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WOMEN IN COMMUNISM – EVERYDAY REALITY VERSUS PROPAGANDA

Author(s): Nina-Florentina Cristea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2024

The intrusion of the Communist Party into Romanians’ private lives is an observable reality since the 1950s. This policy will continue for many years, until the fall of the communist regime in 1989, but having ramifications that will make their presence felt long after that. Romanians remained tributary for a long time to the mentality that the state can do and undo as the political leaders see fit. The exposure of private life to the excessive control of the state also made possible politics involving in matters concerning women and their new role. Women’s emancipation and their equality with men (much promoted at the level of the communist discourse) represented only a trick of the regime, a double or triple burden on women, less a real change for the better, an increase in the quality of their lives. Communist women, as they appear in all propaganda media, have been wives, mothers, workers, being involved in political life. It was a picture of the perfect woman that had no corresponding reality. Gender inequalities continued to exist during the communist regime regarding women, both in the private and public spheres, despite what was officially presented.

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NOTABLE PERSONALITIES OF THE INTERWAR PERIOD IN BUCHAREST

Author(s): Lămîița Ureche / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2024

Pamfil Șeicaru is considered the greatest journalist of the interwar period. He was a journalist, essayist, novelist, memoirist, and the editor of the newspaper "Curentul," the most combative newspaper of that time. Pamfil Șeicaru represented the beginning of investigative journalism in Romania. He never compromised on his texts and never backed down when he felt the subject was hot. In 1928, Pamfil Șeicaru founded the "Curentul" trust, rivaling Stelian Popescu's "Universul," the most influential media magnate in interwar Romania. Besides his journalistic work, Șeicaru was also an advocate of conservative and nationalist ideas, which he promoted through his newspaper. During the authoritarian regime of King Carol II, "Curentul" was one of the most important media instruments, supporting royal policies. Although his career was marked by controversies and political involvement, Pamfil Șeicaru remains an important figure in the history of Romanian journalism during the interwar period. His journalism was a defining element of that era and had a significant impact on shaping public opinion in interwar Romania.

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ROMANIAN TELEVISION IN DECEMBER 1989

Author(s): Adrian-Claudiu Stoica / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2024

The revolution of December 1989 represented a crucial event in the history of Romania, the communist dictatorship being removed. The most important institution tasked with maintaining the regime was the Securitate. His role was also that of returning Nicolae Ceaușescu to power, in case it was lost. Consequently, from December 22, elements of the Security launched the "disguised counter-revolution".

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AMERICAN WOMEN’S FIGHT FOR RIGHTS DURING ENLIGHTENMENT

Author(s): George Costin Rusu / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2024

The development of science in the 17th century created the premises for the construction of a system increasingly based on reason, innovation, but also the need for a change felt throughout human society. All this would give birth to the Enlightenment of the 18th century. Even though the new clones overseas were in the early stages of development, there was also a strong movement of renewal and remaking in America. The particularity of this continent is given by the need to free itself from the tutelage of England. The culminating moment of the Enlightenment in America was the Revolution that gave birth to the USA. Unlike England, the American Enlightenment tried to be much more practical and materialize in increased freedoms of the citizen. Women defending their right to education and freedom could not be missing from such a movement.

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ROBERT ELSIE, ALBANSKA PLEMENA: POVIJEST, DRUŠTVO I KULTURA

Author(s): Amir Džinić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 19/2024

Review of: Robert Elsie, Albanska plemena: povijest, društvo i kultura. Društvo albanskih nakladnika – DEA, Sisak, 2022.

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Demografski razvoj i kulturno-lingvistički identitet Bunjevaca u Srbiji

Author(s): Nada M. Raduški / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 27/2024

The paper presents the demographic dynamics of the Bunjevci in Serbia from 1991 to 2022, an ethnolinguistic research on their language as one of the most important components of national identity, cultural development, specific customs and traditions of this ethnic minority. The history of the Bunjevci people is characterised by the two-century effort of the Hungarian, Croatian, occasionally Serbian and, in the 20th century, Yugoslav national ideologies, to appropriate and modify the Bunjevci ethnic identity in the region of Bačka, but also by the persistent commitment of the members of this minority to preserve and develop their linguistic identity. Disagreements among ethnologists and linguists regarding the question of whether it is a minority language or a separate speech within the Croatian or Serbian languages became especially topical after the disintegration of Yugoslavia, with additional polemics about the standardisation of their ‘ikavica’ and its introduction into the official use in the city of Subotica. And, finally, a special characteristic of the Bunjevci identity are their culture, although never fully developed and exposed, and very specific and recognisable traditional customs, although insufficiently preserved in their original form. When, in 1991, in the Republic of Serbia the Bunjevci first got the opportunity to declare themselves in the population census and be registered as a separate ethnic community and when the National Council of the Bunjevci Ethnic Minority in was established in 2003, as well as other institutions and organisations in the field of culture, politics, and information (and especially with the standardisation of ‘ikavica’ and the introduction of the their language into public use, primarily in education), the Bunjevci finally awaited better socio-political conditions. For preserving their identity. Those members of the Bunjevci who consider themselves an autochthonous people in Bačka, after a century and a half of assimilation and efforts of other peoples to ethnically assimilate them, have accepted Serbia as their country in which they have the opportunity to revitalise and further develop their linguistic and cultural uniqueness and potential.

