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Beyond any conceptualizing, language becomes at Saint Gregory of Nazianz grace-bearer, which opens the door to living through an unconceptualized apophatic reality, being both revealer as well as creator of theology. The paradox of this experiencing consists of exactly the fact that, although it belongs to the field of unconceptualization, it is expressed through language, which is a part of the conceptualized area. The unconceputalizing Trinity reveals Itself through the conceptualizing theological language, without depleting the concealement itself by doing so. Witness of this experience, Saint Gregory of Nazianz, who is also known as the hurt eagle, becomes himself, by means of his great love for the accuracy of the Orthodox faith, of his suffering for Christ s Church and by what has proven to be his deifyng pain, a creator of theology, and this, particularly because he is the Theologian.
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Emphasizing the fact that the human nature was of one essence with God’s Word, the Cappadocian Fathers stressed the cured character of God’s restoration. It is in fact a kind of return to the existential health status, which was the natural status of man creation.The power of Christ’s redemption work goes further all around the world by people participation to the human nature which is assumed, made of one substance, resurrected and blessed by God’s Word.As far as the individual restoration process is concerned, the Cappadocian Fathers insisted on the sacramental life beginning with the Holy Baptism considered to be the Resurrection Bath and through which we acquire affiliation and restoration in Christ communion.
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The present study is trying to highlight both the cult of the dead and the burial customs of the Semites. It also presents some facts concerning death in the myths of Gilgamesh and Adapa. In ancient times, death was seen as a shift towards another existential level, usually represented by means of symbols and images taken from earthly life. For instance, in Greek mythology death and sleep were depicted as twin brothers, and in platonic philosophy the body was merely a prison of the soul from which it could only escape through death. In Egyptian mythology the existence of life after death is admitted provided the three elements of the human being (body, soul and vitality) reunite after death. In the Middle East there is still a strong belief that the dead are still alive, death being simply the separation of the soul from the body. However, this is not a valid conception in the epopee of Gilgamesh, where the hero mourns the death of his friend Enkidu. Regarding the fear of death, Epicure tried to explain rationally that in spite of death being the most frightening thing in the world, it has no connection to the human being, because they exclude each other. Where there is life, there cannot be death and where death appears, life disappears, and so does the human being.
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Atanasie Lipovan was a brilliant music teacher and professor from Banat. From his youth, he showed a great talent for music and he studied with the most known teachers from that time. He was conductor of a choir, ”Doina”, and he studied a lot, even ten hours in a day, searching for best variants. In 1913 he was in a tour in United States, with his choir, and he made a great impression. He returned in Transylvania in 1918, and was appointed teacher for music at the Faculty of Theology in Arad. He died in 1947, at the age of 73 years. He is considered among the great composers and conductors of choir from Banat, in the first half of the XXth century.
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Through the earthly high priest, Christ exerts His high priesthood, His offering as a sacrifice to the Father and His dwelling as a sacrifice in ourselves. The bishop takes part in the sacerdotium of Christ, “the chief Shepherd” (I Peter 5, 4) and he is His visible prolongation over the centuries. The high priest is an intercessor who can cry out to heaven in the name of those who are indifferent, he can enhance the friendship with the Lord in the name of those who refuse Him, and he can offer his physical and moral sufferings in the name of those who revolt against hardships. When the bishop is inflamed with an ardent devotion to Christ, the High Priest forever, (cf. to Hebrews 6, 20) then his life is a centre of spiritual energy which extends the rays of renewal upon the whole Christian community entrusted to him.
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The present study illustrates the starting point of a psycho-pedagogical research regarding the prospective orientation of education towards the values of the material and spiritual folk culture. The author believes that this culture basically and prospectively constitutes a new curricular paradigm, capable to accomplish the students’ attitudinal and behavioural development, a dimension of the educational system which is far beyond the cognitive one.The obtained results, as a consequence of the development of the ascertaining investigation, strengthen the belief that it is necessary that primary education is oriented towards a curriculum regarding the traditional values and encourage the implementing of the actual experiment.
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Forth century would debute with the surprise given by Saint Emperor Constantine the Great who gives freedom of expression to Christian religion. It was a moment of deep implications both in term of bringing together the old roman mentality and the Church dogma, more exactly the dogmatic-martyrish/sacrificial consciousness until 313, but also regarding the subsequent evolution of the Empire on the matter of the parallelism between political philosophy and Christianity after 313. We propose through this study an introduction to identify the new paradigmatic structure initiated by Constantine the Great based on the perspective given by the documents of the time, the imperial politico-religious philosophy and the mentality of the imperial subjects intersected with Christianity.
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"1. ICONOGRAFIE 1.1. Iconografia monetară Monedele au constituit un foarte bun mediu propagandistic1 pentru idealurile Romei. Monedele Republicii subliniau noul rol al Romei, ca putere maritimă, în timpul primului război punic (264-241), apoi ele făceau aluzie la stăpânirea Romei asupra tuturor latinilor, la solidaritatea dintre statul roman si aliaŃii lui italici, în timpul celui deal doilea război punic.2 Monedele au început, cu timpul, să servească interese politice particulare, asa au apărut portretele monetare propriu-zise, mai întâi ale strămosilor îndepărtaŃi sau ale unor regi imaginari. Cezar a făcut pasul decisiv în portretistica monetară - portretul său figura pe emisiunile monetare. Atelierul monetar de la Roma a început să bată imediat, monede cu variaŃii ale noii teme iconografice. Cezar era reprezentat cu simbolurile rangului magistral si preoŃesc, iar în timpul împăratului Augustus monedele celebrau victoriile împăratului"[...]
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Le dėbut de La Tène dans le sud-ouest de la Transylvanie est situé dans la deuxième moitiė du IVe siecle a.Chr. Ce moment est marqué par l’arriveė des celtes et il est argumentė par les vestiges archėolgiques. Ils ont conhabitės avec les autochtones pour environ deux siecles et leur prėsence est documentėe par toute une sėrie les necropoles. Les habitats de cet horizon chronologique sont caracterises par l’association de la ceramique celtique.
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"Piesa, care figurează în registrul de inventar al Secţiei de Arheologie a Muzeului Brăilei cu numărul de inventar 13364 (Fig. 1), a fost descoperită în anul 1968, în urma cercetărilor întreprinse de Nicolae Harţuche şi Florian Anastasiu, în zona gropii de nisip din punctul Muchea, al satului Sihleanu, com. Scorţarul Nou, jud. Brăila (Harţuche, Anastasiu 1976, p. 180, nr. cat. 370; Harţuche, Anastasiu 1980, p. 96, fig. 3/8). Locul descoperirii este"[...]
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En septembre 2003 ans, à l’occasion des travails de terrassement dans la rue Vasile Voiculescu no. 13 située sur le „Colline Ţuguiata”, Bârlad (département de Vaslui) a été decouvert un tombeau double tumulaire qui appartenait aux petchéneques. Il contenait deux squelettes humains, des vestiges ostéologiques, une pointe de lance, un mors et un vas avec des signes alphabétiformes (Xe – XIe siècles). "Dintre populaţiile turanice care au pătruns în regiunile de la est de Carpaţi, cel mai important rol l-au avut pecenegii şi cumanii1, care au dominat acest spaţiu începând cu secolul X şi până la invazia mongolă din 1241. Cercetările de suprafaţă şi săpăturile arheologice efectuate în ultimele decenii au dus la acumularea unui material arheologic bogat, care a permis abordarea unor aspecte complexe ale vieţii turanicilor în jumătatea sudică a Moldovei. În acest context, articolul de faţă nu doreşte decât să semnaleze un nou mormânt turanic."[...]
