![Stephen the Great in a people’s view from 1871–1873](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2008_17078.jpg)
Keywords: price strategy; price policy; price segmentation; price movement
We live in a world of prices which violate the life and ‘pockets’ of most people almost non stop, but we don’t realize that this world is dominated by all sorts of strategies, policies and movements controlled by prices, meant to obtain as much profit as possible and/or market monopoly, but also to alienate individuals, groups of individuals and states with dimensions which can be sometimes compared to those of ancient times or the Middle Ages. For a better understanding of the price machinations in today’s world, the study provides the interested reader with: a.) an attempt to conceptualize the price strategy as a gnoseological and ontological establishment of a price level that allows the accomplishment of another objective, purpose or goal, more or less general and/or moral than the price itself, by the individual that will charge that price by doing and/or offering something (a commodity) which corresponds, to a greater or lesser extent, to the objective and/or subjective needs of the buyer or buyers of that commodity; b.) an attempt to conceptualize the price policy as an act of denying, approving or imposing a price level, together with some means, ways of action and terms of achieving that price, established more or less strategically; c.) a brief analysis of the formation of a costbased price and price segmentation depending on distance, commercial area and buyers’ incomes; d) some price movements.
More...Keywords: Securitate; informative network; secret agents; officer; collaboration
The methods used by Securitate to reach its goals were strictly connected to the general instruction level and professional training of the institution’s employees. Thus, despites using methods apparently common to all information services in the world, the Securitate’s activity came to be marked by violence as never seen before in the practice of Romanian secrete services, abuses and important infringement of the legislation in force at that moment. The secret agents (informative network) were the Securitate’s main mean of gathering and checking the information pieces they were interested in. Ever since the political police was founded, internal orders had been issued, regulating the way of working with informers, both for getting to know better the situation in the country and for preventing and discouraging any hostile action against the communist form of government. The Agents/Agency represented the Securitate’s main tool of population control, its expansion degree and the directing way evolving and reflecting the ideological line drawn by the party. Each member of the informative network acted within the limits set up by the connection officer. The agency, by the role it had been conferred, as the “eyes and years” of the Securitate’s organs, according to Alexandru Drăghici, favoured the maintenance of an abnormality atmosphere concerning the entire Romanian society, every person suspecting the other of collaboration, and this neurotic phenomenon lead in time to passivism and lack of attitude in relation with any form of power.
More...Keywords: microhistory; communist regime; secret police agencies; life of informant; emigration
This paper sets out to offer insight into the tragic destiny of a man who was always in search of a life with better perspectives, dissatisfied with what fate had in store for him, refusing the conventional ways and means to accommodate to the society of the time. The false interpretation of the possibilities of gaining recognition, the illegal ways chosen to reach his goals, left their mark on the subsequent life of the young man who at the age of 30 was awaiting the execution of death sentence and already had multiple experiences related to the prisons of the regimes behind the Iron Curtain. These antecedents, corroborated with the obvious repulsion toward the Communist regime have diminished his possibilities of existence, leaving him no other choice after his imprisonment than to struggle for survival within the system network. The almost two decades of cooperation with the Romanian secret police – although it brought him employment, place of residence, a more decent family life, travels abroad, personal success –, eventually became unbearable and he finally chose to emigrate. In the interpretation of events we have leaned mainly on the personal informative files, network files and investigation files kept at the Historical Archives of the Hungarian State Security and at the National Council for Research of Securitate Archives, on information obtained with the help of the oral history method, and last, but not least, on the documents kept by family members.
