Keywords: Sharia; intentions of Sharia; Sharia marriage; depreciation of a spouse; striking a wife; abuse; isolation; nushūz; darb;
This article aims at reviewing the available interpretations of the terms nushūz and darb in both classical and contemporary translators and interpreters of the Qur’an and with a view of corresponding legal regulations derived from therein. We also here attempt to offer some fresh views in the field in the context of the contemporary time and space and in agreement with the general principles of Islam and the intentions of the Sharia law. The terminology may, if misinterpreted, result in the misperception of the text of the Qur’an and consequently bring about its inadequate implementation in a form of laws and regulations regarding marriage and the family. In this article we tried to answer the question: Are the available interpretation of the terms nushūz as -disobedience of the wife – and ad-darb as – chastising / striking of a wife in collision with the intentions of the Sharia? In this sense, we also discussed the sensitivity of marital relations and issues in the light of differing perceptions of the Qur’anic terms nushūz and ad-darb. Keeping in mind the intentions of the Sharia which regard human dignity as a value that has to be protected, the author here looks into options that offer a different interpretation of ayahs 34. And 128. Of the surah An-Nisa where the terms nushūz and ad-darb were used.
More...Keywords: West Pomerania; late gothic; altar retable; sacra conversatione; late gothic sculpture; West Pomeranian art
The altarpiece of Lubowo (Łubowo) appeared in the time of the last months of Second World War. In fact, a German officer deposed the parcel by the Pomeranian family. After the war, when the parcel was unpacked, the depositors discovered the late medieval triptych on. It has been conceded to the filial catholic church in Starowice and in 1975 placed in the parish church in Lubowo (Łubowo). The altarpiece has been restored in the years 1974–1975 and in the years 1994–1995 by the renovation ateliers in Gdansk (Gdańsk) and Szczecin. The retable has a central part with the figures of Mother of God with Child and two saints – James the Older and Antony Abbot. The two wings contain the quarters with figures of saint. The left wing contains the figures of saints John the Baptiste, Peter and Paul above and Barbara, Catharina and Dionisius below. The right wing contains the representations of two unidentified saint and saint John the Evangelist above and Margaretha, Dorothy and Laurent below. The message of this composition of figures consist on the Redemption represented in the figure of Madonna with Child, because the little Jesus bears the apple, symbol of sins and its redemption. The groups of figures represents the particular categories of Saints – apostles matyrs, virgins, confessors. The altarpiece has been created in the context of life of urban communities of Pomerania – the cities who managed the international commerce. The citizens needed a particular tool of visual communication, who proclaimed the Christian realities, Zofia Krzymuska-Fafius recognized the stylistic analogies which connect our altarpiece with different other realizations in the German areas. She founded similarities in the late gothic works of sculpture from Szczecin Dabie (Dąbie), Osnabrück, Bordesholm and Würzburg. But it is possible to compare our retable with different example of Pomeranian altarpiece from Stary Ludzick and Koszalin.
More...Keywords: Reading a book; poetry; literature; Jane Austen; Thomas Hardy; Defoe; Milton; Shakespeare;
U ovaj kasni sat svjetske povijesti, knjige ćemo pronaći u gotovo svakoj prostoriji u kući – u dječjoj i u primaćoj sobi, u blagovaonici i u kuhinji. Ali u nekim su kućama knjige postale tolika družina da ih valja smjestiti u njihovu vlastitu sobu – sobu za čitanje, knjižnicu, radnu sobu. Pa zamislimo da se upravo nalazimo u jednoj takvoj sobi; sunčanoj, s prozorima koji gledaju na vrt, čujemo kako vani šušte krošnje, vrtlar nešto viče, magarac njače, stare žene čavrljaju kraj crpke – i svi uobičajeni životni procesi slijede svoj neobavezni nepravilni već stoljećima isti tok. Baš tako neobavezno, baš tako porno, i knjige su se taložile po policama. Romani, poeme, historije, memoari, rječnici, atlasi, katalozi; knjige obučene u crnu kožu ili knjige sasvim nove; knjige na francuskom i njemačkom i latinskom; svih oblika i veličina i vrijednosti, kupljene za potrebe istraživanja, kupljene da ispune putovanje vlakom; knjige koje pripadaju raznovrsnim vlasnicima, bićima ovakvog temperamenta i onakvog, bićima ozbiljnim i lakomislenim, ljudima od akcije i ljudima knjiškim.
