Keywords: teacher; military pedagogy; moral education; army
The pedagogical training side of a fighter requires that the changes that have taken place during the training be assimilated of what has been learned so that similar soldierly knowledge will enter into the substance of his personality. Such an idea is not new. In the inter-war, a number of officers were interested in transmitting knowledge to soldiers respecting the principles of military pedagogy, contributing, repeatedly, by personal experience to enriching this discipline. Such a personality, who felt that he had the sacred duty to dedicate his life to teaching, is General Constantin Dragu. Throughout this article, we will attempt to portrait this distinguished general of the Romanian Army, and through his writings show what means to be a military teacher.
More...Keywords: intelligence failure; fault of knowledge; intelligence analysis; strategic surprise; deception
An intelligence failure is the inability of one or more parts of the intelligence process (collection, evaluation, analysis, production, dissemination) to produce timely, accurate intelligence on an issue or event of importance to national interest (Mark Lowenthal, 1985). But intelligence is not perfect and it is not a science, mistakes within an organization as a whole could occur and, naturally, failures are an inherent part of intelligence due to the reality of human and economic limitations. Economic limitations entail the allocation of scarce financial resources towards security threats.2 So, what do we understand by an intelligence failure?
More...Keywords: civil-military relations; democracy; civil control; government
The theory regarding civil-military relations represents a main institutional component of security policies. In this theoretical framework, civil control, in other words, the subordination of military power to civil authority is an important component of liberal democracy together with civic pluralism, the protection of the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary system and the protection of minorities’ rights and fundamental freedoms.
More...Keywords: The Polish Workers’ Party; the Polish United Workers’ Party; Second World War; Home Army; Wanda Wasilewska;
Dissolved by a resolution passed by the Executive Committee of the Communist International in 1938, carefully supervised by Stalin himself, the Polish Communist Party was re-created in 1941 but this time, the official name of the party – The Polish Workers’Party –, deliberately ignored the „communist“ denomination, in order to underline the alleged Party’s independence. During the Second World War, Moscow was constantly handling the P.W.P. as an instrument good to be used against the Polish liberation movement curdled around the Home Army, and leaded by the Polish government-in-exile.As in the other Eastern European countries, in spite of its obvious weakness and lack of popularity, the P.W.R. came in power at the end of the war. Gomułka’s attempt to accommodate communism to Poland’s specific didn’t meet Stalin’s expectations, so the latter decided that the Soviet Union must be in full control regarding Polish affairs. In August 1948, Bolesław Bierut was brought to power by Moscow, as P.W.P’s General Secretary. The P.W.P. completely absorbed the Socialist party, and the Polish United Workers’ Party (P.U.W.P.) emerged at the end of the process. The P.U.W.P. ruled over Poland until 1989, being credited with the country’s sovietisation.
More...Keywords: silent partnership; companies; agreement; affectio societatis; contributions
The silent partnership raised a significant number of controversies, both in doctrine and in jurisprudence, most of them generated by the regulation comprised in the Commercial code, where the concept is provided with a different notional sense – the contract. The actual regulation comprised in the New Civil Code reflects an approach of the silent partnership within the legislative context of companies, thus referring to this associative form as to an entity presenting all particular components of companies, respectively the contributions, the affectio societatis, as well as the distribution of the benefits. The silent partnership does not own and cannot acquire legal personality, unlike the simple partnership, which, upon shareholders’ decision, it may become a company form regulated by the Law no. 31/1990 on companies.
More...Keywords: industrial districts; logistics; industrial parks
The paper discusses the role of logistics for industrial districts, highlighting the current status and defining a logistics model supporting the relationships between providers and users of logistic services within the local context of an industrial district. A comparison with industrial parks, with reference to Romanian ones, allows identifying the potential of adaptation for industrial district logistic models to industrial parks.
More...Keywords: experimental tests; energy methods; masonry infield frames; monotonic test; balance point
The actual urban material and energetic metabolism is a concept that considers both the m In the last period, methods and procedures based on energy concepts were often used in experimental and theoretical research programs, trying this way to improve the design practice, pointing out the evolving character of the seismic phenomena. The paper deals with features regarding: stiffness degradation and dissipated energy relations analysis; structures domain of behavior limits based on the evolution of the energy balance equation components, during the experimental tests; calculate domain definition based on the balance point. The results are based on experimental data obtained on R/C frame models, simple or infilled with masonry (simple masonry, reinforced masonry and masonry retrofitted with reinforced jackets), build on full scale and tested on monotonic increasing and cyclic - alternate forces. All tests were performed at URBAN INCERC - Branch of Iassy seismic station.
More...Keywords: human resources for defence; value indicators; population of Romania; demographic decline; stage of education of the young generation
In this article the author briefly presents some aspects related to the influence of the political, economic and social context on the human resources destined for the defence of the country. There are shown some considerations regarding a realistic, quantitative and qualitative assessment of citizens capable of military service in peacetime, in crisis situations and in war, in the context of a emphasized demographic decline and a massive emigration process.
