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Wyobrażenia przeszłości

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Metaforycznie rozumiane miejsca pamięci – minione wydarzenia, dawne symbole i postaci – są historycznymi fenomenami, które stają się punktami krystalizującymi nasze zbiorowe wyobrażenia o przeszłości. Przez ostatnie ponad ćwierć wieku, za sprawą Pierre’a Nory, w kulturze europejskiej miejsca pamięci rozumiane i badane były głównie na podstawie doświadczeń jednego narodu. Na ile rozumienie obrazów przeszłości zmienia się, gdy spojrzymy na nie z perspektywy historii wzajemnych oddziaływań dwóch sąsiadujących ze sobą od ponad tysiąca lat społeczeństw? Takie pytanie legło u podstaw polsko-niemieckiego projektu, w którym wzięło udział 117 autorów z sześciu europejskich krajów. W efekcie powstało liczące ponad 5000 stron, w języku polskim i niemieckim, dziewięciotomowe dzieło Polsko-niemieckie miejsca pamięci (Warszawa/Paderborn 2012–2015). Jest to opowieść o Polsce i Niemczech, o wzajemnych relacjach i sposobach ich pamiętania.

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Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w polityce oświatowej państwa polskiego w latach 1944 - 1966

Author(s): Ewa Pogorzała / Language(s): Polish

Zasadniczym celem badania była próba opisu i ewolucji modelu polityki oświatowej państwa polskiego wobec mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych w badanym okresie. W odniesieniu do koncepcji polityki oświatowej państwa polskiego wobec mniejszości narodowych podjęta została próba określenia i zastosowania autorskiej periodyzacji. Wyróżniono następujące etapy polityki oświatowej wobec mniejszości: od polityki akceptacji do polityki restrykcji (1944–1948), okres polityki unifikacji (1949–1955), okres polityki aktywizacji (1956–1960), okres polityki marginalizacji (1961–1966). Analiza zebranych danych źródłowych pozwoliła stwierdzić, że mniejszości narodowe stanowiły istotny problem w polityce oświatowej państwa polskiego w latach 1944–1966. W szczególności dotyczyło to mniejszości słowackiej, żydowskiej, niemieckiej, białoruskiej, litewskiej i ukraińskiej, czyli grup, które od przełomu lat 40. i 50. XX w. objęte zostały jednolitym modelem kształcenia, na wzór radziecki, w państwowych szkołach z niepolskim językiem nauczania. Centralnym punktem analizy uczyniono szkolnictwo dla mniejszości narodowych jako główny przedmiot polityki oświatowej wobec mniejszości. W tym zakresie analizowano sytuację decyzyjną, tj. główne uwarunkowania i czynniki polityki oświatowej, treść decyzji i dyrektyw wykonawczych (założenia organizacyjne i wychowawczo-programowe szkolnictwa dla mniejszości), proces implementacji tych decyzji (polityka w zakresie sieci szkolnej) oraz jej efekty – w aspekcie ilościowym (struktura szkolnictwa) i jakościowym (stan szkolnictwa). W badaniach nad podjętą problematyką przyjęto rozumienie polityki oświatowej wobec mniejszości jako działalność władz państwowych regulujących sytuację tych grup w dziedzinie oświaty poprzez akty normatywne i decyzje stanowiące uprawnionych organów. Należy przy tym wskazać na dwa przeciwstawne wymiary polityki oświatowej wobec mniejszości: restrykcyjny – negujący prawo tych grup do oświaty w języku ojczystym oraz kompensacyjny – afirmujący prawo do oświaty w języku ojczystym jako wartość autoteliczną lub tylko je akceptujący jako wartość instrumentalną dla osiągnięcia określonych celów politycznych. W pierwszej połowie lat 50. XX w. PZPR, zawłaszczając podmiotowość polityczną ogółu społeczeństwa, w tym mniejszości narodowych, zdecydowała o kształcie systemu oświaty. Głównym celem polityki oświatowej stała się indoktrynacja społeczeństwa. W tej sytuacji ojczysty język nauczania stanowił tylko środek do osiągnięcia tego celu, nie zaś do podtrzymania tożsamości narodowej członków tych grup.

