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Policy implementation involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an action. The systematic study of policy implementation is relatively new in the broader domain of social science. This paper, through a content analysis, critically examines the theoretical issues associated with policy implementation, and the factors associated with implementation failure. Some practical strategies are suggested to overcome implementation performance and concludes with the proposition that implementation failure is also due to lack of theoretical sophistication.
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When a group, irrespective of the species, uses identification elements/signals between its members and ones of differentiation against one or more individuals to adopt a certain delimitation attitude, we deal with discriminative behaviour. Always rooted in the prejudices widespread in the society, the nature and reasons of such behaviour depend both on the way in which society and its institutions are structured, and on collective representations and cultural patterns. The marginalisation or discrediting practices of the "weak" (women, elderly or disabled individuals) or of promoting a model of citizen with a certain cultural profile, physical aspect, and socio-professional condition involves, inherently, the existence of a part of population that is excluded to a certain extent. This paper presents the opinions of Romanians regarding minorities in general, and about their access to labour market, being the outcome of analysing data resulting from a 2011 survey.
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The objective of this work is to examine the consequence or implication of competition in the banking industry for financial sector development. Whereas, competition is good for individual banks, the customers, and the banking system, excessive competition has implications which should be carefully identified and accorded the necessary regulatory attention. To examine the consequence or implication for financial sector development, a blend of exploratory, investigatory and descriptive technique was used. These methods were employed in order to capture the competition in the banking industry in Nigeria and its effects on financial sector development. Some of the implications identified to have direct bearing on the system?s stability are related to supervision, risk management, corporate governance, market discipline, and self-regulation. Notwithstanding the enormous challenges posed by the keen competition in the industry as a result of consolidation, there is no doubt that the regulatory authority have been proactive and put in place policies to guarantee safety and soundness of the banking industry. The study concluded that the reforms introduced in the banking sector in the late 80's, raised the degree of competition and improved the level of efficiency of the Nigerian commercial banks.
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The objective of this work is to examine the consequence or implication of competition in the banking industry for financial sector development. Whereas, competition is good for individual banks, the customers, and the banking system, excessive competition has implications which should be carefully identified and accorded the necessary regulatory attention. To examine the consequence or implication for financial sector development, a blend of exploratory, investigatory and descriptive technique was used. These methods were employed in order to capture the competition in the banking industry in Nigeria and its effects on financial sector development. Some of the implications identified to have direct bearing on the system?s stability are related to supervision, risk management, corporate governance, market discipline, and self-regulation. Notwithstanding the enormous challenges posed by the keen competition in the industry as a result of consolidation, there is no doubt that the regulatory authority have been proactive and put in place policies to guarantee safety and soundness of the banking industry. The study concluded that the reforms introduced in the banking sector in the late 80's, raised the degree of competition and improved the level of efficiency of the Nigerian commercial banks.
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Discrimination is a phenomenon encountered in the majority of societies, and it reflects on various groups based by: race, nationality, religion, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, persuasions, belonging to a disfavoured group, age, handicap, non-transmissible chronic disease, HIV infection. Any individual may be exposed to discriminatory acts at a given time for one or the other reasons, in certain situations and contexts. Irrespective of the discrimination type to which an individual or a group is/are subject, it is important to act for combating and diminishing all forms of discrimination because any such form affects under one or the other aspect to a large extent significant groups of individuals. The present paper intends to analyse the European legal framework regarding discrimination, respectively mobbing on the labour market with emphasis on the situation of women. A series of normative acts at European level are presented and detailed which are intended to contribute in counteracting the discrimination and mobbing phenomena, as well as models from some countries of the European Union (Spain, Italy, France, Poland and Slovakia).
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Even though child marriage is a human rights abuse, the practice persists in many developing countries. About 39,000 young girls are married each day amounting to 15.1 million a year. In the past, half of these cases have occurred in Asia, while a fifth in Africa. While this remains a major challenge, there are limited studies focusing on the attempts by the victims to free themselves. Therefore, this study sought to examine socio-cultural and institutional factors that hinder marginalized persons to access justice. This is a qualitative case study of an indigenous girl who disappeared while seeking to free herself from forced marriage. The study shows that: conflict between customary values and mainstream justice values; negligence on the side of the local provincial administration; lack of concern from society; and interrelationships between poverty and family as well as culture and wealth constitute part factors that hinder access to justice. The study suggests that to be able to address the problem of access to justice effectively; there is need to reduce inequalities by empowering local communities with alternative to justice mechanisms which take into account the transformation of indigenous knowledge in order to make it competent enough to advance the development needs of the marginalized people in a globalized.