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The chronology of the Celtic discoveries from Transylvania was a matter of debate for a long period. Some discussions referred to the dating of the earliest La Tène artefacts. The systematic analysis and publication of the cemetery at Pişcolt (Dep. Satu Mare) offered a basis for new assessments regarding the phases of the Celtic settlements from the Tisa Basin and from Transylvania. "De-a lungul timpului s-au purtat numeroase discuţii privind cronologia descoperirilor celtice din Transilvania. Unele dintre acestea s-au referit la datarea celor mai timpurii artefacte La Tène. Cercetarea sistematică şi publicarea necropolei de la Pişcolt (jud. Satu Mare) a permis reluarea discuţiilor privind etapele de evoluţie ale locuirilor celtice din bazinul Tisei şi din Transilvania. Complexele funerare din necropola meţionată se eşalonează pe patru orizonturi cronologice1 (Fig. 1): Orizontul I – LT B1/B2 (Krämer) – LT B1b-1c (Waldhauser). Orizontul II – LT B2 (Krämer) – LT B2a (Waldhauser). Orizontul III"
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The ancient plans of Braila City, together with the archaeological sources and the documentation of a narrative or iconographic nature could convey a lot of information. The study tackling all of them, during the period 1790-1898 must start with the plan made by Johann von Vermatti for the 1787-1791 war fought among the Turks, Russians and Austrians (1790). The 1790 plan, as well as other two sketches of the Citadel-zone (probably from 1810), ultimately reveal the importance of Braila’s fortification although they were made in an estimative way and consequently have to be examined with much caution. "Începând cu rândurile de faţă ne propunem să analizăm planurile oraşului Brăila, de la cel mai vechi (Johan von Vermatti, 1790) şi până în 1898 (planul Dufour), adică pe parcursul unui secol şi mai bine, plecând de la premiza că cercetările arheologice din ultimii douăzeci de ani realizate în aria oraşului vechi, precum şi alte surse, pot contribui la mai buna lor interpretare. Planurile oraşului Brăila, - dat fiind poziţia şi rolul acestei aşezări portuare, de la o vreme (1538-1540)1 fortificată de turci2"[...]
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"Săpăturile de salvare efectuate în vatra istorică a Brăilei, punctul Calea Călăraşilor 19, au adus în laborator pentru a fi restaurat un bogat material ceramic medieval din care s-au selectat fragmentele unor cahle verzi şi galbene, frumos ornamentate şi interesante din punct de vedere al restaurării. Conservarea şi restaurarea unui obiect, cunoaşte o anumită desfăşurare cu faze şi etape. În prima fază s-a evaluat gradul de fragilitate a fragmentelor şi starea lor de conservare. Şi cum printr-o examinare macroscopică nu putem pătrunde cu privirea dincolo de aspectul suprafeţei pentru a evalua gradul de degradare a obiectului, să stabilim cât de mult i-au fost afectate proprietăţile fizico-mecanice, şi cum determinarea compoziţiei materialului se referă în primul rând la analiza fizico-chimică, pentru aceasta restauratorul a solicitat intervenţia"[...]
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This work presents the conservation and restauration of a medieval pot-plate, 14th century, discovered in Braila. This pot-plate is scientifically restored with modern materials and methods. The specialist has found the most adequate conservation and restauration methods for stopping the degradadtion process and its reconstruction, thus recovering its historical and aristical value. The method involved the following technological process : the curative conservation – the washing of the fragments for desalinization; the cleaning and the removal of the earth, s marks; the pickling of the carbonates, deposition; the acid, s neutralization and the enamel, s consolidation. For all these operation have been used reversibile and compatible substances and adhesives. The operation of restauration involved in itself the following tehnological process : the assembling of pottery fragments; the moulding of the binder; the finishing of the binder; the reconstruction of the ornamental motif; the cromatic integration; the final conservation and the marking of the objects. "Ceramica este una dintre ramurile meşteşugăreşti şi artistice cele mai vechi. Cu toată fragilitatea ei aparentă, prin rezistenţa materialului din care este confecţionată - argilă colorată cu culori extrase din diferiţi oxizi metalici în stare naturală - ea a înfruntat milenii ca nici o altă creaţie a omului1. Dovadă că pământul adăposteşte pretutindeni în adâncurile sale un număr impresionant de obiecte din ceramică, ne demonstrează săpăturile aeheologice prin descoperirea acelor vase pe care omul le-a aruncat după folosinţă, ori le-a îngropat la căpătâiul morţilor2 cu ofrandă de mâncare sau pur şi simplu ţinând locul sicriului (vasele urnă), sau din motive de calamitate (fie naturală ori provocată). Aşa se explică prezenţa materialului ceramic descoperit în urma săpăturilor arheologice din vatra istorică a Brăilei, punctul Calea Călăraşilor 19, unde a fost colectată o mare cantitate de material ceramic, mai ales cel provenit din gropile menajere-reziduale. Prin examinarea cu atenţie a acestui material, s-a propus spre restaurare, o farfurie, ce a păstrat din original două fragmente,"[...]
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"În colecţiile Muzeului Brăilei există o serie de piese din piatră, descoperite fortuit sau în săpături sistematice. Pe teritoriul ţării noastre sunt răspândite inegal începând cu epoca neolitică. Le întâlnim în Muntenia, Moldova şi Transilvania. Până în prezent, în literatura de specialitate s-au strâns relativ puţine date despre astfel de piese. Situaţia se datorează şi faptului că majoritatea s-au găsit prin cercetări arheologice de suprafaţă, fără a fi studiate prin săpături sistematice"[...]
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L’article valorise une série d’informations et matériels inédits concernant la nécropole sud du groupe Ferigile – la nécropole de Teiu (département d’Argeş). Sont décrits les trois tombeaux découverts dans un sondage de vérification effectué en 1967. Tous les tombeaux étaient d’incinération, avec les os calcinés déposés dans des fosses sur lesquelles a été aménagé un petit tertre. Le tombeau 1 contenait trois vases, le tombeau 2 n’avait pas d’inventaire et dans le tombeau 3 ont été découvertes deux pointes de flèches en fer et un mors. Les matériels archéologiques se sont perdus. Ultérieurement, ont été trouvés à la surface du sol, dans le périmètre de la nécropole, aussi d’autres objets provenant de tombeaux détruits par les travaux agricoles, dont on garde dans le Musée Départemental d’Argeş deux anneaux à extrémités libres et une épingle à tête en forme de calotte, tous en bronze. La nécropole de Teiu appartient à l’horizon Ferigile Nord. Si l’extrémité est de la limite du groupe Ferigile est marquée par deux découvertes (Budureasca et Năeni) qui présentent caractéristiques propres à l’horizon final, Ferigile III, la limite sud était assurément atteinte dès l’étape correspondant à l’horizon Ferigile Nord (la nécropole de Teiu), horizon auquel appartient aussi la majorité des éléments culturels Ferigile présents à la limite ouest du groupe (Brebu et Ieşelniţa, probablement aussi Remetea Pogănici). En même temps, d’autres découvertes faites à la limite sud (Odobeşti, Leşile, Mozacu) attestent le prolongement des éléments culturels Ferigile dans une étape tardive, où font sentir leur présence les influences venues de la part de la culture gète ancienne, sans pouvoir totalement exclure la possibilité d’une certaine symbiose entre les deux blocs culturels. "Definit de către Alexandru Vulpe în urmă cu aproape patru decenii, prin exemplara publicare a staţiunii eponime, grupul Ferigile constituie entitatea distinctivă a Hallstattului târziu sud-carpatic. Aşa cum s-a arătat în repetate rânduri, aria sa de răspândire cuprinde zona de dealuri şi depresiuni subcarpatice din Oltenia şi Muntenia, în sens larg Platforma Getică din nordul Câmpiei Române2, doar extrem de rar monumentele de tip Ferigile coborând sub cota de 200 m. Se pot distinge, însă, cu relativă uşurinţă în cadrul acestei arii generale de răspândire (Fig. 1) două zone: un areal principal (Kerngebiet), cu o densitate maximă a descoperirilor, situat între cursurile superioare ale Olteţului şi Dâmboviţei, cu centrul de greutate în interfluviul Lotru–Olt–Bistriţa, precum şi un areal periferic (Randgebiet), alcătuit, la rândul său, din mai multe „periferii”:"[...9
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The decoration on the phalerae consists of geometric, phytomorphic, zoomorphic or anthropomorphic motives. Some of them render deities or mythological scenes. Lastly, it is worth mentioning that, besides their functional role, the phalerae are also very artistic due to their figurative representations. In the world of the nomads in the Eurasian steppes, the phalerae were generally used as harness appliqués, although they were mostly clothes accessories in the Hellenistic and Roman worlds – but had other uses as well. "Falerele sunt piese de podoabă din argint, rareori din aur şi, mult mai rar, din bronz, de obicei circulare în plan, plate, concave sau conice în profil, de dimensiuni variate. Obţinute prin ştanţare sau ciocănire, ele au fost finisate, în cea mai mare parte, cu dăltiţa şi punctatorul; erau ataşate prin nituri ori urechiuşe din argint, bronz sau fier, prinse, la rândul lor, cu nituri. Decorul de pe falere este reprezentat de motive geometrice, fitomorfe, zoomorfe şi antropomorfe; pe unele dintre ele au fost redate divinităţi sau scene mitologice. În sfârşit, trebuie menţionat că, pe lângă rolul lor funcţional, datorită reprezentărilor figurative, falerele reprezintă un interes deosebit ca obiecte de artă. În lumea nomazilor din stepele Eurasiei falerele au fost utilizate, de obicei, ca aplici de harnaşament, deşi în lumea elenistică şi romană ele au fost folosite, cu precădere, în ansambluri vestimentare, dar şi în alte scopuri. Începând cu a doua jumătate a secolului XIX, în stepele Europei de Est şi ale Siberiei de Vest, au fost făcute numeroase descoperiri ce conţineau falere bogat ornamentate din epoca elenistică. Acestea provin de la [...]"
