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LİDERLİK ve ATATÜRK

Author(s): Ali Nazmi Çora / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2016

When we look at the historical process, we see that the most suitable example for the leadership is M. Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey (Mango, 2004, Cora, 2014). He has realized a fundamental transformation process in administrative, social, economic and cultural life by establishing a new state of an empire with all aspects (Ataturk, Nutuk 2016, Atay, F. R. 1966). He has all features of leadership, such as Constituting a Collective Vision, Sharing, Mental Stimulation, being Creative, Having a Charismatic Influence, Efficient Communication, High Motivation Skill, Being Representative of the Change, Emotional Endurance, Being Brave, Taking Risks, Empowerment (Authorization), Flexible Administration Understanding, Reliability, Having Self-Confidence, Valuing the Teamwork, Life Long Learning etc (Cora, 2014, Ozdemir, 2006, Gibson, F. 2016, Mango. A. 2009, Miller, M. and Lencioni P, 2013).

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HİNDİSTAN’IN ORTA ASYA POLİTİKASI

Author(s): Masud Musayev / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2016

This study examines how India shaped it’s Central Asia policy as a regional power after the Post-Cold War era. Change, which occurred in the international system in the Post-Cold War era, has affected all countries. India, which was a pioneer of non-aligned policy during Cold War era, tended to pursue more active policy in that period. India developed close relations with the USA and nuclear isolation on the country was removed by civil nuclear cooperation agreement signed between the USA and India. From the USA’s point of view, relations with the India have strategic importance because of its significant geographical position being at the doorstep of Central Asia shaping today’s politics. At the same time, New Delhi government wants to be an active force in its region and to develop strategic relations in many fields especially in economic with the Central Asian republics. This study also observed transformation seen foreign policy of India in the Post-Cold War era and issues such as India’s place in the power struggle in Central Asia.

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AKYİĞİTZADE MUSA VE ONUN AVRUPA MEDENİYETİ’NİN ESASINA BİR NAZAR İSİMLİ ESERİ

Author(s): Mehmet Taş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 26/2015

19th-century was not only a period in which Ottoman Empire lived political, economical and military problems but also in this century, new ideas began to find place in the life of the state. Constitutionalism, the rule of law, provincial and municipal councils, equal citizenship, minority rights is among the ideas that find a place in this period in empire’s administration. Additionally Ottomanism, Islamism and Turkism ideas in society and public life have been discussed so much; each of these ideas has gathered its own supporters. In fact, collapse of Ottoman Empire which approaches very openly, brought together the sensitive intellectuals to mobilize their intellectual capacities. Historically, from those ideas which have been became fundemental references in the public administration, ottomanism was the first political choice, Islamism was second and Turkism eventually followed them. These ideologies cannot be distinguishable with exact lines, in some time both of them may be applied as political choice or as in the case of Turkism and Pan-Islamism they might be intertwined.

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TÜRK İNKILÂBNDA MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİN SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL DEĞİŞİMLERE TESİRİ

Author(s): Osman Sönmez / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 26/2015

Turkish Revolution reformed under the leadership of Atatürk in Turkey was far reaching than the French and Bolshevik revolutions. Because, Turkish Revolution aimed to change all of the institutions of the society not only the political institutions. The most important of part of this change is the changes made in the socio-cultural area. While Atatürk was making these changes, he wanted to develop our cultural values through mentality and method not imitating the western culture that was adopted superior as in political reform period (Tanzimat). In this brief study, intellectual foundations of the socio-cultural changes carried out in the Atatürk period have been explained.

