Keywords: Civil Law; Legitimate Marriage; Illegitimate Children; Social Control; Moral Values; Interwar Romania
The family based on legitimate marriage has been the norm in all European societies, under the Old Regime. Legitimate marriage ensured the intergenerational transfer of name and property, while cohabitation was seen as posing a serious threat to the social order derived from the law. However, what was really at stake was the status of children resulted from illegitimate or transient relationships; perceived as bastards by society, they were excluded from their father family line, and consequently did not inherit any of his possessions.
More...Keywords: Storytelling; Identity; Trauma; Women, Former Political Prisoners; Anticommunism
This study, based on the idea assessed by Hannah Arendt in The Human Condition according to which the storytelling is a strategy „for transforming private into public meanings”, and further discussed by Michael Jackson in his book, The Politics of Storytelling, who underlined that the storytelling is also a strategy „for sustaining a sense of agency in the face of dis-empowering circumstances”[ Michael Jackson, The Politics of Storytelling..., p. 34. ], aims at developing even further those two ideas arguing that storytelling is also fashioned by the social, cultural and political context as well as by the „social realms of memory”. Using the findings of a research among women, former political detainees during communism in Romania, this article emphasizes the role of storytelling in helping those women to overcome the trauma of the repression as well as in enhancing their agency while building an identity of anti-communist fighter.
More...Keywords: freedom of expression; schism; penalty; patriarch; Romanian Orthodox Church; Stat-Church relation; freedom of speech; Civil Law; Romanian legislation;
The present study aims to investigate the legal and reasonable boundaries for expressing religious ideas in public, with focus on the defamation case at the orthodox Liturgy of St. Demeter’s church from Buzău in the year 2010. During the celebration, a number of eight schismatic-orthodox protesters entered the church and shouted defamatory slogans against the Patriarch and the Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church. At least four of the protesters were given a contraventional penalty by the police agent on the basis of Law 61/1991 regarding the breaking of public peace, and following the legal contestation, the case was sent to the Justice Court of Buzău. The stake of this case is to understand in which circumstances can one exercise the right of expressing critical religious ideas, in a manner that should not violate the law, the Constitution, but also, in the canonical perspective, the procedure of canon law.
More...Keywords: John Hunyadi; Mehmed II; diplomacy; Later Crusades; medieval frontiers; Kingdom of Hungary; Ottoman Empire;
After the Long Campaign (1443-1444), the Crusade of Varna (1444) and the Crusade at Kossovopolje, both Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were exhausted. Moreover, already by 1451 dynastic struggles ensued in both realms, as the ascensions of both Ladislaus the Posthumous and Mehmed II were contested. The latter was as an ambitious young sultan that planned for the conquest of Constantinople and, in order to achieve his goal, needed peace at the Hungarian-Ottoman border. The three-year truce concluded between Sultan Mehmed II and John Hunyadi, as lord governor of Hungary, was negotiated by Despot George Branković of Serbia. The peace treaty, issued by the sultan in Adrianople, on the 20th of November 1451, also comprised the maritime Republic of Ragusa, the Kingdom of Bosnia, the Serbian Despotate and the Voivodeship of Wallachia. Despite some military skirmishes in the Balkans, the Hungarian-Ottoman truce remained valid for almost the entire period settled by the treaty. Meanwhile, both John Hunyadi and Mehmed II gathered their forces for a final and decisive battle, which occurred at Belgrade, in the summer of 1456. Thus, the 1451 Treaty of Adrianople provides a genuine „radiography” of south-eastern Europe in the eve of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople. In addition, it represents one of the main documentary sources on the career of John Hunyadi. The text was published for the first time 120 years ago, by Nicolae Iorga, whose edition was later included in Documenta Romaniae Historica, series D. Relations between the Romanian Principalities (1222-1456).This important source was edited along with hundreds of other medieval documents, without any comments or historical explanations. This study includes a new, critical edition of the 1451 Treaty of Adrianople, supplemented by an extensive historical commentary of the text, based on a high-resolution digital copy of the sole extant version, preserved in the miscellanea manuscript BSB Clm 19542, at the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich.