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ISLAM U KULTURNOM IDENTITETU EUROPE

Author(s): Rešid Hafizović / Language(s): Bosnian

U sveukupnoj povijesti muslimanskog mišljenja klasična perzijska poezija je bila ta koja je već od ranijih vremena položila temelje onoj duhovnoj pojavi u mislećoj tradiciji islama danas znanoj kao ‘religija ljubavi’(dīn al-’ishq, madhab al-’ishq). Motrena u svjetlu duhovnih činjenica uzetih iz sveobuhvatnog sadržaja primarnih vrela islama Kur’āna i Hadīsa, ‘religija ljubavi’se jednostavno nadaje kao istinska vjera u pogledu Božijem od predvječnosti do postvječnosti, posebice ukazivanjima o činu Božijeg stvaranja svijeta i krunskog Božijeg stvorenja u njemu – čovjeka. Bez nje kao takvegotovo da uopće nije moguće podizati ono što se nazivakulturnim identitetom jedne društvene zajednice. Kakogod je Ljubav prevladavala u Božijem tvoračkom razvijanju‘stranica’ Prirode kao ‘prve objave’ Božije, skupa sa božanskim atributima Znanja i Milosti, ona je većma dominirala i u Božijem oblikovanju njegova krunskog stvorenja, čovjeka, koga je Bog oblikovao u dvije egzistencijalne inačice (Sād, 75), dotaknuvši ga sa ‘svoje Dvije Ruke’, smjestivši njegovo srce ‘među dva prsta Milostivoga’,1 to jeste između božanske Ljubavi i Znanja, i učinivši ga jednom od krajnjih svrha vlastitog stvaranja,baš onih svrha u čijim ljudskim cjeloživotnim plodovima trebaju biti sukusirani najbolji učinci božanske Ljubavi i Znanja.

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Community Perspectives on the Prevention of Violent Extremism in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Sead Turčalo,Nejra Veljan / Language(s): English

The purpose of this research was to identify common and distinct factors of resilience or vulnerability to violent extremism in Bosnian communities as well as the influence of key actors on those factors. Cantons selected as case studies had the highest number of parajamaats and foreign fighter departures, such as Sarajevo Canton (SC) and Zenica-Doboj Canton (ZDC), or had no parajamaats or departures, such as Bosnian-Podrinje Canton (BPC). The research sought to answer three main questions: 1) What are key factors of community resilience or vulnerability, and what factors are linked to the development of violent extremist beliefs by individuals and groups and the choice to join foreign violent extremist groups? 2) Which key actors influence community vulnerability or resilience to violent extremism, and how do they shape such dynamics? 3) What is the impact of existing PVE programmes and initiatives in BiH on factors of community vulnerability or resilience to violent extremism? Researchers also wanted to determine: What are the primary entry points for PVE programming and response in BiH? And what crossover exists between PVE activities and peacebuilding and reconciliation efforts in BiH? This research identified several factors and actors that contribute to the degree to which certain communities in BiH have been affected or unaffected by radicalisation. The history of the 1992–1995 war has especially played a decisive role in shaping post-conflict radicalisation processes. This is true both in terms of how wartime actors and activities sowed the seeds of the Salafist movement in BiH and how wartime networks in certain communities increased the likelihood of investment by specific foreign actors in the post-war period. While researchers found that all these communities share some characteristics, including a lack of trust in institutions and a sense of uncertainty about the future, the main differences between affected and unaffected communities are linked to the war.

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1945. Kpaj или нови почетак?

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Croatian,Serbian

In 2015, the world celebrated its 70th anniversary since the end of World War II. On the initiative of Dr Dragan Aleksić, the Institute for Contemporary History of Serbia decided to join the commemoration of this significant date by publishing a collection of scientific papers that would not only be of a suitable character but would also represent a scientific contribution to the anniversary. It was an honor for me to be the editor of this collection, and my idea of ​​what it should look like revolved around 1945 as a turning point: a time when the war was ending and a new era was beginning. The end of World War II, to a much greater extent than the end of World War I, also marked the end of an old, pre-war world. After World War I, three empires disappeared, a series of new states emerged, democracy and the right of peoples to self-determination became generally accepted ... The end of World War I sowed, however, the seeds of the next world slaughter. It was incomparably greater than the previous or any other war in history, and its end created a world that people who lived in 1914 would never recognize. Europe was devastated, effectively divided between the two victorious superpowers, while the old European powers were losers or mere formal victors: soon after World War II, and in large part thanks to it, the colonial empires of Great Britain and France began to crumble rapidly, giving birth mainly during the first two postwar decades the world as we know it today. [...]