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This paper present eight askoi of Hellenistic provenance discovered at Zimnicea (Teleorman county). This pieces are dated in the middle and the second half of the 3rd century B.C. "Printre importurile greceşti descoperite în aşezarea getică de la Zimnicea (judeţul Teleorman) se află un askos şi fragmente provenind de la alte şapte exemplare. Catalog: 1. Askos fragmentar. Lipsesc gura, gâtul, toartele şi părţi din corp. Ceramica fină, compactă, de culoare cărămizie-roşcată. Decorul, dispus pe suprafaţa vizibilă a corpului, constă din 16 benzi (frunze stilizate) radiare, de culoare roşie, delimitate la exterior de un cerc realizat dintr-o bandă de aceeaşi culoare. Dmax. = 12,3 cm; H = 6 cm. Zimnicea 1968; S VIII; Gr. 5; MJT, inv. nr. 25527 (Fig. 1/1). 2. Fragment din corpul unui askos (partea vizibilă). Ceramică fină, de culoare cărămizie la exterior şi neagră la interior. Decorul, pictat cu vopsea roşie, se compune din două grupe de câte trei linii concentrice. Între cele două grupe de linii se află benzi (frunze stilizate) dispuse radial. Zimnicea 1948; S IV; car. 9; -0,50 m. MJT. Inv. 25528 (Fig. 1/2). 3."
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L’articolo segue puntualmente la vita e la carriera di Stefano Tomşa II, principe di Moldavia (1611-1616, 1621-1623), prima della designazione al trono, all’epoca in cui il principato danubiano era vassallo dell’Impero Ottomano. Nato all’incirca fra il 1554 e 1555 a Oteşti, una piccola località nella provincia di Putna, Stefano Tomşa II fu uno dei figli di Stefano Tomşa I, l’effimero principe di Moldavia che guidò la rivolta di gran parte della nobiltà moldava contro il principe regnante Jacobo Eraclid Despota (1561-1563). Stefano Tomşa II fu probabilmente educato nella scuola della parrocchia di Rădăşeni, un piccolo villaggio della Moldavia Settentrionale, nella regione di Suceava, quindi, ancora molto giovane, si dedicò alla carriera militare entrando nell’esercito di Stefano Báthory, re di Polonia (1575-1586) e principe di Transilvania. In seguito passò come mercenario nelle truppe del re di Francia, Enrico IV, impegnato nella Guerra dei Pirenei contro il vicino Regno di Spagna. In circostanze ancora oscure, Stefano Tomşa II giunse a Costantinopoli dove, probabilmente, in virtù dell’esperienza militare acquisita in Occidente, fu assunto come ufficiale sul fronte iraniano, dove, ormai da anni, imperversava una cruente guerra fra gli Ottomani e Persiani. Grazie al suo impegno militare al servizio della Porta, Stefano Tomşa II ebbe la possibilità di riaffermare con successo i suoi diritti sul principato di Moldavia. Così, approfittando della decisione delle autorità ottomane di rimuovere dal principato Costantino Movilă, ritenuto troppo incline a servire gli interessi politici e strategici della Polonia, Stefano si fece designare principe di Moldavia nel 1611, come colui che era la persona più adatta ad instaurare l’ordine all’interno del principato e a contrastare con fermezza le velleità egemoniche della vicina Polonia. "Ascensiunea la tronul Moldovei a lui Ştefan Tomşa al II-lea, personaj atât de controversat şi, în egală măsură, interesant, necesită, pentru început, analiza referinţelor istoriografice care abordează această problematică. Primul cercetător care i-a acordat o atenţie specială lui Ştefan Tomşa al II-lea a fost Nicolae C. Bejenaru1, într-o monografie la întocmirea căreia a folosit numeroase surse cunoscute în perioada interbelică şi în care surprinde principalele momente care au marcat această domnie, reuşind să analizeze şi să evidenţieze atât aspectele pozitive, cât şi neîmplinirile ei. În prezentarea unor evenimente importante din istoria domniei lui Ştefan Tomşa al II-lea, ca episodul bătăliei de la Cornul lui Sas, din vara anului 1612, autorul nu a folosit decât un singur izvor contemporan, relatarea lorenului"[...]
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The transfer of knowledge and good practices from developed countries is necessary but insufficient for developing social enterprises in countries with emergent markets, such as Romania. The financing sources, the regulating framework and the integrated approach of the critical social problems are only a part of the challenges which determine nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to identify their own formula for developing some social enterprises adapted to the local context. This case study presents the difficulties that Prietenia Association encounters in its undertakings to implement a social enterprise for the integration of the mentally disabled people, having at core the model of its Swiss partner, Sonnhalde Gempen.
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Within the special protection system, the fostered children and young adults carry out independent life skills activities and occupational therapy activities where they produce ambient decorative items and clothing accessories that are very much appreciated within the exhibitions organized at local cultural – artistic events. The involvement of the beneficiaries in the activities to create, produce, capitalize and reinvest the gained profit, aims to boost the self-esteem, increase the team spirit and the work discipline, the respect for social norms and values, the motivation for study and appreciation for the incomes obtained through work, practically speaking, more social integration opportunities. Such a practice is used also among the children and young adults fostered by the Social Services Complex Târgu Frumos from the county of Iași.
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The article presents the strategy that served as the foundation of Social Economy Incubators within the ”Social Economy Model in Romania” project, in three development regions of the country. The article presents the role and the functioning mechanism of the Social Economy incubators and also the activity carried out by the staff employed by these three Social Economy Incubators. The three Social Economy incubators were set up in partnership with the Public Local Authorities from Sfântu Gheorghe (Center Development Region), Bacău (North-East Development Region) and Craiova (South-West Oltenia Development Region).
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The article aims to assess the extent in which the social economy paradigm was influenced by the socio-economical evolutions and challenges. The article makes a comparative analysis of the “classical” definitions of social economy in relation with the self-definitions given by the representatives of the Romanian social economy entities. To this end, the article presents the results provided by a quality research of focus group type. The research was carried out in the month of November 2011 within the project Social economy model in Romania POSDRU/69/6.1/S/33490, co-financed by the Social European Fund through the Sector Operational Program “Development of Human Resources 2007 – 2013” – Invest in People”, Priority axis 6 Promotion of social inclusion. The major intervention field 6.1 Development of social economy. Within the research, eight focus groups sessions were carried out, one session in each Romanian development region. The main conclusion of the article is that, at least in Romania, social economy is a paradigm that finds itself in a full process of change, change that is recorded also in the social economy draft laws.
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The study presents the evolution of the society's solutions for its malfunctions, starting from the assumption that any human group is faced with various forms of crisis. Some of the resolutions are considered to be utopias, others are considered derivations from matters related to social ideals, and most of them are defined as being assistential measures that react to the concrete social shortcomings. When the social assistance system has little efficiency and society is threatened to dissolute, the crisis is ameliorated by the compensatory intervention of social economy. The conclusion of the entire undertaking is that there is a complementary relationship between social assistance system and social economy that has modified the level of shocks triggered by crisis, making them bearable.
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This paper aims to emphasize the use of Social Economy Principles to the labour insertion of disabled people in Spain between the early eighties and the present time. The legal and financial set up of the subsector of the Social Economy is described to explain the institutional set up of the ONCE Institutions: Foundation ONCE-FUNDOSA Group-Foundation INSERTA triangle. This Institutional set-up is synthesized in the XTALENTO Programme that is co-funded by the European Social Fund. This social economy system has achieved remarkable indicators and is sustainable. Should Romania copy this model or should it extract the best practices? This open question closes the paper. As side elements, the sophisticated Spanish system to absorb structural Funds, in particular European Social Fund is explained and a comparison with Romanian system is done.
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The Second World War didn’t have only a strong impact on social, economic and politic life from all around the world, but changed forever the destiny of the contemporaries. There are many testimonies of people who where overheard in this fight , one side or other, and lived moments of terror, violence, humiliations or death. Is the case of two of the Romanian intellectuals who, after 23 august 1944, were found in the middle of a huge theatre of war, Germany: the writer Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu and the General Ion Gheorghe.