More...Keywords: translation studies; book covers; reproductions of paintings; metaphor; definition of translation;
Skibińska analyses reproductions of paintings on book covers in translation studies.She assumes that the paintings are consciously choice and related to a particularunderstanding of translation; the book cover, meanwhile, is treated as an iconic metaphorreflecting this understanding. Skibińska demonstrates that book covers in the Frenchseries “Traductologie” fail to convey the editors’ concept of translation, while paintingsreproduced on the covers of stand-alone publications by single or multiple authorshighlight the translation’s relationship to the original, suggesting that a translation – theresult of the original’s transformation and a separate entity at the same time – maintainsa unique memory of the original; it is its illusory equivalent or representative.
More...In Szczepan Twardoch’s novels Król [The King of Warsaw] and Królestwo [The Kingdom],the modernist order is based on violence – a violence transforms the old world into thenew one. This “founding violence” (René Girard) is a travesty of the myth of the cosmicturning point, of the victim-king and the downfall of his kingdom. Twardoch showshow in this process a new anthropology is born. Within that anthropology, Jews (beingrepresentatives of the order once revealed by God and now considered obsolete) areeventually excluded. They become the victim whose death is to bring an ideologicalpurification of the world. Hence the Shoah is perceived as an embodiment of a gameof uncertain rules – in Girard’s terms, this is “a game of mortal fear”, a fear that is desiredonly to be finally “overcome in death and downfall”.
More...Keywords: Danube Bulgarians; Pliska; Urbanism; Urban Culture; Urban Architecture;
The Great Bulgar Khaganate became a state in the north of the Black Sea in the first half of the 8th century. Its collapse during the second half of the same century, caused the heirs of the Khaganate to migrate to all directions. One such migration began with the aim of finding a new homeland. Therefore, they looked westbound towards the Balkans, under the leadership of Asparuh Kagan. The Bulgars had already been organized along the southern border of the Lower Danube. They had ruled over that geography for two centuries and were the architects behind Bulgaria’s transformation – which had included the tribe union, to the name of the country. Pliska bears distinct traces of the nomadic Turkish culture in the Balkans and was first established as a Bulglar military in the 680s. It eventually became a capital city later on. Archaeologists had pinpointed the probable location of Pliska during excavation work in the 19th century, near the village of Aboba (eastern Bulgaria). Over time, further archaeological digs have revealed that Pliska had architecture, administrative and military buildings, and economic vitality (as a producer of commercial goods, crafts, agricultural tools, and equipment). Bringing Saltovo-Mayaki cultural elements – including ancient beliefs – to the region they migrated to, the Bulgars succeeded in creating an urban culture that included the settled peoples of the Balkans.
More...Keywords: myth; management; mind; evolution; cognitive science;
The aim of the article is to consider whether the mental mechanisms essential for the functioning of a myth, used effectively for many years in culture-creating activities (especially in the area of art and entertainment), can also be applied to the processes of cultural management. The hypothesis of such a possibility is based on the belief that the same properties of human cognitive architecture that account for the popularity of the form of myth are (or can be) used to shape specific attitudes and actions. In particular, this applies to such properties of myth as narrative communication, fiction, worldview referencing, concepts of agency, as well as counterintuitive imagery and primary metaphors. The article is a theoretical study based on a review of literature in the field of the theory of myth and cognitive science, discussing the perspective of the application of findings made at the intersection of these two domains in management theory and practice as well as potential empirical research in this area.
More...Keywords: flaneurism; Antun Gustav Matoš; Branko Čegec; electronic flaneur; mediasphere; modernism; postmodernism;
This article explores the relationship between Matoš’s modern literary oeuvre and his modern media flâneurism with Branko Čegec’s postmodern intermedial literary flâneurism, by relying on the theoretical considerations of Dubravka Oraić Tolić, Krešimir Nemec, Igor Gajin and Goran Galić. The article provides an overview of the history of terms flaneur and flâneurism, with an emphasis on how they apply to Čegec’s and Matoš’s work. Since the subject in the poetry written by Čegec meanders along the signifier paths, it is necessary to determine its position in relation to the subject in Matoš’s texts. The analysis confirms that Čegec, like Matoš, is using the postmodernist apparatus, albeit with certain literary departures, to rely on intermedial sources and traces, and is thus giving a symbolic postmodern response to Matoš.