More...Keywords: Caragiale; language; psycholinguistic; sociological criticism; communication acts;
The study identifies the necessity of opening new access paths towards the subtleties of Caragiale’s texts for any type of reader, even though they are specifically aimed at the theatrical producers of his comedies. Renouncing the classic literary-dramatic analyses, we will investigate the abysmal psychology of the characters and their interrelationships on the paths of the popular etymologies, as symptoms of the inherent lack of culture for any category of impostors. Ostensibly preposterous in their tragic precariousness, these “acts of failed discourse“ will reveal the true personality of the … per-so-nullity (!), which, if ignored, would lead to the failure of an authentic stage presence of the character. These decryptions can then be classified as a practical tool for working on the stage: a Glossary that will provide a solid basis for developing the vision of each stage artist, critic or competent reader/spectator of Caragiale.
More...Keywords: Public intellectuals; Authoritarianism; Populism; Political culture; Intellectual tradition
The central hypothesis of the article is that the attraction of authoritarianism on a populist background has a long tradition in Romanian society, particularly from the perspective of public intellectuals’ support for the holders of political power. The contribution highlights, using the methodological tool of ideology analysis, the influence that intellectuals have had on the development of a particular dominant political culture in Romania. I argue that the central elements of the Romanian political culture, to the social design, development and consolidation of which representative public intellectuals have contributed, over time, are the following: anti-individualism, anti-democratism and providentialism. These features have been grafted on a Manichean background driven by ethno-nationalism, which remains prevalent in contemporary Romania. Elements of this dominant political culture have been socially enacted and transmitted through the discourses, attitudes and behaviours of public intellectuals of different generations, most of whom have entered into the political arena. Thus, they have legitimized the various directions in which political populism has manifested itself over the last century. In the process, public intellectuals became propagandists for parties and/or political leaders who have presented themselves as providential harbingers of „change” or „reform”.
More...Keywords: democracy; truth; rule of law; epistocracy; post-truth;
This paper proposes a standard position of the conjunction between knowledge and democracy. It describes the evolutions towards and against this standard position. It analyses the present situation of the conjunction which slipped into cognitive relativism and rejection of democracy and proposes to rebalance knowledge and democracy through a special setting of the contract between the voters and their representatives.
More...Keywords: communism; nomenklatura; memorial sites; personality cult; state funeral practices;
In the late 1950s, the Romanian communist leaders decided to build a necropolis for the remains of prominent figures of the socialist and communist movement. The study focuses on the institutions that coordinated the construction of the monument, the origins of the building materials, the managing staff of the site, the well-known political activists who were buried there. The sources used vary from official archival files of the era, press articles, and testimonies given, after the fall of the regime, by those directly involved in managing the memorial site.
More...Keywords: school inspection; teachers; kindergarten; school inspectors; school revisers; professional competence; pedagogic talent;
The paper underline the need for inspections that „ should be a stimulus for the creative activity" of the teachers. The school inspection should be carried out by specialized teachers „ who have proven to have pedagogic knowledge and talent". Between 1905 and 1916, school inspections were carried out by teachers Elena Cancicov and Izabela Sadoveanu (daughters ofBacău City), Adela Dimitriu and Maria Beiu-Palade, school inspectors from the Ministry of Public Training and revisers of the School Board Bacău. The paper presents reference aspects in detail.
More...Keywords: Archaeological research; Tg. Trotus; 1987-1989;
Dans cet article l’auteur se rapporte aux recherches archéologiques effectues la Tg. Trotuş en periode des années 1987—1989...
More...Keywords: USA; America; foreign policy; September 11;
Notre analyse montre les actions relevantes dans la politique exteme des Etats-Unis a la suite des attaques terroristes de 11 scptembre 2001. On rappelle, dans ce sens, la doctrine de la guerre preventive, la de finition de „1' Axe du mal" et les relations avec les etats qui le composent, mais egalement l'accentuation de l'unilateralisme americain, sous l'empire stringeant de la decision politique.