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The study „Traditionalism vs. modernity in interwars religious poetry” sugests the approaching of the way of the reception of religious poetry from the perspective of a transitional period under the sign of „traditionalism-modernity”. The research is focused on the subtle manifestation of the concept of „sacred” in the religious experience in its various stages of development / rehabilitation. The ideas that we advocate are that poetic horizons widened by new literary guidelines with the intention of moving to a literary Europeanism and that the desire of finding the right spiritual space for the growth of „pure poetry” led to the retrieval of human origin and to exploring the most hidden mysteries of the unconscious. In this way, interfered with the catalytic power of religious faith to justify, at least in theory, human fulfillment, spiritual aspiration in retrieving originating, spiritual and moral power, utopian hopes that led to the development of value judgments in religious-style poetry.
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Our study starts from two big themes of the contemporary culture: national vs. globalization and the danger of becoming homo videns, applied to the world of Romanian fairytales. Using theoretical approaches and theories by Lucian Boia and Giovanni Sartori, we applied first a questionnaire to students studying Romanian fairytales as literary genre and assumed to be familiar with national fairytales due to their age. Our questionnaire intended to depict a classification of literary characters based on the read text and TV images, speculating a new concept – superheroes. Starting from the conclusion of our questionnaire, we further identified contemporary tendencies of reviving national fairytales literature and the way that Romanian national mythology may pass from text to contemporary imagination based on visual elements or the more complicated reverse process, passing from visual elements to literary text as an intention to keep the elements of homo sapiens alive in the era of homo videns. This is the point where we studied the Romanian superheroes, a concept developed positive or negative. Our study refers especially to the positive exploit of the concept by a Romanian ONG, called Asociaţia pentru Promovarea Istoriei României.
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The Romanian Bible tradition2presets an important number of meta-textual elemnets. Glosses, introductions, footnotes or marginal notes represented the best way for translators and revisers to motivate in an explicit way their translation options and to present their translation strategies. In many cases a translation that presented marginal notes or / and footnotes was resulted from the translator’s need of overcoming a literal translation and, in the same time, a way of introducing his voice and way of thinking in order to be heard. The first translation of the Bible into Romanian language, The “Biblie” from Bucharest (1688) dominated the Romanian speaking area for 107 years, until next century when Samuil Micu’s translation, the “Bible” from Blaj appeared in 1795. This biblical translion is well-known today by the name - the Bible form Blaj (1795) - and not by the name of scholar who translated it, the Greco-catholic Samuil Micu. This translation had as source the text of the Septuagint, a protestant edition from Franeker, Holland, made by a known scholar, Lambert Bos, in 1709 and not Vulgata the representative text of the Catholic Church. Althoough the the Bible from Blaj (1795) is a new translation, after the Old Greek-text mentioned above, Samuil Micu had revised, in the same time, the text of the Bible from Bucharest (1688), the only complete translation available in that period. Although the translation from Blaj (1795) was accomplished by a Greco-catholic Romanian scholar, his text will be used almost in every subsequent Romanian translation and in some cases revision. This was the case of the edition that appeared at Sankt Petersburg in 1819, the edition made by the bishop Filotei from Buzău in 1854-1856, the edition from Sibiu made by Andrei Şaguna and the modern edition from 1914. The literal translation made by Samuil Micu is caracterised by an important number of 1631 of glosses, consisting in explinations of words, expressions. In this way the Romanian translator could inform the possible readers about some unknown realities and costums but, in the same time, could offer a second translation of a line. The first part of this paper is a description of the gloss translation and the second part deals with a classification of this notes. We chose as criteria for the classification: the content and the references to other important Bible translations. Many of the glosses present different comments and in the analysis we used for a productive comparison the two source-texts: the Septuagint from Franeker (1709) for the Bible from Blaj (1795) and the edition from Frankfurt (1597) for the Bucharest Bible (1688), Vulgata Clementina, the edition from 1929, Vulgata from Blaj 1760-1761 and the two partial translations: Ms 45 and Ms. 4389.
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The topic of this paper is, as we can notice, I.L.Caragiale’s poetry, while he is mainly known and appreciated for his dramatic and prose writings. Our intention is not to account for the literary worth of his lyricism, but rather to elucidate a specific reading mechanism. The issue is not that Caragiale wrote poems (after all, who didn’t?), but the fact that we, as Caragiale’s readers, do actually find them appealing. Why should we consider such a marginal work and how should we perceive this new image of a well-known author? But mostly, how should we read this kind of work – and, most of all, how does it interact with the author’s main texts? These are some of the questions we intend to answer. In order to do so, we will interrogate some previous critical analyses, thus performing what is called the “criticism of critics”. The conclusion of each of these analyses leads us to a specific reading strategy which is usually used by genetic criticism. When seen in this light, Caragiale’s poetry seems to no longer belong to a literary category; it actually evolves into a kind of pre-textual construction (an avantext), which, if carefully considered, can certainly add to the meaning of his main work, but still doesn’t seem to be appreciated as a real work of art.
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As the surrounding social environment becomes ever more diversified and complex, the individuals’ and also the communities’ typical reaction is to attempt to give meaning to and organise the stimuli with which they constantly come into contact. Such an undertaking involves a correct identification and an accurate comprehension of the most pervasive and representative characteristics of a given group of people, the manifestation of this ability leading to the creation of a coherent set of boundaries between “us” and “them”. The present study deals with precisely this type of relations, both from a theoretical and a methodological perspective. Although it focuses on history and historical writing, the article brings to the reader’s attention and briefly discusses a series of concepts and theories which can be (and sometimes have been) successfully applied in other social sciences as well. For this purpose, I cite the works of a number of renowned historians, such as Paul Ricoeur, Robert Darnton, Peter Burke, Roger Chartier, Michelle Vovelle, Georges Duby or Jean-Pierre Rioux. These authors’ innovative (for their time) and extremely well argumented opinions were thus systematised, summarised and integrated into what was designed as a comprehensive whole, with the purpose of yielding a pertinent approach to studying all sorts of identity related issues. After emphasising a number of cognitive and sometimes emotional phenomena associated with discovering and/or with writing about past events, I also briefly sketch the manner in which various factors impact upon the work of historians. I refer to such concepts as memory and forgetfulness, time and space, or fiction and fictionalisation. These types of influences mostly operate at an implicit level and therefore unconsciously affect the quality and trustworthiness of historical texts. Within this framework and once again making reference to the above mentioned authors, the present article argues that one cannot speak about a mere label modification, but about a qualitative evolution from the history of mentalities to the history of representations and, more recently, to cultural history. Even if the theoretical debates around the use and meaning of these concepts do not allow us to view this transformation as a paradigm shift in the sense defined by Thomas Kuhn, the fact that social sciences have undergone major changes in the last half century is an undeniable truth.
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Starting from the idea that the writers from Şcoala de la Târgovişte group are founders of Romanian postmodernism and Radu Petrescu is a member of this group, we will submit his fiction prose to a narratological "postmodern" schedule in order to perceive the constituent elements of the narrative discourse and the defining features of the one who constantly stated that his main concern is composition. The phenomenon of narrative polyphony is reflected in the fictions included in Addenda to A treia dimensiune by replacing the narrative courts, the narrator, the character and the reader constantly switching places. In Sinuciderea din Grădina Botanică this process is more organized because the performance of the three types on narrators follows a regulation. The homodiegetic narrator’s discourse succeeds the autodiegetic’s and the extradiegetic’s narration comes after the ones mentioned before. The postmodern fiction drops out the logical succession of events, counting now on emotions and feelings produced by the occurrence and not by the story itself, which leads to inability to "tell" the prose. Past, present and future actions are brought together in the narrative, a phenomenon that leads to hinder reading. Another feature of postmodern fiction is to create continuity between fiction, not by narrative development, but by using the same characters or sequences. The phenomenon of circular sequences released as concept by Cristina Hăulică is to be found in the fictional prose of Radu Petrescu as an identical form of repetition or with insignificant changes, at least apparently. Temporal discontinuity is a trademark of postmodernism perfectly visible in the writings of Radu Petrescu, for the priority seems to be creating the sensation of multiple beginnings in unity "Each chapter is a new beginning. The novel must make this very valuable and necessary unit as fortuitous as life itself" (Radu Petrescu). We will analyze the starting elements and those from the epilogue in order to distinguish the similarities and the differences with ragard to classical prose. The recommendation of Gerard Genette to operate analysis within microstructures of the prose will be taken into consideration because otherwise we risk to neglect the diversity and the coexistence of the tools that are used.In this material, the character, an element of the narrative text, will not be subjected to a thorough analysis as it will be the subject of an independent research. The references to this category will be made in order to create links with other structures forming the core of the narrative.
