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DUHOVNI PROFIL IMAMA U SUVREMENOM DRUŠTVU

Author(s): Esad Ćimić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2003

This article points out to a difference between a profession and a calling. A professionalism, with all its advantages (qualifications, quality of work, etc.), has its limitations since it's often characterized by plodding through a job, which lacks an important humanistic motivation. A person who stays within the limits of a profession is wary of everything that's out of his occupation. A calling, on the other hand, means inner excitement, enthusiasm, self-fulfillment, etc. Undoubtedly, the spiritual profile of an Imam in the modem society also includes this other dimension, but the accent is on a calling, which not only does not exclude profession, but, to the contrary, it comprises it.

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Od teologii lęku i uprzedzenia do teologii odwagi i dialogu. Soborowa deklaracja Nostra aetate o islamie i muzułmanach

Author(s): Eugeniusz Sakowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The parallel paths of Christians and Muslims call for organising meetings where the participants are driven by their faith in God. There is no alternative to interreligious dialogue. ”Children of Abraham” can discern one clear point on their road to coexistence: Jerusalem, that City of Peace, making man free to take responsibility for the world. It is important to turn away from bad memories, abandon the urge for revenge for the wrong once done and direct one’s thoughts to the truth. It is the dialogue that calls for it – the answer to God’s plan towards humanity, including Christians and Muslims. Fundamentalism is one of the greatest obstacles in their relationships. What is needed is its reinterpretation (tearing off its mask). Despite the ”apocalyptic fears” at the turn of the second and third millennium, one cannot give up the dialogue. ”Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions Nostra aetate”, proclaimed by the Second Vatican Council in 1965, remains relevant to all Catholics.

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Odkupieni w Jezusie Chrystusie? Soteriologia chrześcijańska wobec wyzwań islamu

Author(s): Krystian Kałuża / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The article presents an overview of the Islamic criticism of the Christian soteriology. It begins with pointing out some deficits in the soteriocentrism (J. Hick), with its glossing over serious differences between religions. Next it presents the motives behind Islam’s objection to the Christian soteriology, such as radical monotheism with its utter rejection of the idea of the incarnation and redemption, and its concept of man, reportedly free from the original sin and its consequences. The third part of the article is a brief apology of the Christian teaching on salvation and redemption. It draws attention to the fact that there is not one but many soteriological models and interpretations of the original sin. The soteriology of Anselm of Canterbury merits particular attention for his discussion with Islam and insistence on human freedom. The article concludes with an appeal to the theology of religion to work closely with other branches of religious studies. It postulates an inquiry into the genesis of the unitarian monotheism in the Qur’an and possible influence of the monarchianism in Syria on its formation (Ch. Luxenberg, K.H. Ohlig, and others). It also questions the legitimacy of referring to it as the Word of God, since this particular type of monotheism seems to exclude it in the first place.

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Działalność Rajmunda Llulla w Afryce Północnej (XIII i XIV wiek). Początki dialogu chrześcijańsko-muzułmańskiego

Author(s): Rafał Hryszko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The article is focusing on the circumstances of three missionary trips of Raimund Llull to Africa (to Tunisia in the years 1292-1293, Bejaia in 1307 and again to Tunisia between 1314 and 1315). In the first part of the article, after a brief presentation of the life and achievements of Raimund Llull, the background of mutual relations between Aragon and the North-African state ruled by the Hafsids, which became an area of missionary activity in that part of the world, was presented. Pursuant to the selected writings of the scholar, motives were presented, on which he based his missionary activity. Some special focus is directed on the activity among the Moslems and the methods he suggested in that type of work according to the mission-theological thought of the 13th century. The article also shows the influence of the events connected with his subsequent travels to Africa on the modification of the reflection on the problem of converting the Moslems on the basis of a dialogue. Llull, resorting to the reason and using philosophical arguments, referred to the common elements of the both religions as the common ground for agreement and mutual understanding. In this way he pointed to some new principles of acting on the meeting point of the western Christian world and the Islam domain.

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Współczesny meczet i jego symbolika. Kontekst problemowy i historiograficzny

Author(s): Swietlana Czerwonnaja / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

According to Roger Garaudy, a modern French philosopher, the mosque is the “mirror of Islam”. Its structure, composition and decor express fundamental aspects of the Islamic faith, worldwiev and aesthetics. One can say that the architecture of the modern mosque is the mirror of the modern Islam. Mosques built in the 20th and 21st centuries combine traditional elements (sometimes by mere copying of classical patterns) with bold innovations and latest building materials and technology. Architecture, ornamentation and religious interpretation of the mosque form one of the central questions in the Islamic theology: What is mosque? Is it the temple (the holy place, presupposing an invisible presence of God)? Or – unlike other sacral objects (Tempelarchitektur) – the home, in a religious and moral sense? The idea of the mosque as our common home has an impact on the architecture of the modern mosques.