More...Keywords: Unity; idea; action; modern age;
Ideea unităţii este ideea-forţă pe care s-a sprijinit istoria noastră, care i-a conferit trăinicie şi sens ; eâ este, totodată şi o expresie a admirabilei armonii a pămîntului românesc, care a imprimat legăturii între om şi pămînt, între istoria şi geografia poporului care a locuit în acest spaţiu indestructibila lor coeziune...
More...Keywords: Ivanovici; waltz; Romanian; The Danube Waves; marching band;
Iosif Ivanovici was - surprisingly today - the most well-known Romanian composer from the late 19th century and the early 20th century on the international music scene. He was also an important exponent of Military music in our country. Information regarding the life and works of Iosif Ivanovici can be uncertain even today because of the difficulty in accessing documents from the military archives or the indifference with which this prolific musician was treated by the Romanian musicologists and performers in the last century. Another important factor that leads to the disregard of his work was the communist censorship of any expressions and investigations into the cultural works, which involved members of the Royal Family of Romania or were dedicated to them. An important part of Ivanovici’s compositions fall into this category. His representative composition, The Waves of the Danuve waltz, is even today popular all over the world, being part of soundtracks of tens of movies or being picked up and adapted by hundreds of musicians on the entire planet. This fact proves to us that Iosif Ivanovici is more famous and loved outside of Romania. Because of the access that we have today to multiple documentary sources, I have found hundreds of songs composed by the musician. With the help of these, we can understand not only his musical creativity, but also the subtle, joyful world of the era in which he lived, the era of the development of the modern Romanian state. During my research in various national archives, I have found clear data that proves the true value of the musician. These bring us welcome additions to our knowledge of the life and works of Iosif Ivanovici, The king of Romanian Waltz.
More...Keywords: Constantin Morariu; memoirs; Bukovina; ideology; truth; imaginary;
The following study, which will be printed in two parts, starts from the volume signed by the Bukovinian priest Constantin Morariu, The Course of My Life. Memoirs, published in 1998, but it is not a presentation of this book. Taking into account that this volume of memoirs can also be seen and commented on as a bildungsroman, the author of the study aims to portray, on the one hand, the personality of the memorialist Constantin Morariu, reconstructing and questioning his vision of his own life. On the other hand, the author intends to extract from the concrete world of facts those from his own existence or from the experience of others, from the present or the past. The memorialist reconstructs an image of Bukovina of the second half of the 19th century, an epic of it, all the more relevant because here the truth and the imaginary are intertwined. A hero, the memorialist himself, viewed perhaps apotheotically in his becoming, is at the center of this bildungsroman. Equally legitimate, however, the central character of Constantin Morariu’s memoirs is Bukovina itself; obviously, the Austrian Bukovina, of which the Romanians’ battle for the discovery of self-awareness is a part.
More...Keywords: An essay; historical climatology;
Cette deuxième partie de notre étude analyse des phénomenes climatiques tels: les hivers rudes, Ies neiges tardives, les hivers doux sans neige, les années pluvieuses et celles de séchereese.
More...Keywords: language policy; official language; regional language; national identity; identity crisis; state crisis;
В современной Украине особое языковое положение: этническая карта не совпадает с лингвистической. Особенно на юге и востоке страны многие украинцы не знают государственного языка, так как они говорят на русском или суржике. Наша статья анализирует следствия языковой политики Киева, которая игнорирует требования русскоязычного населения.