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One may say that about Tudor Arghezi – Romanian complex writer, first hand innovator of poetic language through the adhesion to Baudelaire’s aesthetics of the ugly and through its refinement in modernistic key, author of prose and literature for children, inconvenient journalist – everything has been already said. If this fact is not true for the reader, whose reading act may be free, it may be true at least for the researcher, who feels oppressed by the object of research Tudor Arghezi, wrapped in previous studies and researches on him. This first discouraging impression is, in fact, a difficult effect to prevent of a writer’s canonization. Our paper has the goal of emphasizing an implicit pedagogy of cremation present in Tudor Arghezi’s work and unveiling its significances for the nowadays context of cremation in Romania. It is the case of a context, characterized by the rejection tendency of cremation as a funeral complementary practice to interment and blaming the adepts through mass-media, Romanian Orthodox Church and public opinion. The secondary objectives are, on the other hand, refreshing the object of research Tudor Arghezi by placing the author in the cultural history of cremation, hypostasis of the history of death and dying, and, on the other hand, shaping a method of approach on cremation that would function as an alternative for the other options and that could be used nowadays, with real benefits for the individual’s freedom of thinking. Using literary analysis, as well as interdisciplinary theories and methods of investigating thanatology, we notice three major semantic-functional areas of the Arghezi’s pedagogy of cremation. On the cultural area we point out the writer’s criticism on entombment and cremation, and their deconstruction of the natural and/or sacred character. The comprehensive area refers to Arghezi’s attempt of assimilation and shaping a paradigm of cremation on a level of imaginary, having the result of softening the idea of cremation. We may highlight the fact that on the poetic area the cremation paradigm contributes to creating new poetic formulas of high originality with a double result: dismantling some stereotypes concerning cremation and modelling a potential of poeticity of the cremation paradigm.
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The paper aims to illustrate ways in which terminology is created in the old Romanian grammar books and the way in which they have been influenced by similar papers from other cultures. New terms are usually formed through loan translation from foreign models. Neologisms are used in the normative papers of the nineteenth century. The most important sources for the first grammar books are the Slavonic, Greek and Latin ones, which offer not only ways of organizing the Romanian grammars but also terminology models. In the first Romanian normative papers most of the terms are lexical or semantic loan translation, because of the lack of native terminology. Gradually, the old grammar nomenclature was used simultaneously with the one based on neologisms, this phenomenon being registered in the texts beginning with the eighteenth and ninetheenth centuries. I have elaborated a limited list of examples of terms, taking in consideration some theories about the loan translation, in order to classify them according to the source and the specificity of each one. The examples have been selected especially from Radu Tempea’s Gramatica românească (1797) and from other similar papers as: Dimitrie Eustatievici Braşoveanul’s Gramatica limbii rumâneşti from 1757 and Ienăchiţă Văcărescu’s Observaţii sau băgări de seamă asupra regulelor şi orînduielelor gramaticii româneşti from 1787. This research reveals the pressure from other cultures’ normative papers and, at the same time, the difficulties of adapting foreign terms to the Romanian system. These aspects are added due to the fact that until 1861 (when the Latin script is officially adopted), the Romanian language has been written with the Cyrillic graphy, which often proved to be inconstant. Considering the lack of a proper terminology, an Academy which organizes the normative writing papers process, a printing activity which supports and disseminates secular books, a consistent didactic literature, a large number of Romanian schools, the loan translation usage is justified. Even if they have an inconstant structure and a difficult meaning, the loan translation facilitates understanding of the terms, which is an important aspect, taking into consideration the fact that they were used as teaching books. Unlike them, neologisms facilitate the international circulation of grammatical terms.
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The present paper presents some key features of the postmodernist aproach to the medieval literature, in respect with the principles exposed by the New Criticism wave. The first emphasis is on the importance of the interdisciplinary studies in the context of the revival of medieval literature and the use of some modern critical intruments in order to reshape the past as textual community. In this respect, the concepts exposed by Mihail Bahtin in his works are of major concern in the analysis of medieval literature. Concepts like heteroglossia, dialogic imagination, plurality, multivocalism are connected with the work of Geoffrey Chaucer, a fourteenth century English writer. His major work, The Canterbury Tales, offers a reflection of the turbulent society of his age and is constructed upon a diversity of social voices. This study represents a plea for the reconstruction of the medieval texts in terms of modern critical inquiries.
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The present article aims to analyze the Romanian semi-adverb in the context of the contemporary Romanian language. Throughout the analysis, I tried to highlight the main aspects of the semi-adverb such as: 1. The concept of semi-adverb. Definition. Terminology. 2. Semantic categories of semi-adverbs. 3. Semi-adverbs from a semantic-functional perspective. 4. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms – semantic and formal relations of semi-adverbs. 5. The semi-adverb’s role in French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. 6. The semi-adverb seen in relation with the deficiency theory. Known as semi-adverbs, these units have a variety of interpretations and are the starting point for many approaches – lexical, semantic, morphologic, syntactic, and pragmatic. The category of semi-adverbs is quite controversial and very heterogeneous due to the variety of combinations available. The ambiguous nature and the abstract semantics of semi-adverbs leads to a difficulty in shaping a type of taxonomy that would fully satisfy all the constituent elements (approximately 70). The main impediments are, on the one hand, that these units may - according to the different meanings they can take – belong to two or three semantic subclasses, while on the other hand there are various points at issue regarding the semantic classification of adverbs in general. Therefore, while expressing a variety of shades of meaning, we suggest a classification that may facilitate an approach to this category which is far from being a complete classification. The comparative analysis carried out with the main Romanic languages (French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese) aims to be a means to show the current differences and resemblances between them, as well as a means to shed light on the importance of this category. Recent research in linguistics has produced a new theory that approaches all the categories of words - the deficiency theory (fr. déficience, faiblesse). Semi-adverbs have proved to be extremely compatible with this theory due to their heterogeneous character. This theory has many variants. The one we have chosen is the one detailed by A. Abeillé şi D. Godard, in their study Grammaire Typologique des Formes Faibles. To sum up, we can talk about deficiency when a unit does not have all the properties necessary to function in an autonomous way in a certain field of grammar. Thus, a unit may have deficiency at the phonological, morphological, syntactical or semantic level. In order to underline the aspects of the language analyzed, I have chosen as material basis Ion Manolescu’s novel “Derapaj” (”Sideslip”) and in order to highlight the differences between Romanian and other Romanic Languages, I picked the most important examples from the grammar books I have taken into consideration for this study.
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At first glance, literature and war have little in common. Literature is about creating something; war is the most destructive activity in which human beings engage. Writing usually requires order, quietness, and solitude; war is chaos and noise, and requires an enemy. However, given that war has been a nearly constant facet of human existence, it would be surprising if writers did not attempt to capture some of the reality of war within their works. In addition, many literary texts derive from pain, anger and despair more than from joy, and war is the source of pain, anger and despair on an immense scale. The twentieth century was tormented by great conflagrations, by terrible wars. The two Great Wars were not a “sources of energy” for the humanity, but they were definitely sources of destruction, pain, despair. Therefore, on a symbolic level, they also were sources of inspiration for writers. The war, with its multitude of facets (fair or unfair, civil war or cold war, the war between the generations, the war between ordinary people), represents either destructive, cruel and dehumanizing experiences or passions stronger than reason. As a result, the traumatic experiences on the battlefields became a great source of inspiration for all the writers. During the interwar period, many writers lived directly the experience of war. One of them was Camil Petrescu. This historical phenomenon was not depicted only by Romanian writers such as Mircea Eliade, Mihail Sebastian, Liviu Rebreanu, Cezar Petrescu, Hortensia Papadat Bengescu etc., but also by writers who belong to universal literature, the so called “lost generation”: Ernest Hemingway, Ring Lardner, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein. A writer who used the war and its devastating implications as a theme in his novels is also D. R. Popescu. Such novels as Cei doi din dreptul Ţebei, Întoarcerea tatălui risipitor, Oraşul îngerilor, Iepurele şchiop deal with themes like the absurd conflict of chauvinism, the adverse consequences of war, the conflict between people during harsh times. The present paper comes to prove that war, as an evil force, does not have the power to destroy the entire humanity, the man being able to find the right way through the maze of life.