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СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В КИТАЕ С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ СОВЕТСКОЙ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ 20-х ГОДОВ XX ВЕКА

Author(s): Olga Viktorovna Telushkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The paper deals with the problem of interaction between the concepts and discussions about the goals of the Comintern policy in China that developed since the middle of the 1920s. On the basis of the works written by the Soviet sinologists (A.Ya. Kantorovich, B.K. Radek, and E.S. Varga) and covering the specific, different from Western feudalism, pre-capitalist social system of China as an example, a tendency is revealed toward more detailed and economically substantiated approach of the Soviet historians to analysis of the past and present of China, its economy and social relations. Most participants of the analyzed discussions did not belong to the academic community. They proclaimed the method of historical materialism as the main method of research, as well as the leading role of the Marxist theory, but these discussions demonstrated that conclusions made by the participants contradicted each other. The development of Soviet sinology was preceded by the open discussion that took place in the Communist Academy in the 1920s–1930s. Despite the apparent loss of the idea of “Asian mode of production”, the adoption of which meant a special path of China’s development as an instrument of the foreign policy, the discussion continued shifting from the problems of the current policy into the area of history.

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TÜRK EĞİTİM POLİTİKASINDA BATI ETKİSİ: BİTMEYEN BATILILAŞMA

Author(s): İkram Çinar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 22/2014

The process of Modernization-Westernization that began during the years of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, and continues right up to the present, is evaluated in relation to the Turkish educational system in the present study. European high-ranking officials and foreign education specialists came from the West via minority and foreign schools, and these specialists served the Ottoman Empire. They brought westernization and modernization to Turkey. In this study, the conveyance of that westernization is evaluated. Westernization and modernization were discussed separately, and a comparison was made between the Turkish experience and that of Russia and Japan. It was also determined that education area of Turkey could only partially modernize and Turkey could not create its own autonomous educational system. According to the conclusion of the study, the westernization of Turkey has been continuous. France was dominant in the Turkish educational system in the 19th century. After the Second World War, the USA was dominant, and beginning in the 2000s, the European Union has also been involved in the Turkish educational system, and is now predominant.

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Městské kanceláře a jejich význam pro studium středověkých a raně novověkých urbánních dějin (na příkladu Čech a Moravy)

Author(s): Jana Vojtíšková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

The study presented sets its aim as setting out the key themes and significance of the complex research of the municipal offices, using the example of Bohemia and Moravia, so the knowledge gained could become an indispensable base for further study of urban history. Despite the undoubted difficulty, which is placed on the researcher of research focused in this way, the reconstruction of the Hradec (Králové) municipal office activities to 1620 for instance proved that even with the greatly fragmentary nature of the material, it is possible to reach quite fundamental knowledge on the development of the Bohemian urban milieu, especially thanks to overcoming the formal diplomatics analysis and studies of the isolated sources and thanks to the use of knowledge from a number of historical disciplines. Another indisputable advantage is monitoring a longer time period of the development of the relevant office, which can easily reveal the progress or regress of the individual towns, that had not yet formed a homogeneous whole in Bohemia and Moravia even in the period of the Early Modern Period, namely not even in the case of royal towns. This certain individual nature is typical also for the area of municipal offices, the organizational structure of which and the method of keeping the documents reflect the importance and emancipation of the relevant urban milieu and generally also the number of its denizens. It was only the reform interventions of Maria Theresia and especially then Joseph II that created the new conditions for the development of municipal office practices and for their unification, which arose from the new classification of Bohemian and Moravian towns.

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MODERN TÜRK TARİHÇİLİĞİNDE TÜRKLERİN MÜSLÜMAN OLUŞU

Author(s): M. Serkan Taflioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 16/2012

In the social and the humanitarian sciences, throughout the historical process, presenting the concepts and the facts is one of the most hard issue. The core reason of this meanwhile studying the facts and the concepts are evaluated in varied perspectives. Convertion Turks to Islam is not an exception. Convertion of Turks in such a extensive area occured afterwards hundred years. Perception and discourse of the Historians in transfering the knowledge to the generations are vital. In our study we try to set forth How the contemporary Turkish historians analyze the convertion of Turks.

