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Vizualusis istorijos pasakojimas: Šv. Barboros paveikslo Alėjų bažnyčioje atvejis

Author(s): Daiva Vaisnoriene / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 119/2024

The article examines a painting of St Barbara in the church of the Holy Trinity in Alėjai. The painting is believed to date from the second half of the 17th century and has not been previously studied. The study briefly reviews the history of the foundation of the parish and the manor in Alėjai, which belonged to the Dominican monastery in Raseiniai from the 17th to the 19th century. The article also discusses the history of the consecration of the church and possible ways of painting the altarpiece, using historiographical and iconographical sources. The painting is analysed using traditional methods of art research such as formal, iconographic-iconological and comparative analysis. In addition to the meaning of this work, an anthropological approach to cultural and artistic research is also applied. The composition and action of the painting are compared with images of church altars that were common in Western European countries during the Middle Ages.

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„Pohulianka“: vakarinio Vilniaus priemiesčio pavadinimo kilmė ir ribų kaita 1790–1940 metais

Author(s): Aelita Ambrulevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2024

The article examines the origin of the name “Pohulianka”, the western suburb of Vilnius, and establishes the chronology of the usage of this name from the first mentions in city plans to its disappearance from the topography of the city due to the Lithuanianization of urbanonyms in 1939–1940. Based on cartographic and written sources, the dynamics of the suburb boundaries are analyzed in the context of the changing urban name in 1790–1940.

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Lietuvių jėzuitų įsikūrimas Amerikoje: veiklos kryptys ir problemos XX amžiuje

Author(s): Ignas Stanevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2024

The article examines the directions and challenges of the activities of Lithuanian Jesuits in exile from 1931 to 1990. The study utilizes archival Jesuit documents such as annual meeting reports, meeting protocols, correspondence, and memoirs. In 1948, with the approval of the Jesuit leadership in Rome, the Jesuits established a viceprovince that brought together all the priests separated from the native Lithuanian Jesuit province. The challenges of emigration compelled the monks to adapt to the everyday life of the new world, nurture the spirit of Jesuit life, and preserve their national identity. Jesuits continued their missionary work beyond the borders of the vice-province, undertaking missions in Canada, South America, and Uruguay. The expansive geographical scope of their activities raised concerns regarding the spiritual calling of the Jesuits themselves. Simultaneously, the decrees of the Second Vatican Council had a parallel influence, prompting Jesuits to reconsider their affiliation with the order.

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Nušviesti ar užtamsinti? Žiniasklaidos vaidmuo nacių ir jų talkininkų teismuose

Author(s): Tomas Vaiseta / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2024

Review of: Ruth Leiserowitz, Gintarė Malinauskaitė, Hektoras Vitkus (eds.), Making Justice Visible: War Crimes Trials, Media and Memory after World War II, Osnabrück: fibre Verlag, 2022.

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The Qur’ans of the Spanish Moriscos and the Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Drawing Comparisons and Tracing Patterns

Author(s): Katarzyna K. Starczewska / Language(s): English Issue: Spec/2023/2023

This paper is aimed at presenting a preliminary comparative study of the Qur’anic translations produced by two autochthonous European Muslim communities: Spanish Mudéjars (Muslims who remained in the Iberian Peninsula after the Christian reconquest) and Moriscos (former Muslims forced to convert to Christianity) and, on the other side of Europe, the Tatars of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). The framework for this comparison is provided by some basic facts: over the span of two centuries, in the case of the Morisco population (starting with the conquest of Granada in 1492, until the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609)1 , and three centuries in that of the Tatars of the GDL (17th to 19th centuries), their literary production was exclusively hand-written. Both groups preserved their Muslim religiosity but, with some erudite exceptions, had only scarce knowledge of Arabic, the holy language of Qur’anic revelation. Moreover, without having access to one another’s culture, both Moriscos and the Tatars of the GDL adapted the Arabic alphabet to their vehicular languages, Romance and Slavic respectively2 . Thanks to this adaptation strategy, they maintained the sacred aspect of their writings and were able to translate the Qur’an into a language they fully understood. However, in spite of these striking similarities between the two groups, there were also notable differences. While the Tatars of the GDL were granted full religious freedom, the Moriscos were heavily persecuted for any signs of adherence to Islam. In order to shed more light on the phenomenon of European Muslim cultures, in this paper I will present various manuscript examples of these groups’ Qur’anic translations, and draw some preliminary conclusions regarding the information that can be retrieved from this kind of sources.

