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Prag im Oktober. Der Altweibersommer könnte nicht schöner sein. Der Hradschin, die berühmten „100 Türme“, die Karlsbrükke - eine Augenweide. Die Geschäfte am Wenzelsplatz sind voll mit Waren. Es bedarf des zweiten Blicks, des Gangs in die Nebengassen, des Gesprächs, um sich nicht vom Talmi- Glanz blenden zu lassen. Epigrammatisch ließe sich die Lage vielleicht folgendermaßen zusammenfassen: Touristen bekommen das - zweifelsohne wunderschöne - „goldene Prag“ serviert, den Einheimischen wird via Gulaschsozialismus das Mául gestopft. Wer dann noch aufmuckt, bekommt eins über den Deckel.
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Review of: Thomas Noetzel - Karl Schlögel: Der renitente Held — Arbeiteropposition in der UdSSR 1953-1983. Junius-Verlag, Hamburg 1984, 323 Seiten, öS 296.40/DM 38.- Marek Nowakowski: Karpfen für die Miliz. Satiren und Nachrichten. Hanser Verlag, München und Wien 1983, 201 Seiten Władysław Bartoszewski: Herbst der Hoffnungen. Es lohnt sich, anständig zu sein. Herder, Freiburg 1983, 142 Seiten, öS 123.30/DM 15.80 Rolf-Dieter Kluge: Gegenwartsliteratur in Osteuropa und der DDR. Günter Olzog-Verlag, München 1982, 110 Seiten, öS 140.40/DM 18.- Raimund Loew - Winfried Wolf: Polen — Der Winter gehört den Krähen 3. ISP-Verlag, Frankfurt 1984, 299 Seiten, öS 120.90/ DM 15.50 1956 — A forradalom sajtója. (1956 — Die Presse der Revolution). Giromagny 1983, öS 120.-/DM 15.40 Anton Antonow-Owssejenko: Stalin — Porträt einer Tyrannei. München/ Zürich 1983, 447 Seiten, öS 388.40/ DM 49.80 Ewgenij Nikolajew: Gehirnwäsche in Moskau. Iris-Bücher, Klaus Schulz Verlag, München 1983, 270 Seiten Herwig E. Haase: Das Wirtschaftsystem der DDR. Eine Einführung. Berlin Verlag 1983, 318 Seiten, öS 218.40/ DM 28.- Efraim Sevela: Männergespräche in einer russischen Sauna. Goldmann 6630, München 1983, 188 Seiten, öS 45.20/ DM 5.80 Paul. R. Magocsi: The Rusyn-Ukrainians of Czechoslovakia. An Historical Survey. Verlag Wilhelm Braumüller, Wien 1983, 93 Seiten, öS 128.-/ DM 16.40 Kirill Gradov: Gute Reise, Genosse. Ein Bericht, dtv 10227, München 1984, 129 Seiten, öS 68.60/DM 8.80 Oskar Anweiler (Hg): Bildung und Erziehung in Osteuropa im 20. Jahrhundert. Ausgewählte Beiträge zum 2. Weltkongreß für Sowjet- und Osteuropastudien, Berlin Verlag 1982, 216 Seiten, öS 218.40/DM 28.- Oskar Anweiler/Friedrich Kuebart (Hg): Bildungssysteme in Osteuropa — Reform oder Krise? Berlin Verlag 1984, 314 Seiten, öS 296.40/DM 38.- Heinz Gärtner: Hegemoniestrukturen und Kriegsursachen. IWP 5, W. Braumüller- Verlag, Wien 1983, 105 Seiten, öS 109.20/DM 14.- Jürgen Hartmann: Politik und Gesellschaft in Osteuropa. Eine Einführung. Campus Studium, Frankfurt 1983, 280 Seiten, öS 226.20/DM 29.-
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Genocide can take many forms and be justified in many different ways. The cultural genocide that was intended to annihilate the identity of the Aboriginal people in Australia during the 20th century was based on the assumption that these people were visibly “inferior” to those who colonized Australia and thus, had to be “civilized”. It was a process of internal colonialism present in other parts of the world, too, and its intention was to assimilate the ethnic groups of Aboriginal people and integrate them by educating their children by force, in the schools of the white people. To admit the wrongs done, and the injustice of governmental programmes was not an easy task but, in Australia, it happened in 2008 when Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivered a public speech, which took him a lot of courage, saying officially “sorry” for the “stolen generations; that were affected by the forced removal of children on racial grounds” made fully lawful by the authority. In his speech The Prime minister mentioned they could resolve together all the common problems while preserving the dignity of difference and trying to give Australia a new beginning, a new chapter in looking for a new kind of identity which should include “cultures that provide a unique uninterrupted human thread, linking the Australian Continent the one of the most ancient prehistory of our planet!