More...Keywords: military actions; operational decision-making processes; logistic support; logistic support risk management; phases of logistic support risk management; the decision to prevent the risk of logistical
In any society, human actions în peacetime involve related risks according to the specificity of each field of activity and external impact factors.However, from a comparable point of view, military and logistic support actions, depending on the missions to be accomplished and the decisions taken în well-established place and time conditions, involve high complexity risks.The risks specific to the military logistic support occur both during the preparation of the operations and especially during their carrying. The causes highlight the power and unpredictability of the opponent’s actions on logistic resources, with major implications for the proper support of their own driving forces.Below we will highlight determinations and explanations regarding the phases of the risk management of specific military logistic support
More...Keywords: military logistics; supply procurement to the forces; forces sustainability, speed and mobility; pack animals; immediate action logistics area;
Throughout history, the army leaders who have realized the overwhelming importance of logistics in military action have been those who have achieved their intended goals. The importance of logistics in relation to the success of military action is highlighted eloquently by the French general Antoine Henri Jomini: “Logistics encompasses the means and arrangements with which tactics and strategies are implemented. The strategy decides where to act; logistics bring troops to that point. “But what is the beginning of military logistics in history?All the great conquests were based on a strong logistics component, but who was the first leader to recognize its value?
More...Keywords: outsourcing; subcontracting; working conditions; labour intermediation; food and meat industry; podwykonawstwo; warunki pracy; pośrednictwo pracy; przemysł spożywczy i mięsny
Outsourcing is a phenomenon that combines business strategies, structural characteristics of companies and working relationships. In Italy outsourcing is widespread, facilitated by a legislation that has removed limits and made the outsourced production and the management of the workforce easier. As a result, employment, working conditions and industrial relations in the value chain have been affected by this phenomenon in terms of high fragmentation and work protection. In this scenario the industries which have been more negatively impacted by the phenomenon are the ones under high pressure from large retailers and the demand for low cost goods, such as the logistics and the meat sector. The article aims at presenting the analysis of outsourcing phenomenon in Italy, by examining its causes, its mechanism and its consequences on workers and their trade unions. In this context, an inadequacy of the present regulatory approaches in addressing the phenomenon of outsourcing has been observed. Its content has been enriched with the analysis of a case study, called “Modena system,” which unveils the weaknesses of outsourcing in a specific sector, the meat industry, and the concrete responses taken by the public actors and trade unions to deal with them.
More...Keywords: Korea; Romania; North Korea; Korean War; communism;international relations;
The first six years of the Romanian-North Korean relationship are scarcely addressed in the Romanian historiography. The aim of this paper is to partially fill the gap by providing groundwork of factual aspects extracted from Romanian archives. From the October 1948 letter of the North Korean foreign minister which was asking for the establishment of diplomatic relations, through the first Korean (governmental) delegation to set foot in Romania on December 17th, 1949 and which informed about the general geographical and social characteristics of the country and through the experience – unique for the Romanian diplomatic history – of the first Romanian diplomatic mission in the war-torn DPRK (it reached Pyongyang on April 14th, 1951), whose two diplomats, left alone in a derelict cabin, were hiding in the bushes from the strafing of American warplanes, to the hundreds of Korean children and youth hosted and educated in Romania during the Korean war and the reconstruction years of the DPRK we see the opening of a new international horizon for the Romanian nation in the post second world war geopolitical context of the world socialist system.
More...Keywords: Romanian Army; Russian Army; siege of Plevna; ottoman forces; defence system; informative activity;
Imperial Russia’s intentions to secure an easy victory in the war with the Ottoman Empire were shattered in July 1877, following the unexpected resistance and the strategic manoeuvre of General Osman Pasha. The Turkish general transformed an area of no importance until then, Pleven, into a modern fortress that blocked the action of Russian troops on the Bulgarian front. The heavy losses, both human and material, recorded by the Russian units in the first sieges of Pleven lead to the need for the intervention of the Romanian army to stabilize the front. Although a rather new institution, the Romanian army foresaw the vital need to obtain first-rate military information about the enemy’s capabilities, information without which a modern war cannot be won. Therefore, after the painful failure registered in the common assault of August 30-31, 1877, the Romanian command takes the appropriate measures to have a continuous flow of information about the Ottoman military device, the reinforcements received, the enemy’s reserves, the mood, etc. The military information obtained ensures, at the end of November, proper training and total success in the Pleven operation for the Romanian-Russian allied troops.