More...Keywords: droit de propriété; propriété; droit français; droit anglais; histoire, limites; pouvoirs du propriétaire
Cet article a comme objectif la présentation d’une manière comparative – dans le droit français et dans le droit anglais des biens – l’évolution et le destin d’un droit fondamental de l’homme, celui de la propriété privée, avec de nombreuses questions qui se posent à son sujet: quelles sont les origines du droit de propriété, quel est le rôle du droit romain dans sa formation, comment le droit de propriété s’est-il adapté aux nécessités du monde féodal, quelle fut l’ampleur des bouleversements apportés, en France, par la Révolution de 1789, comment le Code civil protège-t-il le droit de propriété, qu’est ce qu’il est devenu le droit de propriété au XXe siècle, quelles sont les différences terminologiques et matérielles entre le droit de propriété en France et en Angleterre? Nous nous somme aussi concentré sur les aspects particuliers du droit anglais des biens parce qu’il n’existe pas une distinction trés bien conturée entre le droit réel et le droit de créance; c’est, d’ailleurs, la preuve d’une grande souplesse qui, en particulièr dans la matière des biens, assure l’adaptation aux éxigences du monde moderne, commercial et financier. On parle ici des concepts qui ont permis et qui permettent encore une multiplication des droits et des pouvoirs sur les choses, d’une manière simultané et succesive. Telles sont les questions auxquelles cet article essaie de répondre.
More...Constantin Popescu, Despre viaţă şi economie, Bucureşti, Edit. ASE, 2012, 528 p., ISBN: 978-606-505-595-7. Cercetări în psihologie şi ştiinţele educaţiei, vol. 1, Monica Albu (coord.), Cluj-Napoca, Edit. Argonaut, 2013, 212 p., ISBN: 978-973-109-410-6 si 978-973-109-411-3 Maria Larionescu, Economia socială şi cooperaţia în România. O perspectivă socioistorică comparată, Iaşi, Edit. Polirom, 2013, 167 p., ISBN: 978-973-46-3832-1. Codruţa Cuceu, Spaţiu public şi spaţiu privat. O perspectivă românească, Cluj-Napoca, Edit. EIKON,2013, 415 p., ISBN: 978-973-757-883-9. Kovách Imre, A vidék az ezredfordulón, A jelenkori magyar vidéki társadalom szerkezeti és hatalmi változásai (Ruralul la cumpăna dintre milenii. Schimbările structurale şi de putere ale structurii rurale maghiare contemporane; The Rural at the Turn Between Milleniums. Structural and Power Changes in the Contemporary Hungarian Rural Society), Budapest, MTA Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont, 2012, 244 p., ISBN: 978-963-446-679-6. Dumitru Isac, Conceptul de frumos la Socrate, Platon şi Aristotel. Ediţie îngrijită şi studiu introductiv de Ionuţ Isac, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2013, 230 p., ISBN: 978-606- 17-0338-8.
More...En continuant la serie des etudes consacrees depuis quelques annees il la viile de Sebeş_ I'auteur presente des contributions interessantes et inedites concernarlt la rale politique de cette viile-cite dans I'histoire de la Transylvanie et encore plus - pendant les XIVe - XIXe sieclcs. Apres I'introduction necassaire. on suti et on discute de la mise en place des Allemands dans la zone, de leur cohabitation avec les autochtoncs. de la I(lrtitication de la viile et de la serie des principaux evenements politiques qui ont marque son existence - qui n'ont pas etc en petit nombre - depuis I'attaque des Tatars du 1241 jusqu'aux batailles de 1848 I ivrees ici.
More...Keywords: diplomatic activities;World War I;historiographic controversies;
Probably, more than the factual register of the Great War, some historiographical issues, as those concerning the origins of that huge belligerent collision, are determining yet the intensive debates among scholars. Such debates seemed to be perpetuated on the alignments of the Powers which were involved by a war which tended to swell the entire World. The primary task for the scholars was to have the access to the hidden reasons, concentrated during the age of the secret diplomacy by the great alliances, as that Triple or that French-Russian, even that vaguely engaging Entente, which wandered through the origins of a World War. The debates on those origins became complicated because the manner in which the peace was achieved, in 1919, among the victor Powers and that which mainly suffered the defeat. Owing to the publications of the diplomatic documents, especially from the German, French, Austrian, Russian, and Italian Archives, the historical explanations of the origins of that War seemed to become more and more convincing. The impact of the Second World War was to be on the point to destroy the elaborating course of those explanations. And for at least a part of the historians colloquium, the impact of the Cold War was an even more destroying one. Recently, it is to be recognized, the process of Europe’s and, in time, of World’s integration is nurrishing a kind of formal or relaxing literature on so grave events, as those which covered the years 1914−1918. A more intensive approach or reference to the primary text of the origins of those events has to be the proper way for the revealing the historical truth.