More...Keywords: Maria Pilchin; Ioan Barb; Doru Arăzan Jr.; Ara Alexandru Şișmanian; Romița Mălina Constantin; Sergiu Someșan;
Poems by Maria Pilchin- "marcel proust a murit în cadă", "firul de iarbă", "mama și tatăl meu sovietic", "cadou pentru prima învăţătoare", "tata freud", "alfabetice". Poems by Ioan Barb- "Naufragiați în destin", "Simple confesiuni", "Stela funerară ca un steag". Poems by Doru Arăzan Jr.- "prea târziu", "înlăuntrul palmelor (sau despre scris)", "batiste albe", "trup și lucruri", "hârtie lucioasă", "îmbrăţişare", "plantaţia de zăpadă", "ojă bio", "asfaltul zilelor", "pauza dintre două respirații". Poems by Ara Alexandru Şișmanian- "apa de numere", "colecţia de artefacte", "harfă alienată", "un bulgăre de pămînt". Poems by Romița Mălina Constantin- "prânz imaginar", "anestezii", "hazard", "în noaptea sfântului Andrei", "mângâierea dintâi". Sergiu Someșan - "Sergiu Someșan".
More...Keywords: province; Dacia; roman army; military diplomas; veterans;
The vast majority of history books claim that in the summer of 106 the war with the Dacians was over and the Dacia province was already founded. It all started with a huge error of interpretation, that if on August 11, 106 we have attested Decimus Terentius Scaurianus as the first governor of Dacia, it means that at that time the province of Dacia was already founded. The military diploma from Ranovac shows us the fact that before Scaurianus we have at least one more governor, Iulius Sabinus and in 106 the troops receive only Roman citizenship, while their massive demobilization begins only in 109. From a huge error like this, although it is difficult to call it an error because it was not known that Scaurianus was the first governor, all the others followed in a cascade: conclusion of the war in 106, the founding of the province in the same year, the deployment of the auxiliary troops on limes in the same year, the bringing of the legion XIII Gemina to Apulum at the same time and, last but not least, the founding of the first city in Dacia, colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa in 106.In the conditions of the data known at this moment we can draw the following conclusions:- the year 106 has no relevance in the discussion related to the end of the war or the founding of the province, it is only the moment when the Roman citizenship is granted massively to the auxiliary troops, which will become the central element in completing the last stages of the war;- the episode of Decebalus' capture and suicide is likely to take place only in 107;- as the scenes on the column in Rome show, the military conflicts continue even after the moment of presentation of Decebalus' head and right hand, which is why a secunda expeditione or the references in the inscription at the Forum Claudii, in conjunction with the events in Rome related to the celebration of triumph, seem to indicate a decisive defeat of the Dacians at the beginning of 108; certainly after this moment we can talk about a diminishing of military conflicts;- on the background of this diminishing of military nature, the province of Dacia also seems to be founded in 108; the fact that in the year 109 we already have D. Terentius Scaurianus as governor indicates that the governership between 108-109 must have belonged to Iulius Sabinus; even if mathematically the founding of the province cannot be excluded in 107, the violent events of a military nature and the realities of an unfinished war still from no point of view, seem to categorically reject such a possibility; also in the year 108 probably begins the bringing of civilian colonists, but which do not seem to be in sufficient numbers for the Roman authorities, who are forced to grant all kinds of benefits to encourage and accelerate the process;- because governor D. Terentius Scaurianus began the massive process of demobilization of the auxiliary troops in 109, in conjunction with the end of the triumph in Rome, I believe that this year, perhaps even the end of 109, can be considered a credible moment to formalize the end of second war between Romans and Dacians, started in 105;- although the option of founding colonia Dacica Sarmizegetusa for the year 109 cannot be rejected, subsequent events, numismatics, the problems of delayed urbanization of the province and why not, even of a military nature (the city will have to be protected by two legions for a long time), I believe that it rather indicates the year 110;- even if the decisive defeat at the beginning of 108 resulted in a diminishing of military conflicts, the numismatic element shows us that, at least from an organizational point of view, we do not know whether administratively or from what other points of view, the situation will remain sufficiently confused and perhaps even tense for the legends on the coins to change from Dacia Capta to Dacia Augusti Province only around the year of 112; probably only after this moment can we speak of a withdrawal of Leg IIII FF from Banat and only from this moment can we consider a settled province, structured, with troops stationed on limes and with Leg XIII G at Apulum as the only legionary troop that ensured the protection of the province for 60-80 years, a troop that, however, will ensure in a very serious way the civil development and urbanization of the newly created province.
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