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Women’s diaries written during the occupation are an evidence of the difficulties experienced by persons in the occupied territories, drawing attention to the term "home front". Many women remained in the occupied territories while husbands and brothers were away at the front and faced with all kind of abuses: requisitions, checks and arrests. The occupation regime is a complex situation involving moral and ethical judgments and choices with consequences for the dignity and integrity of individuals. German occupation in Romania during World War I divided public opinion into two camps: with or against the occupiers and allegations of collaboration have been a stigma that has long pursued those who were suspected of collaboration with the enemy. This paper analyzes three diaries written during the German occupation in Bucharest by women of Romanian nobility: Elisabeta Odobescu, Pia Alimăneştianu and Martha Bibescu.
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The most important moments of the Cold War were the outright confrontation between the USSR and America, the blockade of Berlin (June 1948-May 1949), Korean War (1950-1953) and the Cuban missile crisis (October 1962). After the Yalta Conference, 1945, our country is won by USSR. Then the Cold War took the frenzy totalitarian form: marches, demonstrations of friendship to the great Russian friend rescuer, economics agreements disadvantaged to our country. Great events of the world are censored, presented piecemeal in our country by those who were paid to praise the Russian diplomacy. However, in those years, after the Iron Curtain is interposed between the Eastern and the Western countries, there are people who had the courage to face the confession danger and one of them is the writer Ion D. Sîrbu. His journal, entitled “Diary of the journalist without the journal”, written in 80, fails to submit metaphorically the Cold War. Besides the Journal, in Ion D. Sîrbu’s work we can also see the symbolic image of the world’s war. It’s about hic tragicomedy, “Palutus and the mountebanks”. Ion D. Sîrbu uses two concepts to illustrate the world during the Cold War: the Good and the Evil. Every revolution begins with the overthrow of Evil: the burning of pictures, slogans, dreams, utopias, finally a new dictatorship and again a revolution. In this way, the Evil lives forever. The perceptions over the Good generate moral, endless conflicts, because Good is the misleading state, which destroys the human being’s lucidity. The confrontation between Good and Evil is one of misleading state. There is no difference between them.
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[Monica Lovinescu between the Initial Criticism Domain and the Issue of Totalitarianism] Culture represents the substance and the space of confrontation between the disclosed allocution and the propaganda of the communist regime. For more than three decades, behind the microphone of the Free Europe radio, Monica Lovinescu points to the Romanian society dominant thinking and develops the reader’s horizon of expectation. The totalitarianism controls and filters the broadcasted information in order to obtain an efficient political and ideological propaganda. Consequently, the media is clamed by both sides, because it is extremely important in the society’s political and cultural mechanism. In a democratic system, the politicians, the media and the public constitute a group submitted to power changes: they do not always know who wins and who looses. The communism strains the media to accept and to promote a certain kind of speech: impersonal, strictly informative and propagandistic. The media impact on the society depends on the suggested image, not necessarily on the real one. In this context, Monica Lovinescu speaks about the reappearing of the Romanian literature after the de-Stalinisation, about the evolution of culture and intellectuality, about the problems of Romania and the Romanians, about the censorship and the Security Service. This paper presents and comments the issue of the European and Romanian spiritual values as seen in Unde scurte (The Short Waves): six tomes that reproduce radio shows recorded between 1961 and 1995. Monica Lovinescu defends the pluralism in Romanian culture and politics, and her essays contribute to the debate on cultural values. She understands the deep nature of the communism and she tries to impose the right to normality, to sustain the truth. Undele scurte (The Short Waves) forms a moral guide with an educational mission. Its purpose is multiple: the rectification of the characters from the social and cultural scene, the improvement of the fight against politics and lack of aesthetics, the strengthening of Romanian culture, even if it is done from another geographical space. The chronics have a certain cruel sincerity that may sometimes appear as mean. This attitude is a sign of originality, of non stereotype thinking. The author does not embrace the ideas of her group if they do not convince or fit her. She denies the form in order to accept the style and she contradicts the mentality and taste of the present. She writes with sincerity what she thinks and lives.
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The paper aims to illustrate the initiatory experience of the poet Ovid, exiled to Tomis, in Dacia, and his spiritual metamorphoses during the exile. Ovid goes through a double initiation, in an unknown geographical area, but also in the Getae-Dacians culture. He discovers in the barbarian territory of the exile the spiritual superiority of a people with a different religion than that of the Ancient Rome: the faith in Zamolxis, the unique god, a religion which precedes the birth of Christianity. The spiritual centre of the world, represented by Ancient Rome, moves to the edge, Dacia. Getae-Dacians’ faith spiritualizes the space, one of the elements that determines a nation’s cultural identity and shape their way of life. The poet’s initiatory way is also a road to himself, where he finds his deep self being and has unit revelation, during the mystical experience from Poiana Mărului. The poet’s repentance, his conversion to Dacians’ religion, is anticipated by travels and discoveries with initiatory value, by signs and premonitions. The poet’s spiritual change occurs due to the loss of faith in Roman gods, of the inner need of metaphysics and due to the confrontation with death under various internal and external facets of otherness.
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Lifelong learning or continuous training of teachers involves the development of certain general skills as well as specific skills. The future teacher must possess and constantly develop methodological skills, communication and networking skills, student assessment skills, psychosocial skills, technical and technological skills, career management skills. The student majoring in Primary and Preschool Pedagogy develop an integrated set of skills and capacities for the implementation, the operation and especially for the transfer of the educational acquisitions, which allow the efficient performance of an activity, in this case the didactic activity, and the functional use of the knowledge, habitudes and teaching skills in various educational contexts. In order to form and develop competences as future teachers, it is necessary to develop knowledge, abilities, sub-competences. The following sub-competences can be taken into consideration: the ability of understanding information and pedagogical knowledge, the ability of explaining them, the continuous develop of a process of personal reflection, the capability of making connections between teaching contents, the ability of organizing and systematizing the pedagogical knowledge.
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Reading the entire work of the writer C.V. Gheorghiu and the biography of the man C.V. Gheorghiu, it is impossible not to notice the correspondence and interference between them. In fact, the writer recognized this feature of his work confessing and classifying it as intended. Analyzing the aspects related to his personal life and making correspondence with some subjects, places, characters from novels, we demonstrated by grouping on cycles C.V. Gheorghiu' work, that there is a link between the structure manifest of the text and an assembly of the author's own unconscious memories: Moldavia, the sealed fate, the Soviet, generally play a viewpoint supported by his own feelings and reality itself, in other words, the obsessive metaphors of C.V. Gheorghiu' work. The writer's personality consists in singing, like a poet in his work, the love of freedom, of God and Romania. And because love requires total dedication and loyalty, C.V. Gheorghiu understood to meet these goals mainly through his work, in which he saw a connection between him and the future society and also a shield in defence of personal myth.
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The main purpose of moral education consists in the formation of the individual as a moral subject who thinks and acts according to the standard of social ethics, of ideals and values and rules which it comprises. The moral profile of the individual represents an important value standard of the human collectivity. Moral education is not possible outside the social relations that are established between people. The structure of the moral profile represents a set of representations and moral knowledge, moral feelings, moral customs, traits of will and character. Of all the aspects of personality formation, the one regarding the moral and civic attitude has a central place because the entire behaviour of the individual relies on this attitude and is an indicator of his/her agreement with the moral and judicial norms of the community in which the person lives. The moral and judicial values are transmitted since childhood and they are the ones to shape the moral character and the personality of an individual. Among the components of education, the moral-civic one has a special place due to the role it has in the affirmation and integration in society and due to its complexity and specificity. The moral and the civic behaviour rely on each other and are interdependent because they require both obeying the legislation, the traditions and the values of a society and the main rules and moral values of a society. A major preoccupation for educators is the knowledge of moral development of the children and the influence they can have upon it. The child gets to know the awareness of moral duty through the example of his/her educator. Collective mentality and the system of education specific for the contemporary society can play a fundamental role in the fulfillment of moral education. The formation of moral conscience amongst pupils is an extremely important aspect which can help them distinguish between right and wrong, truth and lie, justice and injustice. These notions have special meanings in special education. Our paper aims at illustrating a series of modern methodological approaches (obviously combined with the classical ones) which can facilitate the understanding of some contents, the assimilation of knowledge, the moral development of the child’s personality, the elaboration and stabilization of his/her moral profile. With this regard, the referential titles in the literature of speciality, both from special psycho-pedagogy and methodology. Our paper relies on an obvious reality: in special education, the moral-civic formation is fulfilled in and through all the subjects of study and the contribution of all educators.