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On the basis of extensive research in the State Archives of Montenegro in Cetinje (SAM) within the fund of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Principality of Montenegro for the period from 1880 to 1896, as well as relevant literature, we analyzed the situation in Nikšić. Nikšić with its surroundings was one of the largest regions that was annexed to Montenegro after international recognition at the Berlin Congress in 1878. We must emphasize that archival documents with these details were used for the first time in this paper. Documents of similar or the same provenance make an integral part of some monographs used in this paper, but not in this issue and with this much detail. They are about agrarian reform and the distribution of land to the families of Montenegrin soldiers. However, there is hardly no mention that the land was illegally taken from its legal owners, thus violating the provisions of the Berlin Congress of 1878. It is a well-established opinion of readers, including some historians, that Prince Nikola I Petrović Njegoš and the Montenegrin government did everything to comply with the decisions of the Berlin Congress in 1878, which recognized Montenegro internationally. However, the truth is completely different. Muslims who were in conflicts with the Principality of Montenegro for centuries had become its subjects. The best areas of land in the newly liberated regions belonged to them. Contrary to the decisions from Berlin, the Montenegrin authorities did everything to prevent the return of the refugee owners to their property. A huge number of families of Montenegrin warriors who fought against the Ottomans for centuries settled large areas of abandoned land. Cetinje’s secret policy was to prevent the owners from returning through bureaucratic pressure and delay of the process. We found that in relation to the opinion about the correct attitude of the Montenegrin authorities towards Muslims - subjects of the Ottoman Empire, who were almost entirely the population of the Nikšić region, the reality was quite different. Montenegrin authorities have been working for years to evict the Muslim population and appropriate their goods and real estate. Despite the provisions of the Congress of Berlin, which guaranteed all rights to Muslims, the Montenegrin government systematically carried out this intention to the end.
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The migration of Bulgarians from Macedonia to the territory of free Bulgaria represents a long and multifaceted process with significant political, demographic and sociocultural implications for the new Bulgarian history. This study provides an overview of the foundational stage of this process spanning from the Liberation in 1878 to The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Its internal periodization is determined by the various phases of the Macedonian question, characterized by uprisings, wars and diplomatic endeavors. Throughout this period, migration from Macedonia extended beyond refugees and their settlement, encompassing temporary stays and repeated permanent movements back and forth for economic and other reasons. In many respects and instances, these movements were regulated, restricted and even effectively reversed through the efforts of the Bulgarian state, which prioritized preventing mass emigration from Macedonia in order to avoid the de-Bulgarianization of the region. However, this dynamic shifted dramatically with the Balkan Wars and the First World War, after which the migration of Macedonian Bulgarians became unstoppable, predominantly refugee-driven (or at least forced) and irreversible. In perspective, a very significant part of the modern Bulgarian nation turned out to be Macedonian-Bulgarian in its geographical origin, genealogy and collective memory.
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Bulgarians were among the 2,600 foreigners who took part in the South African War, also known as the Second Anglo-Boer War. Their presence helped to make this colonial conflict a matter of international importance. This paper is an attempt to consider the Bulgarian involvement within a context of the pro-Boer campaign in Bulgaria, using published sources of a Bulgarian and international origin and applying the biographical method. Bulgarians travelled to the Transvaal at their own risk and expense. Most of them had military experience and, evidently, expected to improve their combat skills in a modern war against a leading European army. Their sense of kinship with the Boers was evoked by a nationalist paradigm. Bulgarians tended to view the Boers as fellow agriculturalists whose way of life was being threatened by a stronger nation. Most Bulgarians believed that the British Empire, the adversary of the Boers, was to blame for the revision of the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano at the Congress of Berlin. Therefore, Bulgarians delighted in the British misfortunes in the South African War. This sentiment may explain why no volunteer from Bulgaria is known to have fought for the British in that war. Bulgarian volunteers, representing various social groups and occupations, took part in some of the major battles of the South African War. The involvement of these volunteers was an expression of the Bulgarian solidarity with the Boers. Investigating this phenomenon gives us a deeper understanding of the problems and aspirations of Bulgarians at the turn of the twentieth century.
