Tożsamość jako wartość

Author(s): Barbara Czapik-Lityńska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article “Identity as a value” discusses the trends of contemporary reflection on identity. It presents some problems of individual and collective identity (cultural, social, national ones). It considers the need for identity in the view of the dynamic developmentof history and culture, identity problems, and the positive and negative influences the concept of identity may be subjected to. The author of the article draws attention to the peculiar nature of the discourses Slavic identity. They combine the identity problems of language and culture, collective memory and ethical entity. Nowadays the dominant tendency is to understand identity as a cultural value. It requires axiological memory and responsible co‑creation of an open model of culture.

Stereotyp tożsamości

Author(s): Bożena Tokarz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

A common semantic area of the concepts of stereotype and identity determines their stigmatising property, serving equally individualisation and unification, while they differas far as axiological marking, the object and tools of cognition are concerned. The identity crisis, which was frequently announced at the end of the last century, relates to the crisis of a stereotypical conception of identity as an unchanging picture. Given that identity has a processual character and is shaped by the possessed knowledge, designation of its boundaries, i.e. their ultimate specification signifies stereotypisation by which social and political manipulation becomes possible. Possession of identity does not determine a positive evaluation of a person or of a community, whereas identity stereotypes have a clear evaluation charge. Therefore, the concept of identity, corresponding with subjectivity, integrity and stereotype is rooted in a wider social, cultural, historical and narrative context rather than solely in the moral context. Identity, therefore, is a combination of awareness with behaviour and the ability to express oneself. The subject, as an agent of the correlation of consciousness, of behavior and of expression exists in a frequent conflict with the weakness of the will ofan individual or of the will of the representatives of a community – the authority, whichleads to the phenomenon of self-deception by means of identity stereotypes.

Swoje, obce, skolonizowane. Uwagi na temat wewnętrznych sporów o model kultury bułgarskiej w ostatniej dekadzie XX wieku

Author(s): Magdalena Pytlak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper presents selected opinions of the Bulgarian literary scholars on Bulgarian culture in a very specific point of time. The last decade of the 20th century in post-communist countries was a time of an increased interest in a cultural model.Even though the post-transformation period brings new methodologies and with them a new conceptual apparatus, Bulgarian scholars must again face the Revival-related (as well post-revival and pre-modernistic) issues, focused – for obvious reasons – on the concept of the canon and the Us-Them dichotomy. Three texts, about literature, translation and culture, respectively, are analyzed: Нация и литература в точката на “Балкана” (Nation and Literature in the “Balkan”) by Blagovest Zlatanov, Българското възраждане и Европа (Bulgarian National Revival and Europe) by Nikolay Aretov and The Self-Colonization Cultures by Aleksander Kiossev.

Kwestie tożsamości narodowej i kulturowej w twórczości poetyckiej Ani Iłkowa

Author(s): Dorota Gołek‑Sepetliewa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the constructions and the problems of Bulgarian national and cultural identity based on Ani Ilkov’s poetry written in the 1990s. In the early 1990s, thenew political and social realities forced nations of the former Eastern bloc to (re-)readcultural, literary and historical traditions, including the national topoi, myths and stereotypes.Ilkov redefines the national tradition and cultural heritage, he boldly inquiresabout the problematic Bulgarian identity and reinterprets the historical past.

Zavičajni identitet u nastavi

Author(s): Vesna Grahovac-Pražić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Within the framework of the prevailing globalization processes the identification of the value of homeland identity becomes crucial in preserving the personal and national identity. Covering a wide semantic field (in the biological, sociological, dialectological, ethnographic, philosophical and psychological sense), the term indigenization offers multiple forms of their transposition: artistic, scientific, educational, teaching and school-related ones. The pursuit of indigenous values in teaching is based on the theory related to the homeland, the national and cultural identity that emphasizes language, territory, history, culture, art and tradition as its main determinants. The theses related with the research topics of indigenization are located in a methodical and pedagogical overview whose purpose is to familarize oneself with and preserve the heritage – Lika identity through teaching literature as a creatively stimulating form of work with children during class teaching. The communication with the texts within the idiom in which the gradually disappearing world is saved the ability to detect native identity by accepting the words and their preservation is provided as well by the customs, beliefs, family relationships, relationships within the wider community. The preservation of the Lika indigenization – through students’ communication with a literary text, interweaving native idioms and standard language, experiencing non-fiction narratives that deal with indigenous themes, establishing cultural relations with the past and the tradition – creative communication with the cultural homeland heritage, by means of embedding native values in the personal identity, is achieved.