More...Keywords: Travnik speech; Central Bosnian sub-dialect; Ikavian-New-Shtokavian (western) dialect; four-accent system;
Data related to the Travnik area speech at the end of the 19th century are scarce. Most data are provided by nine questionnaires from the survey Pitanja o govoru prostoga naroda from 1897 kept at the National Museum in Sarajevo. The data from those questionnaires, though invaluable for the dialectology of the central Bosnian area, has not been comprehensively presented or processed so far. The purpose of comparing the speech data of Travnik and its surroundings at the end of the 19th and data from late 20th century is to gain an insight into the changes that occurred in this Central Bosnian sub-dialect of the Ikavian-New-Štokavian (western) dialect. Data from 1897, as well as from the end of the 20th century (Govor u slivu Lašve, Valjevac 2002: 3–290) confirm that the Travnik speech is Ikavian, Šćakavian, New-Štokavian, with a stable four-accent system. In the span of one hundred years, the retreat of certain dialectological lines is noticed, that is, the withdrawal of a more archaic spoken type over standard-language forms, has been observed. These changes are evident at the phoneticphonological, morphological and syntactic, as well as the lexical level. A detailed description of the features of Travnik speech at the end of the nineteenth century at the phonetic-phonological level is presented in a paper titled Govor Travnika krajem XIX stoljeća: Fonetsko-fonološke osobenosti (Alić 2001: 147–151). The purpose of this paper is to present the characteristics of the Travnik speech towards the end of 19th century on a morphological, syntactic and lexical level, and then compare the Travnik speech from the end of the 19th century with today’s speech of Travnik and its surroundings. In this way, the data of the nine questionnaires from the survey Pitanja o govoru prostoga naroda will be fully processed and presented to the scientific audience. Without data from the Pitanja o govoru prostoga naroda, it would be impossible to see the changes that took place in the Ikavian-Šćakavian speech of Travnik and its surroundings in the last one hundred and twenty years.
More...Keywords: literary onomastics; literary onyms; anthroponyms; toponyms; crematonyms;
In the context of the onomastic reading of Ibrišimović’s entire literary oeuvre, in which the name occupies a special place as a multilayered linguistic sign, the historical onomastic space is revealed in the novel Karabeg. The onomastic layer in the novel is conditioned by multiple historical determinants, temporal (change of Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina), spatial (Mostar), cultural (Ottoman cultural circle) and religious (Islam). Karabeg’s onomastic analysis also includes a contrastive analysis of names in Hifzija Hasandedić’s monograph entitled Mustafa-Sidki ef. Karabeg (1944), which served Ibrišimović as a template and impetus for literary formation. In addition to the semantic and structural aspects of the recorded noun categories in the novel Karabeg, the names are analyzed in terms of their authenticity, realism or ictitiousness, trying to point out the multiple pragmatic value and functionality of names in the novel.
More...Keywords: Amanitins; α-amanitin; β-amanitin; γ-amanitin; Muscarine; Psilocin; LC/Q-TOF; LC-MS;
Analysis of biological material collected during autopsies and even from living humans for the presence of amanitins and other fungal toxins remains a challenge in forensic toxicology. A qualitative method for the detection of α-amanitin, β-amanitin, γ-amanitin, muscarine, and psilocin in blood and urine has been developed. To achieve this goal, solid phase extraction HLB 3cc 60mg columns were used. Blood and urine samples were purified with water and aqueous methanol solution, and then extracted with acetonitrile. An LC/QTOF system equipped with a C18 column was applied to identify the analytes. Acetonitrile and water with formic acid were utilized as mobile phases. The developed method was validated. The detection limits for α-amanitin, β-amanitin, γ-amanitin, muscarine and psilocin are, respectively, 1.4 ng/ml, 0.3 ng/ml, 1.2 ng/ml, 1.8 ng/ml, and 0.3 ng/ml in blood, and 1.5 ng/ml, 2.1 ng/ml, 1.5 ng/ml, 1.6 ng/ml, and 1.1 ng/ml in urine. The developed method allows for efficient, qualitative identification of all the above-mentioned compounds in a toxicological laboratory.
More...Keywords: Gorani; Klis; Konjic; folk speech; northern Herzegovinian speech type; Š(ć)akavian words; localisms;
The aim of this paper is to record and preserve in memory the unique linguistic treasure of one part of the Konjic municipality, more specifically the speech of the broader area of Gorani, that linguistically and territorially belongs to the part that has traditionally been called Klis. The paper has analyzed exclusively the speech of the local Bosniaks and has been the result of a decade-long recording of the lexicon and other linguistic features of the Gorani speech, produced by means of direct, spontaneous and directed conversations with the speakers.The peculiarities of the Gorani speech at the phonetic level are most obvious in one-syllable replacement of jat (djéte, sjȇno) and jekavian iotation (snjȇg, ljéha); secondary jekavian elements (djérat,vjȇr), as well as the consistent usage of ikavian words (nèdilja, kùdilja, sìkira); frequent usage of the ść/ś and źđ/ź groups(śćȃp/śȃp, ògnīśće/ògnjīśe, gvȏźđe/gvȏźe); the preservation of the sound h (hádet, herèza, zȍhōr), as well as the sound j in sequences dj (mèja, grȃja) and jd (dóji, póji). Morphologically important features include: infinitive without final -i (rádit, ȉć), imperative morpheme dȇr/dȇra (nȕdēra, dȅdēra, ùzmidēr), female names ending in -e (Fáte, Zláte) and -o (Šémso, Šéhro). The basic lexical feature of this speech is the preservation of a large number of Turcisms (àlčak, pàrmak, fȗrda) as well as the lexicon unique to this region (śućúrevica, gȏśica, ròvača, tàndrc, cȉba, lága, záli).