More...Keywords: Moldavia; Elijah; Stephen II; Teutonic Order; Poland
The fratricide war between Alexander the Good’s descendants is difficult to reconstruct due to the lack of sources. Thus, until now, historians dated the beginning of the conflict between Alexander’s sons, Elijah and Stephen, using Jan Dlugosz’s Chronicle. According to the Polish chronicler, the war started in the autumn of 1433, when Stephen received Ottoman and Wallachian support. However, documents from the archive of the Teutonic Order from Berlin-Dahlem shed a new light on these events. It seems that the first conflict between Elijah and Stephen broke in mid-1432, after a joint rule that lasted half a year. Although Stephen was helped by the Wallachians, he was defeated by Elijah, who in his turn was assisted by the Tatars mercenaries sent by his Lithuanian ally, Boleslav Swidrigaillo. As a result, Stephen fled to the Ottomans. Later that year, he once again tried to gain the throne, but he failed despite having the Ottomans’ support. Next spring, in 1433, the two brothers made a short lived peace. The second was ended with Stephen’s victory, which was recognized by the Polish king as the legitimate ruler of Moldavia, while Elijah fled the country. Thus, it seems that Dlugosz compressed the two fratricidal wars, from 1432 and 1433, in a single one.
More...Keywords: Transylvania; epidemic; prevention; public and private hygiene; medical treatment;
Disease and the attempts to prevent it represent a constant of history, a true battlefield with winners and losers that often change roles. Through our research we endeavour to offer a historical overview, accompanied by a portrayal of the disease symptoms. We also give a historical description of the major epidemics that affected Transylvania at the end of the 19th century: smallpox, tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria, influenza, trachoma etc. The fight against disease has remained a constant undertaking. In times of epidemic, the involvement of the authorities has led to the issuance of various provisions of a preventive nature. We have also presented plantbased recipes, recommended by the physicians, one reason being the interest in herbal medicine manifested throughout the contemporary world.
More...Keywords: Julia Maior; Augustus; Livia, Tiberius; Pandateria; exile
The influence exerted by Octavia upon Augustus and their collaboration proved to have a decisive role in the apparition of the dynasty line. Unfortunately, we can not precisely know when the concept of the dynasty took shape; nevertheless, we feel entitled to take as a reference point the year 25 BC, when Julia Maior married Caius Marcellus, the son of Octavia, born out of her first marriage. The concept of their dynasty seems to have taken a more definite shape in 21 BC, at the moment when Julia Maior, widowed, married Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, at Octavia’s will. Although the regime of Augustus did not have a hereditary character, the adoption of his nephews, Gaius and Lucius, in the year 17 BC, meant the public statement of his intentions. The death of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, followed by Octavia’s, allowed Livia Drusilla, Augustus’s wife, to enact the third marriage of Julia Maior, with Tiberius. Although Augustus’s daughter fall into disgrace severely damaged the idealized image of the imperial house, until the year 4 AD, when, through adoption, Tiberius joined gens Julia, the succeeding line established 21 years before had not been affected. Ancient historians suggested that the exile of Julia Maior had been caused by the plots of Livia Drusilla which, through these actions, started her struggle to impose Tiberius as the successor at the imperial throne.
More...Keywords: Romania; religions; sects;
The “sects” question represents an extremely controversial subject in the Romanian historiography. The authors who wrote about this subject were influenced, more or less, by aspects of apologetic nature, supporting or denying the “sects”.The purpose of the present study is to show the way in which the notion of “sect” appeared in the social cultural environment of modern Romania, the way in which it was included in the Romanian law, the way in which the representatives of the so-called “historical” cults viewed the newly created religious groups and, finally, the way in which the members of the “sects” viewed themselves.
More...Keywords: Chrysostom; Hellenism; Paganism; Judaism; religious affiliation; religious identitiy
Over the course of twelve years (386-397), St. John Chrysostom gained popularityin Antioch because of the eloquence of his public speaking. What do we know about thebeliefs and religious affiliation of the population of this city? This study focuses on thereligious configuration of Antiochian people. It examines the public expression of theChristian attitude to the Pagans and Jews in the century of the victory of the Church.The author displays in his study a sensitive and judicious interest in the interaction ofChristianity, Hellenism (Paganism) and Judaism in the second half of the 4th century inAntioch. He presents some of the relevant documents including Libanius's letters andspeeches or Chrysostom's sermons. The results of the study indicate the extent to whichthe Church, so long after Constantine, still felt the ned to assert and defend its claimsin the face of powerful challenges.