Granice europskoga/slavenskoga istoka i zapada: poljska književnost u kanonu svjetske književnosti iz hrvatske perspektive

Author(s): Cvijeta Pavlović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

For many centuries Croatian literature was a part of the Western European cultural circle, but it had also been well informed about the events in the East of Europe, which was noted in the literary reception perspective. The geo-political divisions and borders of the 20th century have significantly replaced the cultural and political centres of Croatian literature and many men of letters and intellectuals have assumed a critical and polemic view toward the unfolding state and conditions. In this way Croatian literature had often constituted a border of Eastern and Western Europe and Eastern and Western Slavs. In the context of the Slavic cultural circle Croatian literature had modified its approach and attitude towards other Slavic literatures. After losing the prominence that Polish literature enjoyed in the Croatian literature in the reception inclinations during the 19th century, the 20th century had proven very unstable for the “official” literary attitude. A comparative analysis of the reception of Polish literature as a part of world literature from the Croatian literary perspective is one of the significant indicators of how the construction of the literary canon proves to be an internal critical and polemic position towards the past as well as even to the present “official” cultural and political projections of ideas. The position that the Polish literature occupies in the Croatian literary canon of the 20th century is also an indicative sample of polemics that had been conducted between the Southern Slavs and the question of their identities.

Chorwacka mniejszość narodowa na Węgrzech – w poszukiwaniu definicji przynależności

Author(s): Antonina Kurtok / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an attempt to determine the status of the Croatian minority which inhabits Hungary and the extent of its connection with its homeland. The current situation of the minority was analyzed by taking into account the legal-political situation which influencesthe welfare-social conditions and the range of cultural activities. Text refers to the most important legal documents sanctioning the position of national minorities in Hungary. It also presents a legal-institutional system established by the Republic of Croatia, introduced in order to protect national minorities, and to support and strengthen cooperation with them. In addition, the most important issues associated with the community which functions outside of Croatian borders were indicated.

Problemy tożsamościowe bośniackiej diaspory w Turcji. Zarys problematyki

Author(s): Agata Jawoszek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Bosniak diaspora in Turkey is the oldest group of Bosniaks from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sandžak in the world. The first well-organized wave of refugees, the so-called Muhajirs, left Bosnia and sought a new homeland on the Bosporus and in Anatolia in the first decade after the Austro-Hungarian occupation of 1878. One group of refugees madetheir way to Macedonia, which was then still a part of the Ottoman Empire, thus creating the first Bosniak diaspora in this part of the Balkans. The mass migration of Bosnian Muslims, initially concealed by the Viennese government, was observed not only in the official records of the provincial government, but also in contemporary journalism, poetry and in the collective memory. According to various reports and statistics, today in Turkey there are more than a few million of Bosniaks and Bosnians. In this article I try to analyze the cultural models of self-identity of Bosniaks in Turkey and show their role in the political and social discourse in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Jak pozostać sobą w obcym języku? Strategie konwersji językowej pisarzy pochodzenia słowiańskiego

Author(s): Joanna Czaplińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to writers who after emigrating decided to change the language in which they wrote their books from their native language to the language of the country which became their second home. The strategies which are described in the article aredetermined by the personal experiences of the writers, for whom the choice of a second language in which their works were to be written became an opportunity to express various attitudes. Piotr Rawicz, a Jew of Polish origin, treated his literary début – the novel Le sang du ciel, written in French – as an autobiography, which was expressed not in a direct manner but in a manner based on intermediation of both the complex narrative devices as well as of language. This enabled him to distance himself from his own experiences. For Libuše Moníková, a writer of Czech origin who writes in German, the thematisation of Czech history and its myths in all the publications which were written in German and published in Germany became a path which enabled a German writer to become a Czech woman. A similar strategy was embraced by Zdenka Becker, a writer of Slovak origin who writes in German, and who in her work engages the painful questions of the Czechoslovakian relations during the period of the deportations of Germans after the Second World War.