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This article reports on stress during restructuring in a tertiary institution in New Zealand and compares it with South African legislation. The aim of this research is the engaging of HR to minimise the impact of stress on staff effectiveness and performance. Data was collected using a quantitative instrument distributing the survey electronically to 291 staff from "Faculty A" at a Tertiary Education Organisation in Auckland; the response rate was 20.3%. The findings of the study demonstrate high positive results to factors that cause stress within organisations during organisational restructuring. Stress can enhance a person's performance; excessive stress can have a reverse impact on a person`s health resulting in lower productivity. Stress was not managed up to staff expectations during the restructuring and the impact was more severe than was expected.
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In this paper, we analyse profiles of the active population in relation to some new situations of working time overload and from the viewpoint of labour intensity: the relationship between certain socio-demographic characteristics, the experimentation of some new situations such as the ones described above and the behaviour in relation to employers and labour market, in general. All these types of situations that might occur on the job can be framed into the wider category of “working conditions” and represent, together with the factors with negative impact that can be grouped under the heading “working relationships”, the main factors generating stress on the job. The impact of these factors is heightened on one hand by the general socio-economic context and on the other hand by certain individual characteristics of the employees. The data show that a relatively significant share of the individuals included in the sample of our research experimented on the job stress generating situations, among which the most encountered one is work overload, either by compulsory overtime or by increasing the work intensity or sometimes because of both. On the other hand, the general economic context represents a cause for on the job stress, because of the increased pressure on the employer and employee.
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The paper overivews international conventions focused on eliminating the discrimination of women. Particular attention is paid on the progresses registered by Romania in this respect. The existing institutional building and legislative framework support implementation of the assumed responsibilities. The monitoring and evaluation of women's situation in Romania is still lacking, as the last progress report was subbmitted in 2003. Political long-term commitement in this direction could improve the current situation especially from the women's state of affaires monitoring point of view.
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In the present article, there is examined the issue of discrimination against women on the labour market, taking into account three essential aspects: employment, wages and promotion to managing positions. For gathering the data, there was resorted to the statistical analysis and a sociological field research, among a representative population, constituted of 1,500 subjects, from the South-West Oltenia Region. Some of the collected data is commented in the present work. The official statistics shows that the share of women who occupy this area is of 52.4%, lower than the national average, of 56.2%. Over 28% of the questioned people considered that the gender discrimination represents the main impediment of employment, to which there are added other reasons too, such as: the lack of qualifications and studies, prejudices and household chores etc. The statistical data attests the fact that, within EU, women have been averagely remunerated with 16.4% less than the men, while in Romania, a man earned 9.1% more than a woman. The sociological field research showed that women are disadvantaged as regarding the choosing of profession, almost 40% of the inquired subjects stating that they are unable to work in certain fields, which are exclusively occupied by men. Moreover, it was noticed that women have a more reduced share in the economic and political management. For example, in the Romanian Parliament, the share of women is of 18%, that of the men of 82%. This situation is also met in other countries, as Italy, where 69% of the parliamentarians are men and 31% are women.
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The Roma communities in the European Union and in Romania are confronted with several important problems such as the lack of jobs, limited access to health care services, low education level, overcrowded houses, no property over the houses and land they use and, in general, a high level of passiveness regarding the problems confronting them and a very low level of civic involvement. In Romania, over 200 non-governmental organizations are presently undertaking both integrated actions, part of some national and international policies and programs, and singular actions with the purpose of responding to contextual needs of some Roma groups or communities. The main directions of activity of the non-governmental organizations involved in the promotion and supporting of Roma population`s participation in economic activities are progressing in accordance with the speed and quality of the social economy principles` development and implementation. This article describes the legislation from Romania and from the European Union, that addresses the Roma. The article highlights the role and the actions of several important and active NGOs supporting Roma population in it`s integration efforts, in order to intensify the participation of the vulnerable groups of population in economic activities in general, and in their communities in particular.
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The article starts from some conceptual specifications concerning the definition and general social functions of the family. After that, it presents some of the main existing demographic trend in European space including Romania in the field of family demography. It is analysing some factors of modernization of the European family, but also some particular aspects of the relevant national context. The article uses data and information from international statistics (UN), Eurostat data, but also data from national censuses and statistics.
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