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Татары Великого Княжества Литовского в Соединенных Штатах Америки

Author(s): Siarhiej Miskiewicz / Language(s): Russian Issue: Spec/2023/2023

At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, Tatars of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania started migrating to new lands and countries including England, Argentina and America. They were looking for work and the USA became their preferred country. Many Tatars returned back to homeland, but most of them stayed in America and succeeded. Tatars from Ivje, Navahradak, Mir, Kleck, Tavsiuny, Milkuny, Śviańciany, Dokšycy, Uzda, Śmiłavičy, Minsk, Vilnia and other settlements of Russian Empire before the World War I founded their registered society in New York in 1907. It was the first Muslim organization in the USA. They also founded the Muslim mizars in the Maple Grove and Cedar Grove cemeteries in New York. They started teaching children and bought a building for mosque in 1930. Tatars provided the annual dances and picnics, organized the funding (dues, fees, fines, loans, donations) for payment of expenses, helped the Society members (death and illness benefits) and Muslims in other countries including the former homeland (Ivje in 1922, Niekrašuncy, Warszawa in 1945 and etc.). They published a newspaper, the prayer books. They took part in the main historical events in the USA: the World War I, the World War II, Korean and Vietnam wars, post-war occupation of Germany, etc. Unfortunately, the Society had been developed until 1960s (member quantity was more than 300) and now it is in decline due to assimilation and migration. This article is devoted to the Tatar society of the USA. It is based on the results of study of family collections, oral stories, archival documents (Ellis Island cases, certificates of birth, death, marriage, draft) and pictures. The organization structure, the names of the famous Tatars and the Society board members (presidents, vice-presidents, secretaries, treasurers, imams, teachers, bank account holders, funeral committee members, etc.), the information about two cemeteries are revealed and provided.

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Musical Instruments of the Turkic Peoples of the Volga Region and Urals

Author(s): Gulnara Khayrullina / Language(s): English Issue: Spec/2023/2023

National musical instruments are part of the culture and history of the people. They reflect the characteristics, temperament and mentality of the people, the conditions for their formation as an ethnos. Variety, rich sound, unusual melody pattern – national musical instruments create all this. Every ancient musical culture has its origins in ancient rites. Folk music of the Turkic peoples of the Volga region and the Urals was no exception. Singing was accompanied by pagan and mystical sacraments, holidays, household and daily rituals such as hunting, harvesting and much more, including military campaigns. The sound of folk instruments has a specific musical pattern and voice that distinguishes the musical instruments of the Turkic peoples from other ethnic groups that have settled since ancient times in the Urals and the Volga region. This is due to the fact that the Tatars and Bashkirs have always preferred melodic musical instruments that allow performing a branched, rich melody in a wide range. Although the list of musical instruments has about fifty varieties, this article analyses the most characteristic and ancient ones.

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Исламские Геометрические Орнаменты, Их История И Способы Построения

Author(s): Andrey Schetnikov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

This article deals with the art of geometric ornaments, widely spread in the whole Islamic world. This art appeared at the beginning of the 11th century in Khorasan and Transoxania, rapidly developed in the next two centuries until the Mongol invasion, transferred from here to Damascus, Cairo and further to the Maghreb countries, and then flourished again in the Timurid Empire, when multi-color solutions were added to complicated geometry of star polygons. We consider various principles for constructing these patterns, with special attention to so called “polygonal technique”.

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СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ СТАТУС ЖЕНЩИН В РОССИЙСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ (1992-2022)

Author(s): Olga Anatolevna Khasbulatova,Inna N. Smirnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2023

Based on the materials from documentary sources, scientific works, statistical data, and sociological research, directions for the transformation of the social status of women during the period of Russian statehood from 1992—2022 are formulated. The authors concluded that during the designated period, women’s status positions have contradictory characteristics. The level of general and professional education of women corresponds to a high status rank. In the professional sphere, women have the opportunity to engage in entrepreneurial activities. At the same time, the majority of professionally employed women have an average socio-economic status. The incomes of the majority of professionally employed women and pensioners have low status characteristics. The level of women’s participation in the fields of professional and public administration corresponds to a low status rank. Thus, over the 30 years of Russian statehood, women’s status positions have acquired contradictory characteristics. The authors formulated factors that can improve the social status of women in modern Russian society, among them: a consistent policy of government bodies to implement the National Action Strategy for Women until 2030, effective activities of women’s organizations, increasing the activity of women themselves in achieving high status positions and expanding the horizons of self-realization.