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The present study attempts to offer an in-depth analysis of Carol Ardeleanu’s literary work “Rochia albă” (“The White Dress”). The book is a collection of sketches and short stories published in 1921, where the author gathers miscellaneous facts that he literarily developes in a concise manner. Carol Ardeleanu attempts to present several dramatic moments lived by his favourite characters: losers, dreamers, and people living on the edge of society, etc. Mention should also be made about the author’s interest in veracity, observation, urban decayed environments, etc. developed in his future novels.
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Revaluation of mannerism in poetry of the 70s is a form of latent rebellion and the Romanian poets showed a propaganda to avoid dogma and rigidity constraint imposed by the regime. This vast creative force was a demonstration of underlying tendency to burst clear down and escape into aesthetic refinement (as the legitimization of the value space) and removing the need for lyrical forms encysted in the past and promote a new ideology. Freedom of writing, at that time was restricted. Limits were ideological imposed , censorship was the ultimate measure by which literature was evaluated.
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Memoirs are an important source of documentation, through the evocation of certain aspects of life and the repainting of a specific epoch. The pages of memories dedicated to the school life spent in Blaj are numerous, narrating various historical periods. Representative for the beginning of the twentieth century are those of Ştefan Manciulea, leading figure of the Romanian culture, memories gathered under the suggestive title of “Povestea unei vieţi” (“The Story of a Lifetime”). From the contents of the autobiographical book one can identify two chapters dedicated to the period of schooling of Ştefan Manciulea that portray aspects of the schools of Blaj both from the point of view of the student, his memories and feelings that have endured over time, but also from the point of view of the respectable old man, able to look back with some detachment, at the happenings of his youth. The perspective offered on the education from Blaj becomes more complex when he recalls the time spent as a teacher at „Sfântul Vasile cel Mare” Highschool or the time when he was in charge of the Greek Catholic Archdiocesan Library. There are highlighted aspects of the students’ origin, especially from the villages around Blaj, their adaptation to the severe program imposed by the school, but also their living away from home, in boarding schools or in hostels. Certain memories related to extracurricular activities, from the Reading group and the field works are also present. As a student at the upper secondary school in Blaj, he watches the show unfolding before his eyes from the point of view of the poor children who came from the countryside- Straja village, but also from the point of view of the memoirist, now a mature person, looking in retrospective at his past. Darker episodes of the school life of Blaj are told during World War I, the students, the multiple changes and the instauration of communism, with painful consequences for the teacher Ştefan Manciulea. Thus we can picture the education from Blaj, its role in the formation of character, in the destiny of these schools of tradition closely linked to the destiny of the people whom they sheltered, whether alumni or teachers.
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The present article tries to point out in a comprehensive manner mainly the results of the researches related to the way rapists tend to think and feel. There are also included typologies, myths, cognitive distortions, attitudes and factors implied in the phenomena.
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Causal-attributions focuses on the human need to understand, give meaning to, and ascribe causation to unexpected and unfortunate life events. Cancer is a stressful event that affects not only interpersonal relationships, but the ways to explain and experience life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the causal attributions for different type of cancer and their implications in the subsequent psychological and psychopathological manifestations related to cancer. At this study participate a sample of 120 patients with different type of cancer, aged between 36 to 70 years old. The following instruments were used: Beck Depression Inventory, Attributional Style Questionnaire, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Current Thoughts Scale, Satisfaction With Life Scale. The study contributes to the expansion and application of learned helplesness theory in psycho-oncology and, in addition, underline psychopathological mechanisms that occurs during the disease.
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Very frequent in psychological literature, terms as automatic, unconscious and preattentional are used as synonymous. But do these different words have the same meaning? Than why do we use all of them? Or are them different realities? The rows below are a synthetic article that intends to clarify this point by analyzing different perspectives on automaticity. In response, we concluded that the superposition between the mentioned concepts is only partial, depending on the particular type of task in use. Finally, qualitative and quantitative differences between automatic versus controlled processing are argued.
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The Temporal Experience Questionnaire (TEQ) was constructed by Ricks, Epley and Wessman, (1973) in order to asses the way in which people behave in time restricted situations and also measure the attitude people may have towards time. This paper presents the findings of a study undertaken to adapt the TEQ for the Romanian population. A sample of 642 subjects, 321 male and 321 female, were used. Based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis a four factor model was obtained. Results show adequate construct, convergent and discriminant validity of the adapted instrument as well as acceptable internal consistency for each scale. Test-retest coefficients (for a three month period) were very high.
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Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, especially of the bronchia. In the last ten years, researches have showed that bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disease of the bronchia which leads to significant changes in the treatment of the illness. The aim of the present study is to reveal the link between different psycho-social factors and the manifestation and evolution of the bronchial asthma. The two samples of the study consisted of 30 people diagnosed with bronchial asthma and 30 healthy people. The subjects were administered two psychological tests: the Freiburg Personality Inventory and the Symptom Check List. Significant differences have been observed between the two samples regarding the prominent features of personality; in addition, psychopathological traits occurred as a consequence of the illness. The psychological factors can also be included in the category of factors which play a role in the adaptation of the asthmatic patient to the chronic character of the illness besides age, the severity of the illness and the complexity of the treatment measures.
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According to the Self-Determination Theory, the negative effects of the extrinsic motivational orientation should be stronger in cultures which emphasize extrinsic aspirations. We used a Romanian sample and a British sample to test whether national well-being has direct effects on psychological well-being. We took measures of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, life satisfaction, affect, and meaning in life. The results were surprising, showing higher levels of intrinsic motivation for the Romanian sample, and lack of differences for well-being components.
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Simplicity and ease of administration have made anxiety self-reports one of the most popular assessment method among researchers and practitioners. Yet the fallibility of human memory and judgment has made this methodology the subject of much scrutiny and criticism. The current review aims to highlight both the advantages and limits of self reports in light of newly developed cognitive models of assessment (see Schwarz, 1999). Evidence suggests that, in order to edit their response to a self report question, participants must first understand it, then search their memory for relevant information, and finally translate their answer into a meaningful response. All these processes can be affected in undesirable ways by such factors as question order, question wording and available response options. The present paper thus discuss the processes that underlie self-reports, reviewing the distinct strength and weaknesses of this technique. Though valuable, anxiety self-report must not be view as the default or most desirable assessment method (as some researchers continue to see it), but rather as one assessment option among many others (i.e. behavioural, physiological, or implicit).
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According to Leventhal, the disease’s perception and coping strategy have an essential role in psychological adaptation through illness. Changing the negative perception of disease can be important in functionality and wellbeing improvement. In this article we propose to examine the role of perception in the process of coping mechanism choosing and its influence on emotional state of cancer diagnosed patients.
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Vasili Kononov a fost cetăţean leton până în 2000, când i s-a acordat cetăţenie rusă printr-un decret special emis de către Preşedintele Federaţiei Ruse, Vladimir Putin. În 1941, Germania nazistă a atacat Uniunea Sovietică, din care făcea parte şi teritoriul Letoniei şi a anexat zona baltică. În 1942, V. Kononov a fost recrutat în Armata Sovietică şi repartizat în regimentul de rezervă al Diviziei Letone. V. Kononov a luptat pe teritoriul leton ocupat de către URSS şi nici faptul că atunci exista o dublă ocupaţie, nici faptul că URSS făcea parte din coaliţia antihitleristă nu îi afectează statutul de criminal de război. Analizând probele, Curtea Regională a statuat că domnul Kononov a săvârşit acte interzise de Carta Tribunalului Militar Internaţional pentru Nüremberg-1945, de Convenţia de la Haga-1907, privind legile şi cutumele războiului terestru, şi de Convenţia de la Geneva-1949, referitoare la protecţia persoanelor civile în timp de război. Instanţa a stabilit vinovăţia lui Kononov pentru săvârşirea faptei incriminate de art. 68-3 din vechiul Cod penal şi a dispus privarea lui de libertate, de îndată, pentru o perioadă 6 ani. Kononov, cât şi Parchetul au atacat această hotărâre şi s-au adresat Secţiei de Drept Penal a Curţii Supreme. A urmat doua cercetare prealabilă şi al doilea proces. Secţia de Drept Penal a Curţii Supreme a statuat că domnul Kononov este vinovat pentru săvârşirea infracţiunii prevăzute şi sancţionate de art. 68-3 din vechiul Cod penal. V. Kononov a înregistrat o plângere la Curtea Europeană a Drepturilor Omului, a invocat violarea art. 7 din Convenţie, ca urmare a condamnării lui pentru „crime de război” pe motivul participării la o misiune militară punitivă, în al Doilea Război Mondial.