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Monumentality Trouble According to Gregor Taul

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Monumentality Trouble According to Gregor Taul

Author(s): Lolita Jablonskienė / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 03+04/2024

Review of: Gregor Taul. Monumentality Trouble. Monumental-Decorative Art in Late Soviet Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. / Sekeldused monumentaalsusega. Monumentaal-dekoratiivkunst hilisnõukogude Eestis, Lätis ja Leedus. Dissertationes Academiae Artium Estoniae 43. Tallinn: Estonian Academy of Arts, 2024, 381 pp.

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Image as a Propaganda Tool? Visual Representations of the ‘New Man’ in History Textbooks of the Socialist Era

Author(s): Esilda Luku / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2024

This paper aims to analyze whether the images employed in national history textbooks in Albania for the eight-year school under the socialist regime were used as a propaganda tool to communicate the Party’s vision for the socialist transformation of society. It adopts Kress and Van Leuween’s visual socio-semiotic approach to examine the images in terms of their representational, interactive, and compositional meta-function. The findings indicate that most of the images depict the “new socialist man,” who is willing to build up socialism and defend the homeland; they have been represented close to the viewer, as the latter belongs to the “new socialist society,” and the majority of the images place the “new man” in the center of the composition. Consequently, images in history textbooks served the state propaganda to manipulate and indoctrinate the young generation.

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Pjetër Budi: Vepra II Speculum Confessionis / Pasëqyra e t' Rrëfyemit (1621)

Author(s): Evalda Paci / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 02/2024

Review of: Pjetër Budi: Vepra II Speculum Confessionis / Pasëqyra e t' Rrëfyemit (1621), Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, Tiranë, 2024. Riprodhim anastatik i botimit kritik të Gunnar Svane-s (1986), përgatitur dhe pajisur me faksimilet e tekstit burimor nga Bardhyl Demiraj

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Female education in Jagoda Truhelka’s epistolary book U carstvu duše in Habsburg Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Mitsutoshi Inaba / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

This paper aims to elucidate Jagoda Truhelka’s view on female education in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Habsburg Empire (1878- 1918). She worked as a teacher in Bosnia starting in 1901. The scholarship has evaluated her educational theory as eclectic. This paper compares her epistolary book on female education, U carstvu duše (1910) with Stjepan Basariček’s pedagogy whose book was used as a textbook for pedagogy at all normal schools in Bosnia. In this way, we will be able to answer the following questions: How does her pedagogical theory relate to her activities in Bosnia? Is the scholarship justified in understanding her theory as eclectic?

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“White Slave Trade” and the Protection of Girls in Serbia and Yugoslavia, 1840–1940.

Author(s): Svetlana Stefanovic / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

In Europe in the nineteenth century, at the time of the industrial revolution and the increase of the city population, prostitution became a burning social problem. According to the public opinion at the time, prostitution undermined the moral foundations of society and represented a danger not only for the moral, but also the physical health of the population. This article examines the issue of prostitution and sex trafficking of women and girls, and the position of authorities, expert-medical circles and women’s movement regarding this issue in nineteenth and early twentieth-century Serbia and Yugoslavia. In addition to daily press and periodicals, archival material from the State Archives of Serbia and the Archives of Yugoslavia was used in this work, as well as relevant professional literature.

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U borbi za kruh i ruže – štrajkaške prakse radnica u Hrvatskoj između dvaju svjetskih ratova (1918.–1939.)

Author(s): Ana Rajković Pejić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2024

Despite the repressive frameworks of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in which Croatia was a part, and the fact that women did not have political rights, womenworkers increasingly demanded improvements in their social and economic conditions during the interwar period. This was particularly evident in the strikes organized by women workers, where they sought better working conditions, higher wages, and the signing of collective agreements. In this context, the goal of this paper is to analyze three significant women’s strikes (the strike of women workers at the Schicht soap factory, the Bizjak biscuit factory, and Tivar). The analysis is based on archival sources from the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb and the State Archives in Osijek, as well as periodicals (Organizovani radnik, Radnička štampa, Hrvatski list, etc.) and secondary literature, which are used to provide a broader sociopolitical context for the organization and progression of these strikes.