More...Keywords: cult of personality; propaganda; “secret” Speech; Gheorghiu-Dej.
The present paper analyzes the existence of a so-called “anti-communist attitude” manifested at the local level analyzing a particular case, that of Vasiliu Constantin, a Party activist from Constanţa. He contested, in April 1956, two months after N. S. Khrushchev’s “secret” Speech, delivered at the XXth Congress of the CPSU, the manner in which the most prominent members of the Romanian Workers’ Party and, above all, Gheorghiu-Dej, have chosen to understand the phenomenon called “cult of personality”. In other words, Vasiliu Constantin criticized, in a letter addressed to the members of the Central Committee of the RWP the entire Party leadership for the manner in which they defined the leader’s cult. This case becomes as interesting as the documents issued in the epoch highlight the existence of many other attitudes of this kind. Therefore, the questions we aim to answer are: how did the leaders of the Party understand to solve this problem? Which was the reason for which the event incorporated such a great importance? What could have happened if such critiques amplified their number? Our analysis is mainly based on documents from the National Archives of Romania. Moreover, for a better understanding of the topic, we have chosen to transcript the letter sent by Constantin Vasiliu and fragments from the discussions between the petitioner and Nicolae Ceauşescu, Petre Lupu and Ştefan Voicu, about the manner in which the communist leaders of the time understood his attitude towards the cult of personality.
More...Keywords: cartography;ottoman fortifications;tabya;palanka;fortresses;Dobrogeass;
When preparing the documentation for some historical studies in order to update the zoning plans for the territorial-administrative units in Tulcea County, we encountered problems in locating the fortresses and fortifications built by the Ottomans in Dobrudja. Therefore, we initiated an extensive research to identify the historical documents and cartographic sources mentioning the plans of the Ottoman fortresses in Dobrudja. Cartography is an “image maker” throughout history, helping us put together the pieces of the evolution of Ottoman fortifications. Our endeavour has contributed to improved knowledge of historical geography, identifying sites that, unfortunately, are lost nowadays. Research was carried out in two main phases: the cabinet phase (analysis of topographic and cadastral maps, historical maps, documentary sources, imagery, GIS analysis) and the field phase (archaeological field research, archaeological topography, taking low altitude aerial photographs using drones – UAV). The analysis and interpretation of the aerial and satellite photographs represented the most intense activity, whose results were integrated into a GIS. This is actually the most effective working methodology for our purposes. Earthen fortifications have been included in our mapping project of lost missing medieval fortresses in the area between the Danube and the Black Sea. The tabya is the only evidence of a system of fortifications made by the Ottomans in the neighbourhood of the settlements: Tulcea, Isaccea, Babadag, Hârşova and Medgidia. The methodological approach opens new perspectives in the extended mapping of the archaeological landscape, studying the effect of the Ottoman conquest and domination in Dobrudja.
More...Keywords: Bucharest;Middle Ages;traumas;violence;
Archaeological surveys in 1972 and in 2010-2011 at University Square in Bucharest, Romania, led to the discovery of 688 graves in the cemetery of St. Sava Church, dated to 16th-19th centuries. The Ottoman, Tartar, Russian and Austrian invasions of Bucharest in the late and modern periods are likely responsible for the death of some the individuals buried in St. Sava cemetery.The object of this paper is the analysis of the violent injuries identified on the skeletons, detailing their type, location, distribution by sex and age, affected skeleton segments, incidence of peri- and antemortem traumas. The results of these observations were compared to data from other sites with similar temporal and geographical features as to ascertain the possibility of a distribution pattern of the traumas depending on type, sex and age of the individuals etc. Male individuals account for greater number of injuries compared to the females, leading us to the conclusion that men were the main target of the attacks.The demographic profile of the individuals that suffered violent traumas (peri- or antemortem) also shows higher incidence for 30 to 49 year olds and absence of “defensive” injuries on the limbs for most analyzed individuals. Given these observations, we conclude that most of the individuals were civilians who fell victim to military violence during the invasions or to sporadic civilian attacks.