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The present study analyzes the content and limits of the right of association in political parties of people belonging to national minorities, the relationship between this right, democracy and national sovereignty, seeking to highlight the limits of state appreciation in this area. The purpose of this review is to propose an interpretation of the national rule concerning the right of association in political parties. For this purpose, we study the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence concerning the right of association in cases related to the creation / dissolution of some political parties of national minorities, where the Court had to consider the interaction of this right, democracy and national sovereignty. We then discuss the limits of applying such decisions, limits which in our view influence the exercise of freedom of association. We conclude with some remarks on the funding of political parties by foreign subjects of law.
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Acest text, extrem de important pentru teoria dreptului, a apărut în revista Ethics, în anul 1943. A fost tradus pentru seminariile de drept internaţional de la Facultatea de Drept a Universităţii de Vest Timişoara şi a fost tipărit în volumul intitulat Doctrină şi jurisprudenţă internaţională, apărut în anul 2004 la Timişoara. Cred că merită, în acest moment, o difuzare mai largă, mai ales datorită unor accente a căror actualitate sper că nu va scăpa neobservată (Valentin Constantin).
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Petiţia către CNCD arată că i s-a încălcat dreptul la demnitate pe criteriul presupusei apartenenţe etnice (maghiară) a petentului şi pe criteriul cetăţeniei franceze. Declaraţii de presă ale reclamatului: „Impunerea unui cetăţean francez, care nu cunoaşte limba română, în funcţia de Suveran Mare Comandor încalcă toate regulamentele şi constituţiile masonice româneşti şi internaţionale”; şi adresă trimisă mai multor persoane:„Închipuiţi-vă o singură secundă un Suveran Mare Comandor Român al Supremului Consiliu de Rit Scoţian Vechi şi Acceptat la Budapesta. De negândit, nu-i aşa! Noi putem, însă, să avem la Bucureşti de aproape 12 ani un Suveran Mare Comandor de naţionalitate maghiară, ales în condiţii mai mult decât contestabile, care nu vorbeşte româneşte şi care are un singur lucru în gură: «les roumains c’est la merde», «la Roumanie c’est la merde» (românii sunt rahat, România este rahat)”. CD CNCD hotărăşte: Faptele sesizate reprezintă hărţuire în conformitate cu prevederile art. 2 alin. (5) ale O.G. nr. 137/2000, republicată; Recomandă reclamatului să evite în viitor formulări ce pot duce la crearea unui cadru intimidant, ostil, degradant, ofensiv.
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Petentul, în calitate de reprezentant unic al minorităţii romilor în Parlamentul României şi preşedinte al Partidei Romilor, consideră discriminatorie articolele publicate în cotidianul reclamat - Jurnalul Naţional - cu scopul de a modifica denumirea de „rom” în denumirea de „ţigan”. Articolele conţin afirmaţii care ating dreptul la demnitate al persoanelor de etnie romă. Consideră că articolele publicate sub titlul „«ţigan» în loc de «rom»” şi „De la rom la referendum” reprezintă instigare la discriminare, rasism şi xenofobie, citând două fragmente: „în 1993 romii nu deveniseră sperietoarea Europei”; „Cuvântul «rom» nu are parfumul aparte pe care îl are «ţigan»”. „Recrudescenţa infracţiunilor comise de ţigani în Italia şi nu numai, precum şi asocierea acestor fapte cu poporul român prezentat ca un popor de violatori, hoţi are efecte negative nu numai asupra ţării noastre ca imagine, ci şi asupra românilor de bună-credinţă care merg în străinătate să câştige un ban cinstit.” CD CNCD hotărăşte: Faptele sesizate de petent reprezintă discriminare conform art. 2 alin. (1) şi aduc atingere dreptului la demnitate conform art. 15 al O.G. nr. 137/2000, republicată; Recomandă părţilor reclamate să manifeste exigenţă în raport cu modul în care se exercită dreptul la libertatea de exprimare din prisma reputaţiei sau a drepturilor altora, pentru a asigura respectarea demnităţii personale şi a principiului nediscriminării, garantate în România prin Constituţie şi O.G. nr. 137/2000.
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Din cuprins: Aromânii – origini, deplasări, aşezare istorică, statutul în cadrul Imperiului Otoman; Numele; Aşezarea în România; Identitatea colectivă şi situaţia prezentă: acţiunile pentru obţinerea recunoaşterii culturale şi politice; Dimensiunea de gen în comunitatea aromânilor: căsătoria şi obiceiurile familiale – succesiunea, grupul domestic extins; căsătoria endogamă; adulterul, divorţul, văduvia; Investigaţie asupra statusului femeii în comunitatea aromână.
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Obiect: neasigurarea unor condiţii normale de prestare a muncii, aplicarea incorectă a măsurilor disciplinare, hărţuirea, neplata liderului sindical şi desfacerea contractului de muncă. Reclamatul a invocat faptul că prin apariţiile în presă a petentului s-a afectat imaginea societăţii. Analizând articolele invocate de reclamat, se constată că ele au un limbaj adecvat, şi reclamă unele nereguli care ţin de activitatea unui lider sindical (cum ar fi întârzierea acordării salariilor, temerea privind trimiterea în şomaj a angajaţilor). Petentul a fost sancţionat disciplinar în mod repetat, iar reclamatul a declarat că ar fi „un refuzat al sorţii, care ar trebui internat la Socola”. CD CNCD hotărăşte: Neasigurarea unor condiţii normale de prestare a muncii, hărţuirea reprezintă discriminare conform art. 2 alin. (1), art. 2 alin. (4), coroborate cu art. 6 lit. e) şi g), respectiv art. 2 alin. (5) al O.G. nr. 137/2000, republicată; 2. Sancţionarea reclamatului R.C., director general SC A. SA, cu avertisment.
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The application of EU law to cases involving the granting and loss of the citizenship of a member state is a delicate issue, now considered for the first time by the European Court of Justice. While member states do enjoy sovereignty in deciding who is a national, are these powers unlimited? Being an EU member confers each of the 27 states a special legal identity, which makes it necessary to answer the question concerning the limits of this power. The Rottmann case, which is the starting point for this discussion, shows why it is necessary to reassess the distinction between situations that pertain to domestic law and situations pertaining to international law. Specifically, the illicitly obtained German citizenship of a former Austrian national was rescinded after he automatically lost the citizenship of his country of birth. This immediately leads to a loss of European citizenship as well. In reaching the conclusion that community law is applicable in this case, the Court decided to enforce the community principle of proportionality at national level.
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After a commercial for the weekly satirical publication Academia Caţavencu was widely broadcasted on TV in May 2010, the National Council of the Audiovisual (CNA) received three complaints concerning the “offense” to Hungarians caused by their portrayal as “conquerors of the Romanian people”, and, respectively, to Romanians, who were depicted as “s lazy south-east European people”. The CNA requested an opinion from the National Council for Combating Discrimination (CNCD), which ruled that the message in the commercial is stereotypical and creates a hostile, degrading and humiliating atmosphere for the members of the two ethnic communities. The CNA subsequently adopted this reading of the commercial. The study shows that these two institutions’ assessments exhibit an increasing tendency to render judgments concerning the professional contents of messages and on the characteristics of persons engaged in public debate. This readiness, together with the drawbacks of legislation in the field of fighting discrimination, leads to excessive interferences with freedom of expression. The norms and public policies in the field must be seriously reconsidered.
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The analysis of the ceremonial of Byzantine coronation during the last centuries of the Empire is focused mainly on the imperial raising on the shield and the physical unction. What is new and what is old in the two moments of Byzantine coronation? If the raising on a shield was practiced continuously between mid-4th century and early 7th century, to be resumed only in 1254, at the coronation of Theodore II Laskaris, in order to express more clearly the prominence of the army for the emperor as well as the Byzantine society at large, we can assert that physical unction is an innovation introduced in this ceremonial in the 12th century. Although both rituals are commonly associated with similar ones, performed in the West, their origin and symbolism were known to the Byzantines long before 12th-13th centuries. Thus, the Western influence so often mentioned in connection with the moments when the two rites were introduced in the coronation ceremonial is actually denied on the one hand by the practice of raising on the shield in a different historical period, and on the other hand by the different motivation and the notable differences in the material used for physical unction.
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