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TÜRKİYE VE AZERBAYCAN AYDINLANMA EDEBİ HAREKATINA KARŞILIKLI BİR BAKIŞ

Author(s): Hüseyin Karahan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2015

Enlightenment. It made its noble formation in the 18 th century, in spite of the emergency as its social, cultural ,philosophical,literary flows in the 17 th century. Most politicians and ideologues, educators of the country took part in this movement and foresaw the way for salvation from the tutelage lasting for centuries at the notification of enlightenment and training them based on social, cultural, literary, economic and political assets spirutually, at the increasing of new conscious awareness. The enlightenment campaign began to spread rapidly in the two big countries of East, Azerbaijan and Turkey in the second half of 19th century. The people considering the liberation at enlightment principles and developing those thought flows were A. A. Bakikhanov, Mirza Fatali Akhundzade, Hasan Bay Zardabi, Seyid Azim Shirvani and Ibrahim Shinasi , Namik Kemal, Ziya Pasha, and others in Turkey.

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İLKELLERDE DİN

Author(s): Mehmet Emin Kiliç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2012

Primitive human is an exemplary citizen who completely respects the rules of his/her own community and who is ready to obey them at any time. In the same way, following all the rules and restrictions determined by the tribe are accepted as axiom. Primitive human greatly respects own customs and traditions, automatically submits to orders. Everything is based on the fear of supernatural ideas and punishments, in addition to deep loyalty to “group feeling”. However, has there ever been any person -whether civilized or primitive - who followed the undesired, boring rules and taboos without having difficulties? Nevertheless, this understanding is dominant in the studies about primitive order and primitive rules.

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OSMANLI-RUSYA-MOLDAVYA DAVRANIŞLARI ÇERÇEVESİ İÇERİSİNDE GÜNEY-DOĞU AVRUPA GAGAUZLARIN ETNİK TARİHİ

Author(s): Olga Radova-Karanastas / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2012

Her milletin dili, edebiyatı, genelden bütün kültürü, tarihe bağlı. Nasıl yok tarih milletsiz, öyle da yok millet tarihsiz, dilsiz, kültürsüz. Yok küçük millet, küçük dil, küçük kültür, ama var sayısı az milletlerin dili, edebiyatı, kültürü. Gagauz milleti de onların birisidir. Onun uzun ve zengin tarihi, derin köklü kültürü, edebiyatı var. Gagauzların evelki etnik tarihi o migratsiya protseslarına bağlı, açan onların dedelerinin bir kısmı VII-XI-ci yüzyıllarda Güney-Doğu Avrupa’da, tarihsel bölgelerde - Bucak’ta, Dobruca’da, Makedoniya’da, Trakiya’da yerleşiyorlar165. Çağdaş zamanda gagauzların tarihinle, kültürünle, dininle ilgili sorular, bilim dünyasında çok tartışmalar çıkarıyorlar, deyceyz: ne zaman onlar bir etnos gibi oluştular, dinlerini kabul ettiler, çeşitli tarihsel bölgelerde yerleştiler; gagauzların dedelerinin soyları kimlerden geliyor, nekadar onların nüfusu ve daha çok çeşitli sorular var?

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YÜKSEKÖĞRENİMDE AFRİKALI ÖĞRENCİLERİN TARİHSEL ve SON DÖNEM TÜRKİYE ALGISI: SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Asena Boztaş,Dilşad Türkmenoğlu Köse / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2016

At present, change, transformation and internationalization show theirselves in almost every area of higher education. Therefore, this trend in higher education is also involved in the whole process and policy for foreign students. In this study especially both historical and present Turkey perceptions of African students who are foreign students were tried to explain with taking the example of Sakarya University. In this study it is tried to clarify the increase in the number of African students at Sakarya University and Turkey, reasons to choose the Sakarya University and Turkey and also their perceptions of Turkey for higher education by taking into account the historical background using key (field) study method.