More...Keywords: sub-Carpathian Moldova; salted water; ethno-archaeological research
La zone précarpatique de la Roumanie orientale, particulièrement riche en sources salées, est l’une des très rares régions d’Europe où les pratiques traditionnelles et non industrielles d’exploitation et d’utilisation du sel principalement sous forme liquide persistent encore largement. L’exploitation actuelle de ces sources salées, en dehors de toute mécanisation, organisation économique et réglementation juridique, offre l’occasion rare, sinon unique en Europe, de mener des recherches ethnoarchéologiques dans des conditions proches, pour certains aspects, des sociétés préindustrielles.À la suite des travaux préliminaires de l’équipe roumaine publiés dès 1992, un programme interdisciplinaire franco-roumain débuté en 2003 a montré la nécessité d’approfondir ce type de recherche à partir d’une méthodologie rigoureuse, fondée sur l’élaboration de questionnaires ethnographiques précis mais ouverts. A partir d’octobre 2007 les recherches ont été efectuées dans le cadre du projet CNCSIS-PN-II-Idei, code 414/2007.Les enquêtes ethnoarchéologiques ont été effectuées soit directement à la source salée, soit à la bergerie, soit au village/ville, et ont été centrées sur plusieurs thématiques visant la compréhension des méthodes d’exploitation et d’utilisation de cette ressource au sein d’un espace original. Aussi, on s’est attaché à spatialiser l’information à travers des questions concernant les modes de transport employés, les rapports distance/fréquence d’utilisation, etc. Les résultats des questionnaires conduits durant les étés 2004 à 2007 dans les départements de Neamţ et de Bacău ont permis de mettre en évidence des comportements d’approvisionnement, de préparation et de (re)distribution originaux : aménagements des captages, utilisation de récipients spécifiques, groupe spécialisé dans la fabrication de sel cristallisé, troc et échanges contre des céréales, etc. Ces informations ethnographiques de première main permettent aujourd’hui d’enrichir les hypothèses archéologiques autour des relations évidentes entretenues entre les émergences d’eau salée et la chasse et le gibier sauvage, ou des modes d’utilisation (alimentation humaine et animale, conservation des aliments et des fourrages, halothérapie) ou encore autour de l’organisation sociale des exploitations et des pratiques d’échange et de troc.
More...Keywords: Interwar Communists; Institutional Autobiography; Autobiographical Narrative; Biased Retrospection; Constructed Identity
The Romanian Communist Party’s narratives regarding its own “clandestine history” were far from being consonant, but rather unpredictable, incoherent, and (sometimes) contradictory. In a similar manner, the personal memories/histories of its most important members were subjected to an analogous process. Discussing the “institutional autobiographies” (mandatory documents for every party member) of seven important senior members of the RCP, my article is trying to decipher the mechanisms and techniques through which these subjects defined, reconstructed, and reinvented their “identity” and their “revolutionary self”, within a process that thoroughly considered the party’s (re)evaluation of its own history. The analysis focuses on issues related to the individual’s “social” and “ideological biography”, while also acknowledging the individual’s narration of the “revolutionary self”. These themes defined one’s political capital, a detail that was determining one’s role and statute within the party’s structures.
More...Keywords: administrative documents; documents excepted from the control of the court of administrative disputes; documents which concern the relations between the President of Romania and the Parliament of Roma
The problematical issues concerning the documents issued by the President of Romania in exercising his constitutional and legal powers and the settlement of disputes derived from these documents have been less discussed in the literature of speciality. Starting from this reality, this study intends to analyze these issues, by comparing the provisions of the Law on the administrative disputes No 554/2004 to the provisions of the revised Constitution and to other special normative acts in the matter. In this context, the study analyzes in detail the documents issued by the President of Romania in exercising his constitutional and legal powers, the documents issued by the President of Romania which may be subject to an action for administrative disputes, as well as the documents which are excepted from the control of the court of administrative disputes.
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