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Dragan Matić, Tiskovna svoboda v krempljih ljubljanske justice: zaplembe časopisov in druge tiskovne zadeve v obdobjih 1873–1889 in 1908–1914 v pravosodnih fondih Arhiva Republike Slovenije

Author(s): Marko Zajc / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 3/2023

Review of: Dragan Matić, Tiskovna svoboda v krempljih ljubljanske justice: zaplembe časopisov in druge tiskovne zadeve v obdobjih 1873–1889 in 1908–1914 v pravosodnih fondih Arhiva Republike Slovenije. Ljubljana: Arhiv Republike Slovenije, 2023, 336 str.

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Habsburški mejni kordon proti Osmanskemu cesarstvu kot branik zdravja in njegove kazenskopravne osnove

Author(s): Marko Kambič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

In the 16th century, the Habsburgs started constructing a defensive buffer zone known as the Military Frontier to deter Ottoman incursions. The region was deliberately militarised and fell under full military administration along with its civilian population. As the Ottoman threat gradually diminished from the late 17th century onwards, the Military Frontier lost its defensive significance. However, due to the severe risk of infectious diseases, especially the plague, spreading from the southeast, the authorities made use of the military regime at the border to combat epidemics. They assigned the military cordon the task of a permanent sanitary cordon, enhancing the existing infrastructure and adapting the health regime to the strict hierarchical system of the military administration. In addition to the norms regulating the cordon’s structure and the implementation of security measures at the border, criminal regulations aimed at ensuring prevention and thereby protecting public health were also drawn up. This contribution presents the genesis of the cordon, analyses the relevant criminal code regulations from the 18th and 19th centuries, and evaluates their effect.

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Vloga šivalnega stroja v socialni in gospodarski zgodovini vsakdanjega življenja v 19. in prvi polovici 20. stoletja

Author(s): Nataša Henig Miščič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

The article focuses on the sewing machine’s role in economic and social history. First, it examines the long development and the marketing and advertising techniques that enabled the sewing machine to find a place in people’s everyday lives. The second part of the article explores the Slovenian territory, the development of the education system, and, consequently, the development of the seamstress profession.

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Neporočene matere med normami in prakso

Author(s): Ana Cergol Paradiž / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

In the Habsburg Monarchy, the civil rights of illegitimate mothers and children were primarily regulated by the Austrian Civil Code of 1811. Under this code, illegitimate children did not enjoy the same rights as legitimate ones. Nevertheless, the illegitimate father was obligated to provide for them. The extent to which this progressive principle in Austrian law was practically implemented remains uncertain. This study investigates the frequency with which illegitimate mothers pursued legal recourse when fathers refused financial responsibility for their children. Additionally, it examines how often these mothers successfully obtained paternity recognition. The paper addresses these inquiries by analysing one hundred preserved custody court files from the District Courts in Rakek, Lož, and Cerknica between 1899 and 1945, alongside other relevant civil law documents.

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СЕМЕЙНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА В СССР (1936-1955): ИСТОРИКО-СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

Author(s): Olga A. Khasbulatovа,Inna N. Smirnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the process of transformation of family policy in the USSR in 1936-1955. Based on documentary and statistical sources, it was concluded that utopian ideas and authoritarian methods of state management of families during the designated historical period had a negative impact on the formation of the family as a social institution. In the ideology of the women’s issue, the Bolshevik Party clearly defined the potential of women: social production, family service, giving birth, and raising children. The development of the institution of marriage was formal. The ban on abortion and other administrative measures to regulate marriage and family relations did not have a noticeable impact on population reproduction. In general, the study shows that the growth of the birth rate can be promoted not by prohibitions, but by an increase in the standard of living of families, their confidence in the future, as well as in the ability to successfully combine family and work responsibilities. These historical lessons have not lost their relevance.