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Imperativ pamćenja loma dominantnog književnog kanona – prva istraživačica bosanskohercegovačkog ženskog pjesništva Ajša Džemila Zahirović

Author(s): Merima Omeragić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2024

This article takes as its starting point the task of remembering and re-evaluating the work of the recently deceased poet and researcher Ajša Džemila Zahirović. In an attempt to uncover and analyze the reasons why her work and the author have been forgotten, this paper seeks to examine the context in which women create and in which their work is valued. This includes the creation of a theoretical-critical framework that is reflected in the combination of feminist literary criticism and gynocriticism, with the aim to provide an adequate response to the problem of the exclusion of women from the dominant literary history and canon. Although the main focus here is on interpreting the editorial practices of the first Bosnian anthology of women’s poetry Od stiha do pjesme: Poezija žena Bosne i Hercegovine [From verse to poem: Poetry of women of Bosnia and Herzegovina] (1985), in addition the paper will identify the method of establishing a subgenre of an anthology of women’s poetry capable of giving voice to women and intervening in the dominant field of knowledge. The work is based on retrieving forgotten women writers from history, such as Zahirović. Additionally, the idea of this paper is to articulate the history of women’s writing. The aim is also to reposition both the researcher and her anthology within the spaces of the reconstruction of the female literary tradition and the imperative of memory. The entire analysis is based on a careful examination of the status of the writer and anthologist, that is, demonstrating and affirming her importance.

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Jedno žensko sjećanje na bosanskohercegovački socijalizam 1980-ih i njegov kraj: Melika Salihbegov(ić)

Author(s): Sabina Veladžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2024

This paper aims to present in an integral form selected sources from the “Melika Salihbegović” collection, archived in the Museum of Literature and Performing Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It seeks to illuminate one woman’s inner world, voice, writings, her perception of social, ideological, political reality and the structures of institutional power during socialist period in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the late 1970s and 1980s. Since the writer Melika Salihbegov(ić) was detained, trialed, and convicted in the Sarajevo Process of 1983, the sources presented here offer a poignant insight into the ways in which repression by state and so-called security authorities – and also social ostracism, which, as the sources suggest, aimed to erase the visibility of her person and her voice in the public sphere – along with social isolation, took a toll on the body, mind, and soul of a woman who, driven uncompromisingly by deep conviction, sought to affirm herself publicly as a free political being and cultural creator.

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Stanislava Barać (ur.), Časopis Žena danas (1936–1940): Prosvećivanje za revoluciju

Author(s): Saima Lojić-Duraković / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2024

Review of Stanislava Barać (ur.), Časopis Žena danas (1936–1940): Prosvećivanje za revoluciju, Beograd: Institut za književnost i umetnost, 2022, 463 str.

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Ivana Hadjievska, Jana Kocevska (ur.), Invisible archives: Women in the periodicals from Vardar Macedonia between the two world wars

Author(s): Amina Abaspahić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2024

Review of: Ivana Hadjievska, Jana Kocevska (ur.), Invisible archives: Women in the periodicals from Vardar Macedonia between the two world wars, Skopje: Center for Research of Nationalism and Culture, 2021, 175 str.

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Francoise Verges, Dekolonijalni feminizam i Susan Ferguson, Žene i rad: Feminizam, rad i društvena reprodukcija

Author(s): Dina Gusinac / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2024

Review of: Francoise Verges, Dekolonijalni feminizam, Sarajevo: TPO Fondacija, 2022, 111 str. i Susan Ferguson, Žene i rad: Feminizam, rad i društvena reprodukcija, Sarajevo: TPO fondacija, 2022, 203 str.

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Suraiya Faroqhi, Women in the Ottoman Empire: A Social and Political History

Author(s): Amer Maslo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2024

Review of: Suraiya Faroqhi, Women in the Ottoman Empire: A Social and Political History, London: I. B. Tauris, 2023, 328 str.

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Marijana Petronić (prir.), Zaboravljena Milica Miron

Author(s): Sonja M. Dujmović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2024

Review of: Marijana Petronić (prir.), Zaboravljena Milica Miron, Istočno Sarajevo: Matična biblioteka, 2024, 451 str.

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BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: THE PERILS AND PITFALLS OF MEMORIALIZATION IN DIVIDED POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES

Author(s): Goran Šimić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Transitional justice has viewed memorialization primarily through its capacity to support societies in their efforts cope with a difficult past. Memorials can be sites of public mourning, outlets for grief and terrain where memories of the past can be confronted. Yet, memorialization is a contested and divisive social and political process in societies that are recovering from identity-based intrastate conflicts. The immense symbolism of memorials is deployed to construct exclusive identities, underline ethnic differences, mark territory and to provoke in a manner that can impede inter-group reconciliation. This paper examines the perils of memorialization in Bosnia and Herzegovina and analyzes the causes and manifestations of competitive memorialization among the country’s three largest ethnic communities. It argues that legally binding regulation on the construction of memorials can be a feasible strategy to encounter the problems they pose on divided post-conflict societies.

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