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Muzułmański personalizm czy indywidualizm? Próba antropologii Ibn’Arabiego

Author(s): Zbigniew Ambrożewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

Islam and especially Muslim mysticism, that is Sufism, worked out its own anthropology strictly connected to its theology. In the paper I try to answer a question if one may find in the sufi anthropology issues similar to problems of personalism and individualism which are firmly embedded in Christian culture and philosophy. As a good example of Muslim thought I use a work of distinguished medieval Sufi Master – Ibn’Arabi (1165-1240) who developed an interesting conception of the Perfect Man and invented an original theory of metaphysical cognition based on imagination. I argue that there are not good reasons, in spite of some similarities and analogies, to consider Ibn’Arabi’s theories of man as personalism, individualism or even strict holism.

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Z dziejów islamu w Afryce Zachodniej

Author(s): Bara N'Diaye / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

This text is an analysis of Islam situation in West Africa. Present in the region since the eleventh century, however, it was the religion of the ruling dynasty, along with their surrounding Muslim scholars, as in the empire of Mali. In the period from the eleventh to the seventeenth century through trade and by the presence of marabouts in the courts of the kings, Islam developed in Western Sudan. Regardless of that process, to the end of the seventeenth century, Islam was not seen as a religion that could mobilize a fairly large number of followers. But, until the end of the seventeenth century, Islam appear as a religion that could be a force for certain changes in society. Today, Islam is a religion traditional in West Africa. Africanization process took place, because of some leaders achievements, among others, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba, the founder of «Muridiyyah» in Senegal in the late nineteenth century. His pacifism and his teachings are an example of a much-needed model of the Muslim world and the temporal world in general, engaged in a murderous intolerance and mutual exclusion.

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Islam a Wiara Bahá’í. Próba analizy komparatystycznej w kontekście fenomenologicznym

Author(s): Sergiusz Anoszko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

In the article I have undertaken a phenomenological comparison of two religious systems, which aspire to be of world importance, the Islam and Bahá’í Faith. Starting with a historic conditions’ analysis of Bahá’í coming into existence as a messianic section of Shiitism in the Islam, through an analysis of reference literature – the Quran and Bahá’í writings – similarities and differences in the dogmatic theology of both the systems were taken into consideration. Comparing the assumptions and attitudes in the faith allows to draw conclusions as to mutual interference of the Bahá’í prophet teaching and the so-called pillars of the Muslim faith, and still there is some separate development dynamism of the Bahá’í Faith.

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Konstytucja Islamskiej Republiki Iranu. Zagadnienia wyznaniowe

Author(s): Jerzy Nikołajew / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

This article is devoted to religious issues contained in the constitutions of Iran. In the introduction we pointed out the historical-religious context of functioning of the Persian and Iranian society, and the position of the Islamic religion (Shia). The first section discusses confessional issues included in the first Iranian Constitution of 1906 (1907), paying particular attention to the religious preamble, the treatment of Shiism in terms of official religion, the necessity to establish the law in accordance with Islam. The second section included a reflection on references to God and religion in the Constitution of 1979, passed on after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. The most extensive analysis appeared in the third point of the article dedicated to the amendment of the constitution, carried out in 1989. At this point, we took up subsequently issues pertaining to denominational-specific bodies of state authority (parliament, spiritual religious leader, the president, the Council of Guardians of the Revolution), religious rota oath prescribed in the Constitution for the President and Deputies taking up their offices, compliance with Sharia law and the Islamic doctrine and such conduct of public activities that do not harm Islamic values. Reflection closes an attempt to evaluate such a constitutional model adopted in Iran.

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Quelle peut bien être la place de l’islam dans le plan de Dieu?

Author(s): François Bousquet / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2015

The author explains first methodological assumptions. Since the question raised in the article is the question of a Christian – it presupposes: an appeal to the theology of history; rejection of libido sciendi that substitutes the Word of God with the narration of a theologian; imitation of Christ (the personal Truth) who suffers, but does not reject the one who rejects him; in the end – in reference to the Resurrection - the question of “beginning” does not imply a return to the past, but considers the future that belongs to God.Formulating the responses, the author examines first the contesting arguments (videtur quod non), then he investigates the evidence for the presence of Islam in God’s plan (sed contra). The resulting response (respondeo dicendum) is placed on two levels: the theoretical one (action of the Holy Spirit in the heart of people and in everything that is good, true and holy in spiritual traditions) and the practical one (challenge of the present moment). In other words, to respond to God’s plan, what resources do our spiritual religious traditions have, in order to have hope together and for all? In the final part of the article, in the light of the responses obtained, the author re-examines the contesting arguments posed at the beginning of this article.