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Blagovest Njagulov, a prominent historian, dedicated his career to studying modern, contemporary, and comparative history, with a particular interest in ethnic policies and minorities. His doctoral thesis on Dobrudja marked the beginning of a brilliant career at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. His research shed light on underexplored aspects of the history of Bulgarians abroad, especially in Romanian Banat. He adeptly navigated diverse cultural and linguistic contexts, contributing to a rich and nuanced historiography. His work also illuminated the complex Bulgarian-Romanian relations, the issue of minorities, and the challenges of historical memory, particularly in the context of European integration. In addition to his academic endeavors, Njagulov was an engaged actor in civil society, supporting Bulgarian organizations abroad and actively participating in initiatives aimed at strengthening ties with Bulgarian communities worldwide. In this regard, this article also aligns with the recent renewal of reflection on the biographical method in Bulgarian historiography.
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The monograph Serbia by Marko Nikolić, Vladimir Davidović, Darko Tanasković, and Mileta Radojević is part of the series International Encyclopaedia of Laws: Religion, published by Kluwer Law International in 2022. The international academic public is granted a comprehensive study oft he legal, political, and societal status of religion and religious communities in Serbia. The authors are or were eminent scholarsin the fields ofr eligion, law, and economy. Dr. Marko Nikolić is the Assistant Director of the Administration for Cooperation with Churches and Religious Communities of the Ministry of Justice. The late Dr. Mileta Radojević was the Director of the Office for Cooperation with Churches and Religious Communities of the Government ofthe Republic of Serbia in 2012–2014. Prof. Dr. Darko Tanasković is the most prominent Serbian oriental philologist, a former professor of the Faculty of Philology (University of Belgrade), the former ambassador to Turkey and Azerbaijan, the Holy See, the Knights of Malta, and the former permanent representative of the Republic of Serbia to UNESCO in Paris. The late Dr. Vladimir Davidović was a Serbian jurist and Assistant Minister of Justice in Serbia.
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After the collapse of the Russian Empire at the end of the First World War and the accession of Bessarabia to the Kingdom of Romania, a large Bulgarian population found itself within the borders of this country. The census of the population in the Kingdom held on December 29, 1930 allows to trace certain aspects of the demographic development of the Bulgarians in Bessarabia. This article focuses on the quantitative growth of the Bulgarian population, the territorial distribution of Bulgarian communities and the level of urbanization of the Bulgarians.
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This text presents the women’s clothes of the Bulgarians in the settlements of Korten and Tvarditsa in Moldova in the period between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Two museum collections from the museums in the village of Korten and the town of Tvarditsa in Moldova are analyzed. In this study, the author seeks to answer the question of what did the Bulgarian women dress at that time and how did they do it. The reconstruction and interpretation of the data include the form, the structure and the terminology of clothing, as well as its constituent parts. The comparative-historical and systemic-structural analysis is applied, which allow to clearly reconstruct the idea of clothing of women from the Bulgarian settlements of Korten and Tvardica in Moldova on the boundary between the two centuries.Bulgarian women’s clothes in the settlements of Korten and Tvarditsa in Moldova
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In my previous announcements and publications, I have already paid attention to the expedition of the famous Bulgarian folklorist Rayna Katsarova in Dobrudza in the summer of 1944. The expedition is more deeply analysed in this article, the particular occasion being that after the finding of the file with the report by Rayna Katsarova about this travelling, I was happy to find her fieldwork records done in several living settings in Northeast Bulgaria: Balchik, Lyulyakovo, Dobrevo, etc. Their data is preserved in the Musical Folklore Archive of the Institute of Art Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. A specific focus of Rayna Katsarova’s expedition in Dobrudza is the Bulgarian newcomers from Tavria (region which at that time was situated in the Ukrainian SSR), who bear specific vernacular, traditions and folklore. Our big folklorist did not know at the time being that just in several months they would leave their metropolis. In about 2000 Tavrian Bulgarians were deported back to the USSR. In their turn, the Tavrian Bulgarians in Dobrudza did not know that the meetings with a scholar like Rayna Katsarova were a unique chance to leave to the next generation a record of a small part of their cultural memory, rites and musical folklore as a document for the development of their culture and ethnic identity in the conditions of the Second World War.