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Dostaňte zákon na svou stranu: Jak slaďovat rodinu a práci?

Author(s): Eva Fialová,Martina Štěpánková,Michaela Marksová-Tominová / Language(s): Czech

Cílem manuálu je zprostředkovat informace pro lepší možnost sladění rodinného a pracovního života, popřípadě inspiraci v možnostech, které máte a na které máte právní nárok. Prvním tématem publikace je mateřská a rodičovská dovolená a příspěvky, které máte v této době možnost pobírat. Právní úprava je poměrně rozsáhlá, proto jsme udělali stručný výtah z celé analýzy v kapitole Vaše práva ve zkratce. Od každého bodu zde najdete odkaz, kde se konkrétní záležitostí podrobněji zabýváme. Slouží k tomu, abyste si vybrali, co vás zajímá, a nemuseli číst celou právní úpravu. Je zde například oddíl věnovaný osobám samostatně výdělečně činným, najdete informace o možnosti střídat se s partnerem na mateřské či rodičovské dovolené, o výši příspěvků, o tom, kdy a kde žádat o příspěvky, a tak dále. Ve druhé části manuálu přinášíme právní informace, které se týkají flexibilních forem práce, a jejich výčet. Podrobněji se věnujeme částečným úvazkům, na které máte právní nárok, pečujete-li o dítě mladší patnácti let. I zde je opět oddíl Vaše práva ve zkratce, který umožní odskoky k tématům, jež vás budou zajímat více. Tento oddíl je také obohacen o kapitoly Jak přesvědčit zaměstnavatele k jednotlivým formám flexibilních uspořádání. Jsou zde zdůrazněny výhody a nevýhody jednotlivých pracovních uspořádání a záležitosti, na které máte dát pozor. Ve třetí kapitole se věnujeme dohodám o pracích konaných mimo pracovní poměr a práci konané na základě živnostenského oprávnění. Na tuto kapitolu jsme se zaměřili zejména s ohledem na to, že mnoho osob pracuje v době mateřské a rodičovské dovolené formou brigád, především z důvodu vysoké flexibility a možnosti pracovat z domova. Zaměřujeme se na výhody a nevýhody takto konaných prací. V závěrečné kapitole přinášíme krátkou inspiraci pro rodiče, kteří mají ve svém okolí nedostupné zařízení péče o děti, například z důvodu kapacity, a rádi by s tím něco udělali – najdou v ní konkrétní rady, jak lobbovat na svém místním úřadě. Budete-li mít jakékoli další právní dotazy, kontaktujte prosím naši on-line právní poradnu na www.rovneprilezitosti.cz. Za Gender Studies, o. p. s., vám přejeme inspirativní a podnětnou četbu.

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W kręgu wyobrażeń zbiorowych. Polityka, władza, społeczeństwo

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish

This work is a collection of articles written by representatives of various social sciences whose filed of interest lies within such categories as: collective representations, collective memory, collective identity, myths and stereotypes. Politics should be seen as the common denominator for this broad spectrum of issues raised in this publication as it lies in the centre of the attention of each and every author who contributed to this work. The variety of interests and research orientations corresponds with today’s postulates of sharing interdisciplinary reflections on complex and complicated issues – the issues discussed in this monograph should be considered as such. The first texts in this work are strictly theoretical and deal with: an attempt to categorize the collective representations; an analyses of the the anthroposphere of our days and the return of the “enlightened” man, but not in the understanding of Immanuel Kant; the approximation of the contents and forms of utopia – the utopia of thought and the utopia of deed, which seem to begin to reappear in the political thought of some circles. The majority of texts found in this work refers to the case study, analyses the myths, stereotypes, collective memory and the collective identity of different societies: Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Chinese, North Korean and that of former Yugoslavia. The originality of this work is strengthened by the studies devoted to the rare research ideas such as the importance of myths in sport’s diplomacy. It seems that such a broad spectrum of themes focused on the topic issues creates an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the collective spaces.