More...Keywords: Suhača; Livno; figurine; Pan; Silenus; Silvanus; Delmatae;
The classical antiquity figurine of god having attributes of human and Capricorn has been republished and presented in this paper. It was found in Livno vicinity prior to World War II. Nowadays we know the figurine was found in Crkvina in village Suhača nearby Livno. Based on the ancient records it was here or close proximity, where two reliefs dedicated to Delmataean pantheon, i.e., Silvanus, Diana and nymphs had been found. Undertaken analyses clearly revealed it was crafted during Hellenistic period presenting unification of Silenus and Pan. Given the fact the figurine was an import and had been found at the location where cult site (sacred grove) or shrine dedicated to Delmataean pantheon existed, ichnographically wise Delmataen have only been able to perceive the figurine as their highest god Silvanus. That introduced the discussion about certain stone reliefs of Silvanus, Diana and nymphs in Suhača as well as in Delmataean territory being older than Roman Empire period as they previously used to be dated.
More...Keywords: Qashqai; Turkish beliefs; intangible culture; hand woven; Shamanism;
The Qashqai refer to nomadic people who speak Turkic and live in southwestern Iran, primarily in Fars. Besides Fars, they are dispersed throughout Bushehr, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh, and Boyer-Ahmad. Today, this tribe is composed of six major clans: Amele, Dereşorlu, Şeşbeyli, Farsimedan, Küçük Keşküllü, Büyük Keşküllü. In terms of culture and customs, the Qashqai are similar to Turks living elsewhere in Iran and abroad. Like many Turkic-speaking communities, handwoven handicrafts have been an integral part of their culture, and over time, some beliefs have developed about the art of weaving. The proverbs, songs, poems, and expressions they use are partly influenced by shamanism and partly by their local culture. Accordingly, this study intends to determine the beliefs of the Qashqai regarding handwoven art. A field study was conducted in the province of Fars in Shiraz, Marvdasht, Firuzabad, and Farashband. The beliefs associated with Qashqai handwoven products fall into two categories: a) a reflection of the struggle against supernatural forces such as death, the evil eye, ill omens, and bad luck; b) the practice of appealing to supernatural forces; appealing for help from Imam Ali, asking for assistance from the angels, and making wishes. Study results indicate that beliefs about death, colors, the evil eye, wishing, and confronting the devil are mostly linked to Qashqai’s shamanistic beliefs. On the other hand, their beliefs concerning time and the sky, asking for help, and demonstrating power are largely shaped by the region in which they were settled.
More...Keywords: fashionable lady; Enlightenment comedy; marriage; money; social status
The article concerns interpersonal relations in the 18th century. Selected comedies of the Enlightenment, in which images of fashionable ladies can be seen, have been characterized. Among them are Umizgi dla przysługi by Jan Drozdowski and Powrót posła by Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz. These comedies show women who have given in to a bitter and materialistic world. The pursuit of money, they have led to a shuffling of life’s overarching values. The marriage is presented as an economic transaction. In the life of a partially emancipated woman, love recedes into the background. The model for the above-mentioned works is a satire by Ignacy Krasicki titled Żona modna, which shows that during the Enlightenment the reason for getting married was mainly financial or social status.