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This text is directly related to Jan Adamec’s essay "Dcera, historička, „špionka” Sheila Fitzpatricková: Nad vzpomínkami „jiné” revizionistky" [Daughter, Historian, “Spy” Sheila Fitzpatrick: On the Memoirs of an “Other” Revisionist] published in this journal in 2023 (Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 137–166). In this sequel, the author shifts away from recounting the life of Australian historian Sheila Fitzpatrick (born 1941), to focus on her scholarly work from the early 1970s, when she gradually became firmly established in the American academic milieu as a respected expert on the interwar history of the Soviet Union and Stalinism. Adamec guides the reader through a chronology of her numerous works, with an emphasis on the seminal monographs, from her published dissertation, "The Commissariat of Enlightenment" (1970), and her most famous work, "Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times" (1999), to her to date most recent book, "The Shortest History of the Soviet Union" (2022), and presents the central themes and most important findings of her research. At the same time, he traces Fitzpatrick’s position in the dynamic context of Soviet studies and scholarship on Stalinism, demonstrates her growing influence on younger generations of historians, and notes the scholarly reviews of her work. He pays particular attention to her pioneering role in constituting and promoting revisionist perspectives in the Western historiography of the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s, when, despite initial scepticism or rejection, they became part of the academic mainstream. He seeks to capture her unorthodox position as an “other”, “moderate” revisionist who, while primarily focusing on the everyday and social history of Soviet society, did not underestimate the essential importance of power hierarchies and authoritarian politics emanating from the centre. Thus, in the disputes between revisionism and totalitarianism, Fitzpatrick often takes less clear-cut positions than most adherents of the former. In the last part of the text, the author traces the reception of Fitzpatrick’s work in Czech historiography since the early 1990s, a breakthrough brought about by the Czech translations of the edited volumes "Beyond the Totalitarianism" (published in 2012) and "Everyday Stalinism" (in 2018) and shows that in recent years the Australian historian has become a relatively widely quoted authority in the Czech scholarly milieu, mostly accepted by revisionist critics and also used as a shield in local polemics about the nature of Czechoslovak normalization.
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BEZDÍČEK, Viktor: Hledání světla: Portrét skladatele Zdeňka Šestáka. Praha, Nakladatelství Akademie múzických umění v Praze 2022, 552 s., ISBN 978-80-7331-615-0; BRÝDL, Miroslav – BOŠTÍK, Martin: Nezouvat, prosím! Vyprávění emeritního litomyšlského starosty Miroslava Brýdla o jeho životě a moderní architektuře. Litomyšl, Regionální muzeum v Litomyšli 2022, 302 s., ISBN 978-80-88464-02-0; FIDLER, Jiří: To ví přece každý: Zažité interpretace československých dějin. Praha, Fortuna Libri 2022, 272 s., ISBN 978-80-7546-433-0; FRIEDL, Jiří: Domů, a za svobodou: Role Československa v migracích obyvatel Polska v letech 1945–1948. (Edice 1938–1953.) Praha, Academia – Historický ústav AV ČR, v. v. i., 2020, 463 s., ISBN 978-80-200-3110-3 a 978-80-7286-353-2; HRUBÝ, Karel: Věřil jsem v budoucnost. Ed. Petr Zídek. Praha, Torst 2022, 316 stran, ISBN 978-80-7215-692-4; NAYA ORTEGA, Ramón – PRADES ARTIGAS, M. Lourdes: Hablamos diferentes idiomas, pero una misma lengua: Multilingüismo y pedagogías en las Brigadas Internacionales. Cádiz, Universidad de Cádiz 2023, 215 s., ISBN 978-84-9828-861-2.
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The assessment of the current state of the educational system in Bulgaria does not meet the European and national expectations, based on a number of indicators. The main objective of this research is to compare and analyze the dynamics of the system in the period after the changes of 1989 and based on the revealed trends, to identify and rank its challenges, given their importance for the quality of the social capital, created by the system. Objects of the study are the main elements, including the inputs and outputs of the system of preschool and school education in the country: from ISCED-0 to ISCED-3, according to UNESCO’s International Standard Classification of Education. The author uses official data, comparative analyzes and assessments of the National Statistical Institute, Eurostat and other European institutions, the World Bank, as well as publications by Bulgarian experts. The results disprove the hypothesis that the decrease in the country’s population in the post-socialist period is the main reason for the reduction in the number of schools and teaching staff. Among the most important challenges facing the Bulgarian education system, the problems at the system’s input (the school infrastructure, predominantly, at the MSCO-0 level) stand out, as well as the quantity of basic elements of the system, such as teachers and schools. Emphasis is placed on the geospatial aspect of the ongoing deepening of the identified challenges.
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As the leader of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann laid foundations for a future Jewish state in a calm manner. Believing that the future of the whole Zionist enterprise lies in the hand of Great Britain, Weizmann became friend and common guest to many highlevel politicians in London. Using these connections during WWI and 1920’s, he gradually gained quite a few concessions for the Jewish community in Palestine. With the WWII approaching however, his policy crumbled. New ways were needed in order for the Zionist dream to become a reality. This is what David Ben-Gurion offered, first as head of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and then imposing his views on the whole WZO. This paper deals with the different characters and beliefs of Gurion and Weizmann.
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