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Малые Дела Российских И Украинских Землячеств В Париже

Author(s): Sergey V. Kosterin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2023

Emigrant assistance to the impoverished Soviet intelligentsia in the first half of the 1920s remains one of the confusing and little-studied episodes. Historians have only casually mentioned the existence of fraternities in Paris. The purpose of the article is to fill in the existing gaps in particular, revealing the genesis of targeted care for Soviet intellectuals, the mechanisms and motives of patronage, the composition of those under guardianship, their attitude to help and the circumstances of its fading. The periodical press has become the “historical ore” as well as archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The deplorable material and moral state of the intelligentsia, its value to society and the Bolshevik repressions against its most talented part became an incentive for emigrants to choose this category of Soviet society as an object of charity. The Russian Public Committee in France to help the famine-stricken in Russia established special organizations — fraternal communities — to attract funding from Russian emigre circles and intensify humanitarian work. Soon, many of them acquired legal independence. Entertainment events and donations have become the main sources of funds for apolitical organizations. Foreign money was also attracted. The impoverishment of emigration interfered with the work of the organizations. The patronage was implemented mainly by sending American Relief Administration parcels, and from money transfers. Beginning in 1925, the community started to evolve in the direction of supporting compatriots within France and gradually turned into clubs. Emigrant help was often the only means for Soviet intellectuals to survive. It found positive feedback from the wards, although it was not systemic and large enough. Supporting the impoverished intellectuals, the fraternities protected Russian culture.

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Василий Шарапов и художественная жизнь Палеха второй половины 1930-х — начала 1940-х гг.

Author(s): Dmitry I. Polyvyannyy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2023

The essay is dedicated to Vasiliy Sharapov (1917—1942) — student of Palekh Art School named after M. Gorky in 1933—1938 and associate of the State Museum of Palekh Art in 1938—1941. The eight years of his study and work in Palekh embrace the time of significant change in the education of the new generation Palekh painters and in their activities under the Fellowship of Palekh artists, which replaced the Artel of ancient painting in 1933. The artists had to reorganize their relations with the governmental and municipal institutes at all levels, including the Palekh district formed in 1935. The adaptation of the forms and contents of their art production to the ideological standards of the “socialist society” and the new aesthetic needs of Soviet people took place. Sharapov’s notes, letters, articles in the local press are considered against the background of the archival documents and publications of his contemporaries – journalists, art critics and historians of art. This approach allows to consider the young museum associate as one of the important “backstage persons” in the artistic life of Palekh in the second half of the 1930s and the beginning of the 1940s. The main attention is paid to Sharapov’s search of the ways to overcome the crisis, in which, as he supposed, found itself the Palekh painting after 1936, and to elaborate new theoretical approach to the Palekh art combining classical views and Marxist philosophy. His articles on Pavel Bazhenov (1904—1941), whom Sharapov considered one of the main persons of the contemporary Palekh art in fact put the beginning to the complex evaluation of the works. The article is followed with brief biographic reference on the persons – contemporaries of V. Sharapov mentioned in the text.

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Деятельность полковника Б. Н. Сергеевского по организации Русской гимназии в лагере перемещенных лиц Мюнхен-Фрайманн (1945—1947 гг.)

Author(s): Alexander A. Kornilov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2023

The article, based on the study of archival original documents, examines the activities of Colonel B. N. Sergeevsky on the creation and development of a Russian gymnasium in the Munich-Freimann displaced persons camp in 1945—1947. The main areas of activity of B. N. Sergeevsky, who made important personnel decisions on hiring teachers, developed curricula, created Teachers’ Council — a collegial body for monitoring the educational process and making various methodological and disciplinary decisions, are investigated. The Director paid special attention to the teaching of those disciplines that formed the Russian Orthodox identity. They were Russian literature, Russian history, the Law of God, geography, the Russian language. The applied part of the knowledge included teaching specific labor professions that would be useful to the children of emigrants after their families moved from Germany to other countries of the world. The director of the gymnasium managed to gather in the educational institution a community of Russian intellectuals who prepared children for trials of life in Western countries.