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DAESH PROPAGANDA, BEFORE AND AFTER ITS COLLAPSE. COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM

Author(s): Charlie Winter / Language(s): English

This report compares two archives of official Daesh media that were compiled four years apart. It explores the nuances of the group’s worldview and tracks how external and internal situational exigencies impacted them during its formative years as a caliphate. It finds that the organisation’s media infrastructure was about one tenth as productive in mid-2019 as it was in mid-2015. The data also show that it was spending more time covering the pursuits of its global network in 2019 than in 2015. Finally, the data point towards a substantial thematic rearrangement in the organisation’s overarching propaganda narrative that manifested in it shifting its story away from millenarian utopianism and towards military denialism. In sum, the data indicate that by 2019 Daesh’s propagandists were far less productive and their aggregate product was more international and less focused on civilian issues. This shift points towards a new phase in the group’s political marketing trajectory, one focused more on survival than on expansion.

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Ethno-religious conflict in Europe

Author(s): / Language(s): English

This book comes from a large research endeavour of the European Union’s 6th Framework Programme, called ‘Microcon’, standing for the micro-foundations of violent conflict. In its entirety, Microcon consists of 28 component projects undertaken by 22 research centres across Europe, under the coordination of Sussex University. The Microcon website (www.microconflict.eu) gives a full account of participants, objectives and results. The project runs from 2007 to 2011.This book addresses the greatest source of societal tensions and violent conflict in contemporary Europe, involving people from minority groups of Muslim culture. Six country case studies – on Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Russia and the United Kingdom – give a comprehensive account of Islam-related tensions and violence, from the jihadist terrorist acts seen in Europe in the aftermath of 9/11 in the US, through to the urban riots of the type seen in France in 2005. These events are analyzed with a common typology together with detailed accounts of the social context in each country. Also included is an interpretation of the fundamental nature of the Islamist terrorism in Europe, with the outline of a strategy to repel it. The book is a unique source for those seeking to understand the nature of ethno-religious violence in contemporary Europe.

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POLITICS AND PROFIT IN THE FAKE NEWS FACTORY

Author(s): Jonathan Corpus Ong,Jason Vincent Cabañes / Language(s): English

The Philippines represents a national context where disinformation is becoming ever more entrenched into the political system, in spite of global attention and investment in the fight against fake news. Three years ago, a toxic election campaign headlined by misogynistic rape jokes, false papal endorsements, and imposter news websites ended with a surprise outcome that upended the entire political establishment. In the May 2019 midterm election, new interventions such as platform bans, fact-check partnerships, and digital advertising rules were introduced to curb the spread of similar tactics. Recent research discovered, however, that the digital disinformation industry has only further expanded and flourished, with digital operators controlling a more substantial chunk of the political campaign war chest.

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RUSSIA’S NARRATIVES TOWARD THE WESTERN BALKANS: ANALYSIS OF SPUTNIK SRBIJA

Author(s): . Atlantic Council of Montenegro / Language(s): English

The Kremlin-sponsored Sputnik news website has been recognised as one of the primary channels of Russian influence in the Western Balkan (WB) media space, and so a comprehensive analysis was conducted to learn about its content and way of operation. This report is based on analysis of a year-long monitoring process that lasted from 1 January to 31 December 2018. The focus was on Sputnik online platform https://rs-lat.sputniknews.com that has presented information in the Serbian language since 2015 (hereafter referred to as Sputnik Srbija). The report seeks to identify the primary narratives that are advanced by the media outlet about six WB countries – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia, as well as the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).

