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In this paper, Asim Peco’s contribution in the field of literature criticism about Petar Petrović Njegoš is emphasized through the review of his representation of Rečnik Njegoševa jezika (The Dictionary of Njegoš’s language). Multiple scientists took part in the making of said dictionary, led by Mihailo Stevanović, one of the most significant linguists from Montenegro in the 20th century.
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Sözlük hazırlamanın güçlüğünü biliyorum. Bu, her şeyden önce arı gibi özenli çalışmayı, oya yapar gibi inceliği gerektiren bir iştir. En başta, bir sözlük hangi dilde yayımlanacaksa, sözlüğü hazırlayanlar o dilin özelliklerini, o ülkenin kültürünü iyi bilmesi gerekiyor. Öte yandan çeşitli bilim ve sanat dallarında yetişmiş uzmanlardan yararlanmak da sözlüğün daha eksiksiz çıkmasını sağlar. Sözlüğün yayımlandığı dilin, bu dilin yarattığı kültürün en geniş anlamda o sözlükte gösterilmesi sağlanmalıdır. Şu sözcük kıyıda kalmış, bu sözcük yöresel anlamı içeriyor diye sözlük dışında tutulması o dilin yoksullaşmasına neden olur. Hiç çekinmeden, başka dillerden öbek öbek sözcükler aktarılırken, kendi dilinin yarattığı sözcükleri dışlamak büyük yanılgılara yol açar.
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This paper focuses on a feature of words in the English language, namely the division into notional and functional words, or “full” and “empty” words as they are sometimes called, or “lexical” and “grammatical” words. English, as any other language, should not be regarded as comprising simply a host of separate items called “words”. A word tends to team up with one or more other words to constitute a “lexical unit”, and it is this lexical unit that assumes meaning. When we pronounce or see the lexical words we can imagine a picture of them. Grammatical words are essential signals telling us about the kind of connection that is to be understood between lexical words. They have a special kind of meaning. They belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words as compared with the “full words” of the vocabulary, or we can say that lexical words present open lists but grammatical words are in closed lists. We chose for illustration the word “just”, which can be an adjective as a lexical word, and an adverb as a grammatical word.
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In this paper, we analyzed phraseologisms with the lexemes đavo (vrag) and devil in both Serbian and English language. There were 100 phraseologisms in Serbian and 43 in English in total. One of the reasons for this asymetry is the frequent usage of the lexeme hell instead of the lexeme devil in phraseologisms in English (while in the examples in Serbian the lexeme pakao is not used in this way). All the examples are classified into 17 semantic groups which represent devil’s physical characteristics, places of dwelling, psychological characteristics, the relationship to the sacral etc. (ružan kao đavo, beži ko đavo od krsta; as black as the devil, as the devil loves holy-water). Based on this research, we can see different influences (Christian, mythological, pagan) which are incorporated in the phraseology of these two languages, as well as in the consciousness of the native speakers of these languages.
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The metaphorical correlation in our conceptual system between emotions and fire can first and foremost be traced back to our experiences regarding our own bodies ‒ certain emotions induce specific somatic reactions that result in a rise of body temperature. This rise in temperature can be conceptualized as a fire in one's own body, which is also reflected in the language. The goal of this paper is the conceptual analysis of German, Serbian and Hungarian idioms based on the structural metaphor EMOTION IS FIRE to uncover the various aspects of this metaphor that are relevant from a cognitive linguistic point of view, as well as the similarities and differences in the manner in which these languages conceptualize emotions. It was determined that the analyzed languages conceptualize different emotions as fire, while this metaphor may structure these different emotions in similar ways. Relevant differences in the conceptualization could be determined regarding how ontological and orientational metaphors are utilized, how dynamic transitions between emotions (or the intensification of an emotion) are conceptualized, and what may represent the antagonist from a force-dynamic perspective.