Od Kultury kłamstwa do Kultury karaoke. Obraz przemian utrwalony w eseistyce Dubravki Ugrešić

Author(s): Anita Gostomska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Dubravka Ugrešić’s debut as an essayist happened during the time of exceptionally turbulent political transformations in Yugoslavia. Her first essays, published in foreign press,represented a spontaneous and emotional reaction to aggressive nationalism, which in the 1990s had dominated the public discourse in Croatia. The change of narration coincidedwith writer’s departure from the country; the difficult farewell with her homeland turned out to be the beginning of a completely new life and a different way of expression. The essays are based on her private history in the first place and the consequences of the disintegration of Yugoslavia constitute a constant point of reference. The writer, using her literature as a weapon, ruthlessly reviews the common past and presence for more than twenty years; she also devotes a great deal of attention to the cultural phenome which follow the global era, and she keeps the same critcal distance to them. By the undoubtedly intentional similarity of the titles (The Culture of Lies and Karaoke Culture) the writer expresses her subjective opinion, based on her personal experience, about the twenty-year-old process of changes. In this opinion the lie and karaoke with their symbolic meaning are not significantly different, and the changes turn out illusory. Ugrešić presents the timelessness of phenomena, to which as a writer she feels obliged to stand up, although the intensity of her faith in the power of literature seems to be weakened permanently. This utopian revolt, which comes from permanent criticism, strengthened by self-mockery, is a mark of Ugrešić’s writnig in the last two decades.

O protonacionalnom identitetu Jurja Barakovića u povijesti književnosti

Author(s): Divna Mrdeža Antonina / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In the context of earlier Croatian literature, Juraj Baraković’s Vila Slovinka achieved the status of a part of the literary canon largely due to a highly evaluated patriotic note in the literary-historiographical narrative. This article evaluates the modes and paths towards attaining the current position of this work in the traditional culture. Former insights are challenged and expanded by new ones with regard to the humanistic and post-Trent culture, which the author apostrophized and inscribed in the construction of Slavic/Illyrianideologemes. Baraković’s concept of proto-national identity primarily entails the affiliationto the culture of Catholic Restoration from the post-Trent period, late-humanist culture,especially the ecclesiastical discourse of the period which promoted both Christianityand the nation into an indivisible concept of resistance against the Ottomans. InVila Slovinka, the topic of national origin, territorial prevalence and language is complemented by the concept of humanistic virtue, formed in exemplars of anti-Turkish heroes and national saints, as well as in antipodal exemplars of liars and traitors that serve toemphasize virtue. Thus stratified, the national ideologem indicates Baraković’s work asincorporated in the historiographical narrative of the Early Modern Era, as well as thatthe author’s discourse had been propulsive towards everyday cultural life, that is towardsthe political, cultural and patrons-private relations within the literary field. The complexityof the subject of humanistic patriotism in Vila Slovinka legibly entails a distinctivediscourse of an eclectic genre of a panegyrical poem and Christian-humanistic exempla.

Problematika hrvatskoga nacionalnog identiteta u Krležinu romanu Zastave

Author(s): Zvjezdana Rados / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The paper analyzes the problems of the Croatian national identity in Krleža’s novel Flags/ Zastave (1976), the “dramatic history” of the agony and the final collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Balkan Wars, Wold War I and the newly formed South Slavic state community.Through the political genesis of the basic actant of the novel and his relation to other characters of the novel the national identity genesis will be monitored as well: from romantic Croatianhood, that strongest (non-state) foothold in the Arcadian experience of “our lovely homeland”, then the ecstatic Yugonationalism as a way out of the “large prison of nations” to the “bloody caricature” of the hero’s youthful political dreams in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In the novel, by analogy, mirror images of unresolved national issues in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia are noticeable.