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Regard sur les relations entre chrétiens et musulmans 50 ans après Nostra aetate

Author(s): Henri de la Hougue / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2015

Openness to dialogue with religions of the world initiated by the conciliar declaration Nostra aetate presents an unprecedented event and begins a new era in relations between the Church and Muslims. Very useful turns out to be a critical reading of the declaration 50 years after its promulgation. Analyzing half a century of relations between Christians and Muslims, the author tries to answer the question to what extent Nostra aetate is today an inspiration for inter-dialogic relationship. The declaration retains theological dynamism of its age. The author compares the aporia of the Christian-Muslim conciliar era to today – first by the criteria of Nostra aetate, then in the light of later texts of the Magisterium. Finally, given the growing Islamic fundamentalism, the author wonders how to make it that the dialogue promoted by the declaration would become the actual challenge today.

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Une Église au service de l’autre est une Église en mission. Présence chrétienne parmi les musulmans

Author(s): Eric Manhaeghe / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2015

Christians living among Muslims find themselves in controversial, at times even dangerous, situations. The author of this article shows that early Christian communities in similar circumstances were able to give witness to their faith. Like St Peter (in the Acts of the Apostles), we too need a ”conversion of our vocation” if we are to understand what God expects of us whenever we encounter people who want to remain faithful to their own religious tradition. If we undergo such conversion, we shall be able to recognise their part in God’s plan and enter into dialogue with them. While open to the treasures of their religion they want to share with us, we can reciprocate with the witness of our faith in Jesus Christ. Witness on both sides, often assuming a concrete shape in the communal life and mutual assistance, is the authentic mission – even if the term seems out of place here. The author’s main thesis may be formulated as follows: Mission is directed towards all people; also to those who do not indicate any desire to become Christian. By accepting them as they are and staying among them, the Church fulfills her mission to serve all people. It is especially telling at times when misunderstandings between followers of different religions lead to increased tension among them.

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L’islam, une religion d’ascendance abrahamique?

Author(s): Michel Younès / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2015

Study of the Quran and the Hadiths (sayings attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad) may lead to opposite conclusions. On the one hand, they contain striking similarities to the Judaistic and Christian holy texts. On the other hand, however, there are such profound differences that set the other two worlds apart. According to the received Muslim wisdom, the former are part of God’s plan for His creation. The latter are the result of human errors and negligence. Whatever the three religions have in common had come directly from God and was faithfully transmitted by the prophet Muhammad. What is the Christian stance on it? What is Islam in the Christian scheme of things? A christian heresy? Or a true religion, an integral part of God’s plan of salvation? This article provides an assessment of various opinions on the matter and their theological implications.

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Unity in Diversity. The “Prophets” Muḥammad, Abraham and Jesus and the Islamo-Christian Dialogue

Author(s): Thomas Mooren / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The author argues that dialogue between Islam and Christianity is necessary to avoid intolerance and politicization of both religions. However, a real dialogue must be based not only on achieving easy approval resulting from the real similarities, but also – and perhaps primarily – on becoming aware of the differences. Such a dialogue can lead to unity in diversity, in which there will be no place for domination of a party, but rather a competition in faith and investigation towards achieving holiness.The article discusses three problems that largely divide Christians and Muslims: Muhammad as a prophet, the role of Abraham in the Islamic revelation and the question of divine filiation of Jesus. The author, relying on the Qur’an, presents mainly the standpoint of Islam (supplemented for comparison with relevant excerpts from the book of Genesis and the New Testament) that sees Mohammed and his revelation as the crowning of a long series of prophets. Although Jesus also is considered a prophet and is one of the most important ones, but suras of the Qur’an strongly emphasize that he cannot be God’s son, because it would impair the perfection and self-sufficiency of the one God, and thus would deny His divinity. The Koran also performs the “Islamization” of Abraham, seeing him as a fully conscious follower of the monotheistic, universalistic religion and a kind of prefiguration of Muhammad – the only just one struggling with pagan (and even more broadly – un-Islamic) environment.

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Interreligious Dialogue in Practice. Letter to a New Bishop

Author(s): Felix Körner / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

How can a local Church be, at the same time, a credible, convincing witness to Christ’s Kingdom and pro-active in the attitude of openness, reconciliation, understanding and collaboration? In other words, how to be God’s people in mission and in dialogue? Letter to a New Bishop offers theological grounds and provides some suggestions and material for a truly Catholic encounter with other believers. It begins with a brief overview of the relevant terminology: mission, evangelisation, interreligious dialogue and proclamation. It then proposes several concrete propositions of how to set up and run a diocesan office, or an organisation, charged with interreligious dialogue and related matters. The Letter addresses also some common misconceptions about the idea of interreligious dialogue, and encourages its advocates to carry on this difficult, but so desperately needed, work.