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Anotácie

Author(s): Martin Pekár,Lucia Tokárová,Nikoleta Lattová,Mikuláš Jančura / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

HOŘEJŠ, MILOŠ – KŘÍŽEK, JIŘÍ. ZÁMEK S VŮNÍ BENZÍNU : AUTOMOBILY A ŠLECHTA V ČESKÝCH ZEMÍCH DO ROKU 1945; OTČENÁŠOVÁ, SLÁVKA – ZAHORÁN, CSABA (EDS.). SHIFTING DISCOURSES ON CENTRAL EUROPEAN HISTORIES; SOUKUPOVÁ, BLANKA – STAWARZ, ANDRZEJ (EDS.). MÝTUS – „REALITA“ – IDENTITA : NÁRODNÍ METROPOLE V ČASE „NÁVRATU DO EVR OPY“; SPURNÝ, MATĚJ. MOST DO BUDOUCNOSTI : LABORATOŘ SOCIALISTICKÉ MODERNITY NA SEVERU ČECH;

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İRAN TÜRK SAFEVİ DEVLETİ’NİN KURULUŞU VE TÜRK TARİHİNE STRATEJİK ETKİSİ

Author(s): M. Serkan Taflioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2012

Safevi devletinin kuruluşu, daha önceki İslam ordularının İran coğrafyasına girişi ve Moğol istilaları gibi tarihin önemli olaylarından kabul edilmektedir. İslam sonrası dönemde ilk defa olarak İran toprakları bir Türk hükümdar altında birliğini sağlamıştır. Bölgenin önemli uzmanlarına göre Safevi devleti ideal bir Türk Devletidir.177 Bunun ardından günümüzdeki modern manada olmasa da İranlılık kavramı tekrar bir kimlik olarak ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Şah İsmail, Oniki İmam Şiiliğini devletin resmi mezhebi yaparak, Sünni Osmanlı ve Özbek devletlerine karşı kendi devletini ideolojik olarak ayakta tutacak ve onlara karşı bir mücadele edecek bir unsur sağlamış oluyordu. Toynbee, Tarih Üzerine Çalışma adlı eserinde bu ortaya çıkışı, Şiiliğin dirilişi ve İslam tarihinde bir sapma olarak değerlendirmektedir.178 Şüphesiz ki Anadolu ve İran’daki Türkmen unsuruna dayanan Safevi devletinin kuruluşunu incelerken Osmanlı devleti ile olan ilişkileri değerlendirmek bir nevi mecburiyettir. Safevi devletinin kuruluş felsefesi ve dış siyaseti gereği ilk hedefi Anadolu ve Osmanlı Türk hakimiyetidir. Bu bağlamda kuruluş esnasında temel sorunlar Osmanlı Türk Devleti ile yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışmada ise Safevi devletinin kuruluşunun Türk ve Bölge jeopolitiği üzerine etkisi ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.

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Dwa Źródła Aretuzy. Semantyka, literackie właściwości i funkcjonowanie aspektów kompozycji Karola Szymanowskiego w sonecie Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza

Author(s): Łukasz Kraj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04 (31)/2016

The purpose of this article is to define the possible meanings and connotations of musical compositions and their conversion into the lingual substance of poetry. Since the issue is varying internally and always needs particular examples, the undertaken analysis concerns two pieces of art: Fountain of Arethusa by a Polish composer Karol Szymanowski and a sonnet of the same title written by his friend and relative, writer Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. Firstly, the matter of literary title and its associations is compared in both pieces, which leads to conclusion that while the name of composition generates loose and imprecise connotations, literature requires more specification, nonetheless both the composer and the poet understand mythical subject alike and reception of the work of the latter is based on emotional and semantic qualities similar to those included in the composition. Then, the subject of musical genre is depicted, with emphasis placed on literary connotations and their implications in the process of transcription of music into words. As the poet uses sonnet, which apparently has got poor connections to music, the motives of such choice are enumerated, including significance in European culture and interior dichotomy, both of which one can find in Szymanowski’s work. Further, the article describes relations between music character indications in musical score and particular lexemes in the poem. Musical work can exist in literature in many ways, first of which is being a theme of objective or subjective description. Such illustration of music in the poem is analysed. Then the euphonious and rhythmic features of the text are described in order to prove that music exists in the sonnet in its sound as well as being a scheme which is reinterpreted and imitated by the writer. The analysis shows that although one cannot translate musical matter into words, it is impossible to ignore many intersemiotic correlations between music and literature. Every example of such coexistence – either on the ground of semantics or form – must be studied individually.