W obronie chorwackości. Kwestie tożsamościowe na łamach czasopisma „Krugovi” (1952–1958)

Author(s): Natalia Wyszogrodzka-Liberadzka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the historical and cultural narrative of the 1950s in Croatia, one of the most important points is the release of the first issue of the “Krugovi” magazine in 1952. The writers that gathered around the newly formed magazine started a period of affirmation of diversity and praise of creative freedom in any possible form. The young generation did not agree with the imposed dogmas and promoted aesthetic clichés, but they did not fight openly.Nevertheless, despite the fact that the magazine was proclaimed apolitical, the authorsfailed to keep a hundred percent of impartiality and they sometimes spoke on issues theyconsidered important, such as the signing of the agreement of Novi Sad in 1954, whichthey considered harmful in reference to the Croatian language.

Dijalektička perspektiva južnoslavenskih književno‑jezičnih odnosa

Author(s): Ana Dalmatin / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Linguistically speaking, man is different from all other living beings, and therefore the language at the time of expressiveness is the essence of being. The language as an institution is what created the individual human spirit, as well as the society in which theindividual exists as a zoon politikon. The history of South Slavic linguistic relations can be viewed from the standpoint of Hegel’s dialectical trinity: thesis – antithesis and synthesis. The thesis of the language as the image of the world is in connection with the form of life. Connecting the historical experience of the poetic vision is realized in the works of Croatian writers. The consciousness of the common ethnogenesis, Proto-Slavic and old Slavic paradigms, is present in Croatian literature from Gundulić and Palmotić to Ujević, Simić, Krleža. As a system, Shtokavian has multiple realizations. The Croatian standard, in its own identity and uniqueness, constitutes realization is one of them by accessing the language like a sociolinguistic category, a short history of Croatian-Serbian language relations, reference tothe history, and the present Croatian language refers to Wittgenstein’s thesis according towhich the reflective linguistic representation of the world is in fact reflective of the languageof facts. International acknowledgment Croatian language, from the perspective of Hegel’s dialectic, is the point at which alienated ideas in the spirit of self-consciousness of the people come back again to themselves. It does not represent the ending point. On the contrary, it is the opening of a new perspective on the Croatian language.

Identiteti u raspravi Hrvatski književnici mletačke Dalmacije i život njihova doba Tome Matića iz 1925. i 1927.

Author(s): Robert Bacalja / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The following identities are analyzed in this article: Croatian, Turkish, Venetian (Italian) and the stereotypes in the function of the identity formation in the discussion Croatian writers of Venetian Dalmatia and the life in their time of Tomo Matić, which was published in Rad JAZU, book no. 231, in 1925. The second part was published in 1927 (RadJAZU, knj. 233, pp. 23–84). The historical, cultural and literal themes will be interpreted,devoted to the period of Venetian rule over Dalmatia, i.e. the cultural imaginary createdin the year of celebration of one millennium of Croatian kingdom. In that layered discussionfrom 1925 and 1927 (that theme could be read in Matić’s text The Croatian awarenessin the people of old Zadar from the calendar Svačić from 1904, as well as in the study PetarZoranić from 1909, which would also be interpreted in this article) the following narrativescould also be traced: “a difficult struggle for the national freedom and survival at the troubled border between East and West, glorious past” (comp. Oraić-Tolić, 2006:37), and also a struggle for the Croatian language and literature, which is characterized by the analyses of the works of Marko Marulić, Petar Zoranić, Petar Hektorović, Juraj Baraković, Jeronim Kavanjin, et al. Matić pointed out a number of examples in the Croatian history, culture and literature, as well as other works of the Croatian writers: Vetranović. Lucić, Grabovac, and others.