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L’islam au Brésil. Des cases d’esclaves au coeur des grands centres urbains

Author(s): Karl-Heinz Arenz / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2015

The author attempts to determine the situation of Islam in Brazil - today as in the past. Although it is a religious minority in a country with a great tradition of Christian, Muslim faith has been present in Brazil for over a hundred years. Various historical events confirm that. In the nineteenth century, Muslim slaves coming from West Africa fomented the first revolt against the oppressors. There have also been activities of Syrian-Lebanese itinerant traders in different regions of Brazil. Not losing completely the nature of “ethnic religion” (Arabic), Islam in Brazil has diversified under the influence of new immigration from the Middle East and Africa. Sizeable Muslim associations currently registered in Brazil declare that they profess a peaceful and open to dialogue Islam; dissociate themselves from the established media stereotypes identifying Islam with various forms of violence and terrorism.

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L’islam en Afrique et ses enjeux pour le dialogue islamo-chrétien. Cas de la République Démocratique du Congo

Author(s): Josée Ngalula / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2015

There are several different Islamic traditions in the Democratic Republic of Congo: ”Swahili Islam”, ”West-African Islam” and ”Arab Islam” of the Middle Eastern provenance. This variety may be explained by the circumstances in which Islam appeared in Africa in the 7th century. Internal divisions within both Islam and Christianity, of which there are at least as many different denominations in Congo as of the former, do not provide for an easy and fruitful dialogue between the two religions. To make the matters worse, people are usually attracted to one or another religion less by religious motivations than the social and economic ones. Interreligious dialogue thus faces a risk of being reduced by the parties involved to the exchange of their views on social and economic issues rather than on their respective dogmatic positions. In consequence, they may have little to build on a peaceful and lasting coexistence. To counter this danger, one should actively encourage initiatives that seek to deepen religious convictions of both Muslims and Christians and facilitate integration of ecumenical relationships into one, common, interreligious dimension.

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Исламский фактор в истории многонационального региона

Author(s): Jurij Aleksandrovich Babinov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The author of this article discusses the process of the ”Islamic renewal” in the post-soviet territories and its reintegration in the Crimea, where the tradition of mutual tolerance between adherents of many various religions forms the basis for their continuing coexistence and good relationships. He illustrates it with examples of Islamic development, analysed through the prism of social progress. He argues that there are neither objective, nor subjective factors there today that would indicate an emergence of ethnic and nationalistic conflicts.

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L’Occident face au djihadisme islamique. Comment répondre?

Author(s): Eugène Lapointe / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2015

What is the right attitude towards the Islamic jihadism that would cement the positive relationship between the West and Islam? The author of the article pictures a multicultural society built on mutual respect, whose primary objective is getting to know each other in order to build – together – a better world.First, he identifies some key features of a jihaidst, which are intended to help understand (or explain) occurrences of the use of violence on religious grounds. Next he describes some characteristics of the idea of the freedom of speech – the motive behind many terrorist attacks, especially the dramatic outcome of the assault of the offices of «Charlie Hebdo». Finally, he addresses the classic idea of the laïcité (secularity) in the Western world and analyses the phenomenon of the ”return to religiosity”.In his conclusion, the author postulates the sine qua non condition for a peaceful existence of a multicultural society: non-religious government, whose objective is not the promotion of an ideology (which could mutate into oppression), but the preservation of the freedom of speech and religion for all citizens.

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Approaches to Islam: faith, religion and politics

Author(s): Peter Pandimakil / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Christian encounter with Islam has a long and tortured history which continues to affect not only interfaith dialogue, but also political and social rapprochement. However, the situation seems to take a positive turn thanks especially to increased scholarship and knowledge of each other as well as to the still growing Muslim presence in the West. In highlighting both these aspects, the present essay introduces some of the commonalities, such as monotheism, creation, responsibility, prophethood, etc., discussed and debated in academic circles without ignoring their implications for any interfaith dialogue and shared citizenship in a democratic liberal and secular society. Whereas the beginnings of a new hermeneutics in Islam shall be discovered by T. Ramadan as well as among Muslim feminists, a creative and faithful engagement with Islam from the Christian front is offered by K. Cragg. The essay calls attention to the possibility of moving beyond theological discourse, especially if the notions emphasized by Islam, such as power, sovereignty and stewardship, are taken seriously without ignoring their shocking impact on non-Muslims, as well as proposing alternative perspectives from the Christian side. The envisioned outcomes is a dialogue in trust, re-building some of the shared confidence which the faiths’ communal living together did enjoy, though for brief periods, in various parts of the world. These resources of peaceful coexistence need urgent deployment today.

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