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DECODING CRIMEA. PINPOINTING THE INFLUENCE STRATEGIES OF MODERN INFORMATION WARFARE

Author(s): Alan Kelly,Christopher Paul / Language(s): English

In an era set to be defined by persistent contestation between states, of a nature which falls short of open conflict, Western democracies need to adapt. Strategies employed by adversaries are less likely to rely on the direct application of military power and increasingly on the opportunities afforded by new technologies to create effects, shrouded in complexity and ambiguity, in the information environment. Analysts, planners and policy makers facing these threats struggle with limited tools to understand their form and structure. As a response to this challenge, we propose an addition to the toolkit - a Taxonomy of Influence Strategies. This is a comprehensive system which attempts to identify, describe and classify the fundamental units of influence, referring to them as ‘plays’.

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MITIGATING DISINFORMATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN ELECTIONS: LESSONS FROM INDONESIA, PHILIPPINES AND THAILAND

Author(s): Jonathan Corpus Ong,Ross Tapsell,Duncan McCargo,Thaweeporn Kummetha,Virot Ali,Sebastian Bay / Language(s): English

In 2019, a series of elections in the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand highlighted the salience of digital media in political campaigns and insidious modes of electoral manipulation. Despite new legal, technical, social, and educational efforts to mitigate “fake news,” our comparative research analysis of elections in the three countries observes that digital disinformation has become further entrenched in electoral processes. We observe that a wider range of political actors and parties enlisted a diversity of digital campaign specialists and paid out “buzzers” (Indonesia), “trolls” (Philippines), and “IOs (information operations)” (Thailand) to circulate manipulative narratives discrediting their political opponents. Some politicians even fanned the flames of religious (Indonesia/Thailand) and ethnic conflict (all three) in their communities in a desperate bid to score votes.

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THE ROLE OF DEEPFAKES IN MALIGN INFLUENCE CAMPAIGNS

Author(s): Keir Giles,Kim Hartmann,Munira Mustaffa / Language(s): English

In early 2019 Katie Jones, a young researcher based in Washington DC, set up a new profile for herself on LinkedIn. She filled in her biographical details—degrees from the University of Michigan, a present position at the prestigious CSIS think tank—and set about building her network of contacts. There was nothing unusual about a new profile being set up on LinkedIn; thousands are created every day. It was not even unusual that Katie Jones was entirely fictitious; with no checks on the identity of individuals creating these profiles, there is nothing to prevent someone from assuming any identity they choose.

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Belarus Protests: Information Control and Technological Censorship vs Connected Societies

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The Belarusian presidential election on 9 August 2020 was a turning point in the history of modern Belarus. Disagreeing with the apparently falsified results of the vote, protesting Belarusian citizens flooded the cities around the country. Lukashenko’s response was lightning fast and brutal. In order to conceal any information about the brutality of the law enforcement structures against peaceful protesters, Lukashenko attempted to take control of the information environment and restrict access to all information channels – especially Internet resources.

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Information Laundering in Germany

Author(s): Belén Carrasco Rodríguez / Language(s): English

Information laundering (IL) is a stratagem used by hostile actors within an information influence campaign. In this process, false or deceitful information is legitimised through a network of intermediaries that gradually apply a set of techniques to distort it and obscure the original source. In the context of this research, IL is leveraged by Kremlin-official or pro-Kremlin actors in a hostile information influence campaign (HIIC) to further their interests in Germany. Information Laundering represents a relatively new approach to information influence activities targeting a particular media environment. In the context of this report, IL research allows governments, national institutions and civil society to reach a deeper understanding of the activity of domestic and transnational networks that enable the spread of the Kremlin’s influence in a particular country, since it uncovers how actors gradually distort, disseminate, and legitimise a piece of information through the application of IL techniques.