More...Keywords: Transylvania; Romanian Orthodox Church; support; War of Independence; clergy; prayers; soldiers; volunteers; collections; money; supplies; enthusiasm; widows; orphans;
The activity of the Romanian clergy during the War of Independence manifested through divine services and prayers for victory, through pastorals of the hierarchs and speeches delivered by priests, through articles and appeals, through exhortations and relief for the benefit of the soldiers on the front and their families, through medical supplies for the wounded, through the services accomplished as military confessors on the battlefield, through the acts of bravery committed by some priests on the front, through joining the sanitary organization of monks and nuns. The national unity, the unity of language, the unity of faith and ideal and the unity of effort turned the echoes of the war of independence in the souls of the Romanians in Transylvania into practical attitudes, manifested by: joining, as volunteers, the Romanian army of young people in the area of Sibiu and Făgăraş; by collecting supplies for the army on the front and for the wounded in hospitals, initiated by the Romanian women in Sibiu and the Romanian Committee of Brasov and generalized throughout Transylvania through calls and subscription lists.
More...Keywords: command-control; command structures; force structure; military engineering branch;
Following the events of 1989, a radical change of the Romanian political regime took place, which had as its main effect the democratization of the Romanian society, a change with special implications of a political, economic, social, and implicit military nature. From a military point of view, the Romanian Army underwent extensive transformations that took place in several successive stages. These consisted of starting the process of modernizing the military body on all levels: doctrinal and organizational changes in command and force structures, the concepts of training and their use in operations, and starting the process of replacing certain categories of equipment and some categories of weapons systems with newer and more efficient ones. All these transformations also affected the military engineering branch, in terms of the organization and attributions of the military engineering command structures, as well as the military engineering force structures on all levels (organization, endowment, training). In the following lines, we will make a brief review of the transformations which the Romanian army and implicitly the military engineering command structures were subjected to, in the period after 1989.
More...Keywords: Cosmeshti; Furceni; Romanian Army; First World War; 14th Infantry Division; Sereth;
Despite the impressive deployment of armed forces on the territory of Cosmeshti commune, the military operations carried out by the Romanian Army in the First World War to defend the positions in this commune were studied very little, and therefore were rarely mentioned in specialized studies. For these reasons, the purpose of this article is to bring to light some of the military operations that took place here a century ago. One of the major military units that took part in the battles for the defense of the objectives on the territory of Cosmeshti commune was the 14th Romanian Infantry Division, whose operations are described in the following pages.
More...Keywords: Agresiunea Rusiei împotriva Ucrainei; NATO; Implicații economice; sancțiuni; dezinformare;
Ediția specială a publicației Colocviu strategic este dedicată implicațiilor agresiunii militare a Federației Ruse împotriva Ucrainei și este realizată integral de către echipa de cercetători a Centrului de studii strategice de apărare și securitate din cadrul Universității Naționale de Apărare „Carol I”. Scopul nostru este să oferim o analiză obiectivă și succintă asupra implicațiilor evenimentelor care se petrec în Ucraina, concentrându-ne pe mai multe dimensiuni ale acesteia – politică, militară, juridică, economică, socială, informațională și umanitară. La baza demersului nostru se află surse deschise de documentare, care acoperă perioada 24 februarie – 2 martie 2022. Având în vedere că agresiunea militară asupra Ucrainei se află în plină desfășurare, principala limită a cercetării este constituită de gradul ridicat de incertitudine al dinamicii conflictului. Întreaga analiză este însă plasată în contextul evenimentelor din Ucraina ultimilor opt ani, astfel încât să poată fi urmărite tendințele existente încă dinainte ca întregul teritoriul ucrainean să devină scena unui război purtat cu arme convenționale.
More...Keywords: Soviet Union; Romanian prisoners; repatriation; 40s; 50s;
After the end of the Second World War and the re-establishing of diplomatic relations between Romania and the Soviet Union one of the most important problem was that of repatriation of the Romanian soldiers taken prisoners in the Soviet Union, during the Eastern campaign, and between August 24 and September 12, 1944. Some of the prisoners came back to Romania as members of „Tudor Vladimirescu” volunteer division, established in October 1943 in Soviet Union. These soldiers fought for the liberation of the Romanian territory as well as Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In April 15, 1948, after countless discussions, the Soviet government communicated the decision to free all Romanian prisoners.
More...Keywords: Militarism; Ancient Rome; Latin vocabulary; idioms; lexical meanings;
Latin was an universal language in Antiquity, but also for a long time afterwards. It was the language of Mars, and it survives even today through certain Latin terms preserved in modern dictionaries. This study aims to add to the discussion - started in the first part - by selecting all military expressions from the Latin-Romanian reference dictionary; additionally, where applicable, our study proposes a "military" translation. Furthermore, we will also analyse parts of speech and determine their frequency in the selected expressions. For a better understanding of the idioms which are representative of roman militarism, we have sorted them alphabetically. We will continue by analysing all military Latin idioms in Romanian Latin dictionaries.
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