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Проблемы Палестины в осмыслении ведущего нижегородского ученого О. А. Колобова и его учеников

Author(s): Maria Yu. Borodina,Anna A. Komakha,Igor V. Ryzhov,Olga O. Khokhlysheva,Igor V. Shamin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2023

The article is dedicated to the famous Russian scientist Oleg Alekseevich Kolobov, who celebrated his 75th birthday in 2023. All his conscious life Oleg Alekseevich devoted to research activities, doing it in the walls of Gorky/Nizhny Novgorod State University. Particular attention in the article is paid to the analysis of such problems of research by O. A. Kolobov as U.S. policy towards the Palestinian problem in the general context of the study of foreign policy of the United States, Israel and the Arab world, taking into account the specifics of implementation and formation of the policy of American imperialism in the Middle East after 1945; the policy of world powers in the framework of the Middle East settlement. Attention is drawn to the contribution to the study of Palestine and the State of Israel by O. A. Kolobov’s students — doctors of science A. A. Kornilov, I. V. Ryzhov, O. O. Khokhlysheva and I. V. Shamin. At the end of the article, the following conclusion is made: over decades of research and educational work, Professor O. A. Kolobov, having trained professional and scientific personnel, formed a successfully operating scientific school of the Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N. I. Lobachevsky, which received recognition in Russia and beyond abroad, and whose students successfully continue the work of Oleg Alekseevich.

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К вопросу о месте и роли интеллигенции в общенациональном кризисе России начала XX в.

Author(s): Aleksey Nikolaevich Kuraev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the role of the intelligentsia in the unfolding of the nationwide crisis in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century. The main features and causes of this crisis are indicated. The necessity to identify the role of the intelligentsia in the split of the Russian society and the rocking of public consciousness is determined. The author applies the following scientific research methods: analysis and synthesis of facts; induction and deduction; system and structural-functional approaches; comparative analysis. The essence, structure and numerical composition of the intelligentsia, its role in the formation of the “new middle class” are discussed. The social situation, activities and socio-political activity of Russian scientists, professors and other teachers of higher and secondary educational institutions, as well as students are considered in detail. The position of the intelligentsia in national and religious issues is analyzed. It is concluded that at the beginning of the XX century the social composition of the Russian intelligentsia was all genealogical and heterogeneous. The political views and economic situation of the intellectuals also differed. The intelligentsia was ideologically differentiated into different political groups, leading a fierce confrontational struggle with each other about choosing the path of social development, about methods of achieving their goals. Lacking a solid social support, the intelligentsia tried to attract to its side both new (workers, employees) and traditional (peasantry, urban philistinism) layers, introducing into their consciousness a multi-vector ideology, various party programs. At the beginning of the twentieth century such a flood of information about the ways and methods of Russia’s transformation poured into the split traditional consciousness that it was unable to not only comprehend it, but also even just to “digest” it. The shake-up of traditional consciousness performed by the intelligentsia in the conditions of confrontation between the government and society turned out to be fraught with powerful political and social cataclysms that brought Russia to the brink of a national catastrophe.

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Древнеиндийские сюжеты в ойратском сборнике «Сказание Нектарного Учения»

Author(s): Badma V. Menyaev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

Questions about the similarity of the plots of Oirat written monuments with ancient Indian ones still remain insufficiently studied. Most of the Oirat works have not yet been introduced into scientific circulation or translated into Russian and other European languages. The article examines the origin of the plots of 17th and 18th century Oirat religious and didactic collection. “Aršān nomiyin tuuǰi” (“The Tale of the Nectar Teaching”), dating back to the literary monuments of Ancient India. The collection consists of sixty-four short Buddhist stories. It is framed by a diagram of the Tibetan Buddhist treatise “Lamrim,” presented in thesis form. The main provisions of the treatise are revealed in the collection with the help of artistic examples from various Indian and Tibetian sources. The collection is distinguished by a strict functional purpose; it introduces the laity to the course of Buddhist teachings and instructs them on the path of virtue. It was used by Buddhist monks as a guide in his preaching practice until the beginning of the 20th century. The article examines the structure and content of Oirat and ancient Indian stories in their narrative presentation, identifying similarities and local differences. As a result of the study, it was established that genetically similar plots help to better understand the content of short stories in the Oirat collection, which have lost their essential structural components due to various reasons. The stories of “The Tale of the Nectar Teaching” differ from the source texts by the extreme conciseness of their plots: they lack any descriptions or comparisons, the main focus is exclusively on heroes’ actions, the action unfolds abruptly and dynamically. We noted a significant similarity between the plots of “The Tale of the Nectar Teaching” and ancient Indian works both at the plot-compositional and at content levels. This fact indicates their genetic relationship. The identification of the local differences in the Oirat collection demonstrates the genesis of the plots of ancient Indian monuments and their fate outside India.

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