Konstruisanje crnogorskog identiteta između srpskog i crnogorskog nacionalističkog diskursa

Author(s): Tatjana Đurišić-Bečanović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The author of this paper studies the identity of semiosis, and in particular the influence on polemical discourse on the formation of identity patterns, which were (re-)defined after the breakup of Yugoslavia. The disintegration of the Yugoslav semiosphere resulted in disintegration of language standards and nationalist oppression of language that becomes the primary means of mythologizing, the main carrier of the identity of the most vulnerable victim of a nation, the guardian of the sacred past and archetypal truth about us. Yugoslav identity was destroyed, as well as the myths and cults which had always been the basis of the Yugoslav identity, always seen as a fragile nation, polyphonic, dispersive and heterogeneous, never sufficiently strong and coherent, making it susceptible to disintegration.The aesthetic function was pushed to the margins of the communicative process inthe polemical discourse; while at the forefront ther appeared the appellative and conativefunctions of the language, due to its specific structure and polemical instances. The affectiveprinciple of polemical instances affect polemical discourse coded in units of verbalchaining on whose emotional exaltation was based interaction, focused on the disensespeech acts. Polemically encoded emotionality is inextricably linked with the ideology,while the means by which the emotional discourse was modified and adjusted in the debatewas especially disense and subversive, which is why the ideological (in value) pointof view becomes dominant in the organization of polemical statements.

Tożsamość narodowa Josipa Broza Tity

Author(s): Piotr Żurek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Tito’s biographies are replete with unbelievable theories regarding his identity and parentage. Obviously, most of them are based on unverified conjectures and mythomaniacalmystifications instead of historical evidence. Even then, rumors and often mendacious gossip spread by the political enemies of the Yugoslav president proved – more or less – successful, having weakened his political image. According to Jože Pirjevec, the success of many later mystifications was based on a statement made by Draža Mihailović after his meeting with Tito in 1941, as the Serbian general believed Tito to be a Russian. This very opinion influenced a group of NSA experts analyzing the language of Tito’s speeches in 1977. They concluded that “Serbo-Croatian” could not be the native language of Tito, as he made mistakes which are typical of a Pole or a Russian. The theory was debunked by Marko Snoj, a linguist from the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. According to him, what NSA specialist assumed to be Tito’s ineptitude in Serbo-Croatian were vestiges of the Kozjansko-Bizeljski dialect Tito had preserved from his childhood. As a matter of fact, JBT identified himself as a Croatian or a Yugoslav. Serbian historian Olivera Milosavljević argues that in the case of “Yugoslav” one should understand his “state” identity rather than a “national” one. Such statements were forced by the complex national situation of Yugoslavia, as Tito, claiming to be a Croatian, risked displeasure from the Serbian part of the populace. Still, as his speech confirms, he had every right to do it, having grown up at the Croatian-Slovenian borderland in Kumrovec.

Makedonie v zrcadle minulosti a přítomnosti: Makedonská encyklopedie mezi sociokulturním diskurzem a sémiotickou interpretací

Author(s): Miroslav Kouba / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The paper provides a typology of the symbolic roles that is performed in the Macedonian social discourses by the Macedonian encyclopedia (Македонска енциклопедија, МАНУ, Скопје 2009). This first edition of the Macedonian popular scientific encyclopedia has casued many polemics at the national and international level, while their essence thematizes again the question of the modern Macedonian identity paradigms. the Macedonian encyclopedia is not just a set of normative concepts and passwords, but it primarily becomes a semiotic category, which is involved in the formation process of the canon of the contemporary national culture. At the same time, the Macedonian encyclopedia helps to create a wider social discourse platform for discussion of its conception and symbolic borders.

Zaprojektowana tożsamość „Nowomacedończyków”

Author(s): Lidija Tanushevska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the cultural conditions which brought about the embracing of the bizarre forms of struggle for the separate identity of the Macedonians. The article discusses certain phenomena which occurred in the social life and in the culture of Macedonia, which intensified only in the 21st century. Special emphasis wasput on the architectural phenomenon of the project known as Skopje 2014. The articlepresents an absurd layer of reality in a country ruled by totalitarian authorities.

Poeci jako ustawodawcy zbiorowej wyobraźni

Author(s): Heinrich Olschowsky / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0