, the aim was to record their typical clothes or jobs they were carrying out at the moment. Thus the first pictures of faces of Estonian peasants appeared as late as the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, although even then these images were not really portraits, as these largely constituted just some sort of ‘labels’ on the presents the peasants made to their local church, for example, portraits of two peasants at Kirna manor in Järva County, Nätsa Ants (Netze Hans) and Reegla Jaan (Rekela Jahn). These images were on the frame of an oil painting Adoration of the Shepherds, donated by the two men to the church in Türi in spring 1692. The same can be seen in the glass painting technique portraits of two Lohusuu peasants, Johan Karlipoeg (Johan Carl Soñ) and Vadi Andres (Andres Hans Poick), donated to the church at Lohusuu near Lake Peipsi together with new windows in 1723. A totally different, more detailed manner is represented, for example, by two watercolour portraits of peasants in western Saaremaa, painted in the early 1740s by a missionary despatched there from Moravian Brethren in Herrnhut in Germany.

Germany Between East and West

Немачка између истока и запада

Author(s): Bernd Rabehl / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 32/2016

Keywords: Germany; east; West; bolshevik revolution 1917; WWI; WWII; talcott Parsons; ernst Jünger

Author reviews German political ideas in last hundred years focusing: 1. on the russian revolution of 1917 that has had a huge impact also on Germany. 2. His special interest is directed towards two important authors: talcott Parsons and ernst Jünger. In author’s view, the ideas of these two men played a significant (and today rather neglected) role in shaping post-war German academic life. Parsons (1902–1979) American sociologist who, after doing fis PhD in Germany, was professor at Harvard University from 1927 to 1973. As a functionalist, he was concerned with how elements of society were functional for a society. He was also concerned with social order, but argued that order and stability in a society are the result of the influence of certain values in society, rather than structure such as economic system. Jünger (1895–1998) was a German writer; in 1932 he published The Worker (Der Arbeiter), which called for the creation of an activist (participative) society run by warrior-worker-scholars. Author is clearly on the of Jünger’s side; he believes that Parsons philosophy is alien to the German tradition. Author is convinced that in the future Jünger’s idea will play important role in the German political life. Author as a strong critic of Parsons opposes total Americanization of Germany. The United states, since 1945, has systematically endeavored to impose its own political model on europe. This political system, which author calls “liberal materialism” has, in his opinion, completely taken over Germany.

Three Modes of Freedom

Три модуса на свободата

Author(s): Christo Stoev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 8/2018

Keywords: freedom; immediate wish; possibility of acting; freedom of action; freedom of choice; freedom of will

Three modes of freedom are distinguished in this article – freedom of action, freedom of choice (or deliberation), and freedom of will. It is argued that neglecting any one of these modes will result in a reductionist view on freedom. The first mode is centred on the contrast between the immediate wish and the possibility of acting, the second – on the deliberation and the volition as formed by rational decision, and the third – on the will as faculty of taking value-oriented decisions concerning not particular choices, but the self I am. The volition educes the wishing out of its immediate givenness and forms it into a conscious choice. The will attests my commitment as a person to my choices and secures their authenticity. The article argues that the three modes of freedom are interconnected and presuppose each other on a meta-level.

“Anti-Aging” Medicine: The Newest Knowledge and its Implementation in the Everyday Life with the Aim of Maintaining Health

"Anti-aging" medicina: suvremene spoznaje i implementacija u svakodnevni život u cilju očuvanja zdravlja

Author(s): Jasna Čerkez Habek / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 7/2013

Keywords: length of life; cardiovascular diseases; malign diseases; “anti-aging” medicine; maintaining health; the Bjelovar-Bilogora County

By the progress in diagnostics and therapy in up-to-date medicine, the length of life becomes prolonged; hence, the Republic of Croatia belongs to countries with very old population. According to the data from the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the share of the population over 65 years of age in Croatia is 17.7 %, whereby our country “fits well” into the average of the European Union, where 17.5 % of the population belongs to this age group. By aging, the frequency of developing cardiovascular and malign diseases grows; however, a change in the life style may prevent this from happening. The paper presents the newest knowledge in the “anti-aging” medicine, the scientifically substantiated proof of its impact on maintaining health, and the possibilities for its implementation locally, adapted to the situation in the Bjelovar-Bilogora Country.

BAYREUTHER FESTSPIELE AS A FIELD FOR APPLICATION OF PETER BERGER’S AND THOMAS LUCKMANN’S THEORY OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY

БАЈРОЈТСКЕ СВЕЧАНОСТИ КАО ПОЉЕ ЗА ПРИМЕНУ БЕРГЕРОВЕ И ЛУКМАНОВЕ ТЕОРИЈЕ СОЦИЈАЛНE КОНСТРУКЦИЈE РЕАЛНОСТИ

Author(s): Dragana Jeremić Molnar / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3/2006

Keywords: Stage festival in Bayreuth; Festival theatre in Bayreuth; reality; reality of everyday life; symbolic universe; institutionalization; finite province of meaning; subuniverse of meaning;

The Stage festival in Bauyeuth (Bayreuther Festspiele), established in 1876. by German composer Richard Wagner (1813–1883), is, even nowdays, a complex and unique phenomenon which continually attracts the attention of scholars from various (mainly humanistic and social) scientific fields. In meny different methodological approaches to Bayreuther Festspiele, including those made by social scientists, one can not find the application of the sociological theory of Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. However, one has to bare in mind the important fact that Richard Wagner founded his completely inovative festive institution mainly in order to carry out and to spread his regenerative Weltanschauung – already formulated in his numerous theoretical writings and incurporated into his musical dramas. The fact that Wagner’s Weltanschauung was based on the idea of changing the reality of everyday life by constructing the new reality, is of equall importance. Considering all this, it becomes appropriate to explain Wagner’s motivation for establishing the stage festival, as well as his idea of festival, from the standpoint of the theory of social construction of reality.