More...Keywords: authentic teaching material; intercultural competence; multicultural children's literature; foreign language; student-teachers;
In modern society, future teachers need to be able to recognize the potential offered by multicultural children's literature in promoting intercultural values in children as well as to feel confident in their ability to choose authentic teaching materials. Three picture books (The Rabbits' Wedding, Morris Micklewhite, and the Tangerine Dress and And Tango Makes Three) and one illustrated story (The Story of Little Black Sambo) were selected for research of students’ intercultural competence. The general research aim was to research the intercultural competence of Teacher Education students using authentic works of multicultural children's literature, whereby the specific aims sought to explore: a) students’ attitudes about the appropriateness of the selected topics for lower elementary school teaching; b) students’ ability to recognize whether the text and illustrations of the selected picture books/illustrated story promote intercultural values (e.g., acceptance of diversity, equality, empathy); c) whether students are trained to recognize the controversial content in the selected picture books/illustrated story, d) student’ self-assessed readiness to address the selected topics in their future teaching; e) student’ self-assessed difficulty in recognizing the representation of intercultural values in the content of the selected picture books/illustrated story. The sample of participants included fifty-six fourth-year Teacher Education students (40 students from the University of Rijeka and 16 students from the University of Pula) during two consecutive academic years (2020/2021 and 2011/2022). The participants filled out a questionnaire that examined the concordance between the content of the selected titles and the promotion of intercultural values, the existence of controversial topics, and the appropriateness of addressing the selected topics in lower elementary school teaching as well as the students’ self-assessed abilities to implement the topics of the selected works in their future teaching and the difficulty of recognizing intercultural values in the selected works were explored.The majority of students recognized the controversial nature of the three selected picture books – the implicit advocacy of the rights and equality of marginalized groups (same-sex adoption, depiction of transgender people, marriage of people of different skin color). Almost two-thirds of the participants encountered difficulties in assessing the presence of intercultural values in the selected literary works.
More...Keywords: the Sunnah; Hadith; pre-natal phase; embryo; foetus;
This article relates about the pre-natal phase of human life in the light of Messenger’s legacy. It comprises of two parts. The first part discusses Messenger’s teachings regarding the topic. These teachings are further classified into general directions and specific instructions. The other part of the article offers a scientific analysis of the subject matter. In fact, there is a number of traditions speaking of the physiological processes that occur in the pre-natal phase of life. These traditions are interpreted today in the light of scientific evidence and are also used as an argument in claims about the supernatural origin of the Sunnah.
More...Keywords: Mansfield; Wyspiański; Sędziowie; The Judges; Gericht; translation
In 2014 Edinburgh University Press published the third volume of Katherine Mansfield’s “Collected Works” – The Poetry and Critical Writings of Katherine Mansfield – which included all her translations, not only those of the works by A. Kuprin, A. Chekhov and F. Dostoyevsky, but for the first time also fragments of The Judges (Sędziowie) by Stanisław Wyspiański. The article explains a possible genesis of this translation, connected with the person of Florian Sobieniowski, who acquainted Mansfield with the work of the Polish playwright. The influence of Wyspiański on Mansfield was considerable at the time and might have been instrumental in her decision to undertake the translation already in 1909, or perhaps later, around 1912, when John Middleton Murry, the editor of Rhythm, decided to devote a whole issue of the magazine to the work of the Polish author. The translation may have also been done in 1917, the year entered on the manuscript by Murry, Mansfield’s husband and the editor of her work after the writer’s death. Mansfield did not know Polish, so she used the German translation of Sędziowie (Gericht) by Kasimir Różycki as a reference. Her translation, however, more faithful to the original, goes beyond the German text, which is a prose summary of the play. To show the quality of Mansfield’s translation, the article compares the solutions adopted by each translator to render the meaning of the same fragments of the play. Mansfield’s version suggests a close collaboration with Sobieniowski to find the rhythm, sound and meaning of the original, a pattern of work which she fully developed in her later translating collaboration with Samuel Koteliansky.
More...Keywords: Saatname; Science of The Stars; Future; Auspicious;
There are sciences in Turkish-Islamic culture that deal with various practices for learning the unknown and the future. One of these sciences is science of the stars. Although science of the stars is sometimes associated with fortune-telling and seen as an unrealistic science, it deeply affected the society. Beliefs that the stars have an effect on the works people do have led to the emergence of the genre called “saatname” based on this science. Such works were respected by both the public and the rulers. The impact of the seven stars on the works of the seven times of the day is the subject of the saatnames. There are many manuscripts in different libraries about the genre of saatname. However, most of such works have not been studied yet. There are few studies in the scientific field about the genre of saatname. In this study, a manuscript prose example of an unknown author in the Fleischer Catalogue of the Leipzig Library in Germany was examined. The text, which was arranged in the form of a small tractate, was written to inform the provisions of the hours, to indicate which works were good to be done at which hour and which ones were bad. In the text, the positive and negative effects of the seven stars in seven times of seven days are explained. The influence of the stars on the days and times continues in a regular circular cycle. It has been observed that the effect of stars on auspicious deeds is more. Another notable feature is that there is no mention of any sinister work when certain stars are in effect. It is important in terms of Turkish cultural history to evaluate many examples of saatnames, which are generally a short genre.
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