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BULGARİSTAN’DA TÜRKOLOJİNİN GELİŞMESİNE HİZMETİ GEÇEN TÜRK DÜNYASI AYDINLARI

Author(s): Hayriye Süleymanoğlu Yenisoy / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2012

Turkology studies in Bulgaria in scientific context have started in the first years of the last century. In 1906 beginning with the establishment of a course of Turkish language at History-Philology Faculty of The Sofia University certain steps have been made towards scientific research. With time, the published works of turkologists from countries like Russia, Poland and Hungary have contributed to the field. After The World War II a Soviet model was buildt in Bulgaria leading to substantial changes in all fields. In the context of Y. V. Stalin’s National Question Theory certain rights were given to national minorities. Having the largest population after Bulgarians, Turkish minority was provided with opportunities for development in educational, science and cultural fields. In 1952 with the establishment of Turkish Philology at Philology Faculty of The Sofia University (afterwards renamed to Turkology) as an independent department, Turkology studies were placed on a scientific basis. Leaded by Azerbajdzanian turkologists, reputed intellectuals from Turkic World have contributed essentially to the raising of specialist among the Turks in the field of Turkology. Courses were given in The Turkology Department, young students were educated in Baku, exchange visits were made between students of Department of Kazakh Language and Literature of Alma-Ata University and Sofia University Turkology Department, research personnel were trained in Baku and Alma-Ata. However, all relationships with the Turkic Republics of the former Soviet Union ended after the assimilatory ethnic oppression on Bulgarian Turks.

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QUEBEC MESELESİ

Author(s): Zeyyat Bandeoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2016

The Province of Quebec - where the majority of the population is French catholics- is a home to 25 percent population of Canada and has undertakend a number of importartant initiatives and endeavors with the aim of being an independent state. Therefore, the Quebec question has been an achilles heel of Canada’s territorial integrity and unity throughout the history. However, compared to other ethnic conflicts, the quebec question has not caused a great deal of violence and terror. Within this context, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the the Quebec question since its emergence.

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TÜRK ÜLKÜSÜ

Author(s): Ali Nazmi Çora,Hakan Çora / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2016

Ülkü, carries the same meaning as the word of idealism in western languages. Ülkü (Idealism) is, as a nation, to imagine the most beautiful goals and achieve these goals and to work relentlessly with a great desire for this sacred goal. Turkish ideal is a thought of morality, spirituality, human sense and the highest level in the science and technology, justice, education and to have the world's advanced nations on human rights and economically developed, established modern agriculture and industry, society still to come in prosperity, to protect her national interests and sovereignty continuously by only her own power and is to be a to be a nation listened anywhere in the World. This ideal is freeing the all Turks from foreign rule, all becoming independent and eventually all being united and establishing the “Turkish Union”, to be superior to all nations and be advanced in all respects.

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CINE, GUERRA Y POLÍTICA EN EL SIGLO XX

Author(s): Oscar Ruiz Fernandez / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2014

During the main events of XX century, such as the First and Second World Wars, or the Vietnam War, the world of cinema has changed accordingly. There are many movies offering a image of those events as they were interpreted, observed or seen by the people and the society of their days. These different images depend on when the movie was made, by whom and by which country. It is not the same, for a Vietnam War movie, the 60s, the 70s, or the 80s and the 90s, as not the perception of the First World War or the Second. Ideologies such as Communism, Nazism or Fascism were another key factor for the development of the film industry, especially in Europe during the inter-war period. Links between movies and politics during 1914-1991 are the field of research and study of this present article.

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Едно нестандартно представяне: Jean-François Gossiaux. Les débris épars du pogrès. Évolutionnisme vs anthropologie. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 2016

Author(s): Mila Santova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

Book Review

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