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Informationswäsche in Deutschland

Author(s): Belén Carrasco Rodríguez / Language(s): German

Informationswäsche (IL, engl. Information Laundering) ist ein Strategem, das von Akteuren mit feindlichen Absichten bei Kampagnen zur Informationsbeeinflussung eingesetzt wird. Die Bezeichnung leitet sich vom Begriff der Geldwäsche ab und weitet die Metapher auf Nachrichten aus. Das bedeutet, ein Netzwerk von Vermittlern legitimiert falsche oder trügerische Informationen. Dafür wird schrittweise eine Reihe an Methoden eingesetzt, um die Informationen zu verdrehen und die ursprüngliche Quelle zu verschleiern. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf Informationswäsche, die von kremlfreundlichen oder offiziellen Akteuren des Kreml ausgeht. Im Zuge aggressiver Kampagnen zur Informationsbeeinflussung sollen die eigenen Interessen in Deutschland vorangebracht werden. Informationswäsche ist ein relativ neuer Ansatz bei Maßnahmen zur Informationsbeeinflussung, die auf eine bestimmte Medienlandschaft abzielen. Diese Arbeit deckt auf, wie Akteure mithilfe von Methoden der Informationswäsche nach und nach Informationen verdrehen, verbreiten und legitimieren. Dadurch können Regierungen, staatliche Institutionen und die Zivilgesellschaft besser verstehen, welche Aktionen heimischer und transnationaler Netzwerke zur Ausweitung des Einflusses des Kreml in einem bestimmten Land beitragen.

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Information Laundering in the Nordic-Baltic Region

Author(s): Belén Carrasco Rodríguez,Nika Aleksejeva,Sebastien Cubbon,Tihomira Doncheva,Benjamin Heap,Rueban Manokara,Thomas Elkjer Nissen,Merete Voetmann / Language(s): English

The penetration of external information influence in a domestic media ecosystem is largely enabled by the interactions between foreign and domestic actors. The term ‘Information Laundering’ describes how these actors manipulate and amplify manipulated information in a particular media environment and the techniques utilised for such purposes. This report evaluates to what extent Kremlin-official and pro-Kremlin actors leverage Information Laundering techniques to conduct influence campaigns in the Nordic-Baltic countries and examines the role that domestic and foreign actors play in enabling these campaigns to reach target audiences. For this purpose, the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence developed a theoretical model of Information Laundering presented in this study. The model was applied to a comparative analysis of 32 Information Laundering cases, linked to the activity of 570 single actors in the eight Nordic-Baltic countries. Through researching Information Laundering in the region, this report aims to support national institutions in their goal to build resilience against hostile information influence operations.

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Russia’s Footprint in the Nordic-Baltic Information Environment. Report 2019/2020

Author(s): / Language(s): English

This is the second volume issued in the framework of the project ‘Russia’s (Dis-)Information Campaigns in Nordic-Baltic Countries’. This project was initiated in 2016 as an ongoing effort to monitor and analyse Russia’s (dis-)information influence in the Nordic-Baltic region, which includes Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden (the NB8). The first volume was published in January 2018.

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Genocid nad Bošnjacima, Srebrenica 1995–2020: Uzroci, razmjere i posljedice. Zbornik radova s Međunarodne naučne konferencije održane 19. oktobra 2020. u Sarajevu

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian

Povodom obilježavanja dvadeset pete godišnjice genocida nad Bošnjacima u „sigurnoj zoni“ Ujedinjenih nacija Srebrenica i oko nje, 19. oktobra 2020. godine u Sarajevu (Vijećnica) održana je Međunarodna naučna konferencija pod nazivom “GENOCID NAD BOŠNJACIMA, SREBRENICA 1995–2020: Uzroci, razmjere i posljedice“ u organizaciji četiri obrazovno-naučne institucije: Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Univerziteta u Tuzli, Instituta za istraživanje zločina protiv čovječnosti i međunarodnog prava Univerziteta u Sarajevu i Instituta za historiju Univerziteta u Sarajevu. Događaji u Srebrenici i oko nje od 6. do 19. jula 1995. godine, bez obzira na mnogobrojne pokušaje, neprevodivi su na jezik stvarnosti koju poznajemo. Kao čovječanstvo naivno smo vjerovali da se poslije Aušvica i holokausta nigdje, nikada i nikome ne može dogoditi genocid takvih razmjera, da su za samo nekoliko dana ugašena nasilnom smrću 8372 ljudska života, a ugašena su samo zato što su imala drugačiji etnički i vjerski identitet. To nam govori da ljudski rod kroz historiju u moralnom pogledu od Drugog svjetskog rata i pobjede nad fašizmom nije nimalo napredovao. [...]

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