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This paper deals with the syntactic and semantic features of the dative absolute (DA) in the text Vita of archbishop Danillo II. Special attention is paid to the competitive relation to the subordinate clause (especially temporal), a device existing both in a literary language and in a vernacular. In this text the construction of DA is confirmed in adverbial and adnominal function, as a verb complement, and also in the function of an independent sentence which represents the biggest deviation from the canon. The percentage of DA examples in co-referеntial construction does not deviate much from the number of examples in other Serbian Church Slavonic documents. Regarding the nominal component, no significant deviation from the OCS model is noticed, nor in the use of DA in combination with the conjunctions. The subordinate clause is formed according to the OCS model and predominates in every semantic field except in the field of temporal determination, where the number of examples of both means is approximately the same (DA is recorded in two example more). Speaking from the stylistic aspect, it can be said that the text is written in the Serbain Church Slavonic of the higher functional style.
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Acest articol are drept scop investigarea statutului nomenclaturii populare a plantelor din perspectiva lexematicii, teorie dezvoltată de către Eugeniu Coșeriu. Lingvistul consideră că terminologiile (populare și științifice) sînt simple clasificări obiective şi convenţionale subsumate ordinii realităţii. Ele fac parte din lexicul nestructurat, nu din cel structurat. Pe baza materialului pus la dispoziție de surse diverse (dicționare etnobotanice, enciclopedii, lucrări în care au fost consemnate fitonime strînse de pe teritoriul țării), se stabilesc caracteristicile care încadrează această nomenclatură în lexicul nestructurat și cele care o încadrează în lexicul structurat. Concluzia, după consultarea surselor, este că termenii fitonimici populari se află la granița dintre limbajul comun și cel științific.
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This article aims to investigate the status of folk botanical nomenclature from the perspective of the lexematic theory, a theory developed by Eugeniu Coseriu. The linguist believes that terminologies (folk and scientific) represent objective and conventional classifications that fall under the order of reality. They are a part of the non-structured lexis and not a part of the structured one. The features that situate this nomenclature in the non-structured lexis and ones that situate it in the structured lexis are established on the basis of the material made available by various sources (dictionaries, encyclopædias, different works containing plant names form our country). After the consultation of the sources, the conclusion is that folk plant names are situated at the border line between common language and scientific terminology.
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Articolul de față are în vedere importanța variației diacronice în cadrul cercetărilor dedicate cîmpului lexical, precum și implicațiile la nivelul aplicațiilor practice. Se disting două perspective de cercetare majore în domeniu, cea tradițională, lipsită de un instrumentar propriu-zis pentru o cercetare semantică, și cea modernă, care beneficiază de contribuțiile aduse de lingvistica structurală. Este pusă în evidență importanța pe care o are variația diacronică pentru fiecare dintre aceste două perspective, precum și impactul la nivel practic. Dacă în cazul primei perspective, analiza dicronică a unui cîmp onomasiologic este o trăsătură definitorie, cadrul teoretic al perspectivei moderne exclude cercetarea variației unui cîmp, atît în plan diacronic, cît și în plan sincronic. În partea finală a articolului este arătată importanța descrierii din perspectiva modernă a unui cîmp lexical la fiecare nivel al variației sale, sincronice sau diacronice. Acest fapt conduce la o identificare mai exactă a semnificației cuvintelor ce fac parte dintr-un cîmp în cadrul fiecărei variante a unei limbi istorice. De asemenea, este exemplificată utilitatea acestor rezultate în cadrul lexicografiei.
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This paper tackles the importance of diachronic variation within the framework of the research dedicated to the lexical field, as well as the implications at the level of practical applications. Two major research perspectives can be distinguished in the field, the traditional one, lacking the adequate technicalities for semantic research, and the modern one, benefiting from the contributions brought about by structural linguistics. The importance of diachronic variation is highlighted for each perspective, next to its impact at the practical level. If in the case of the former perspective the diachronic variation of an onomasiological field is a defining trait, the theoretical framework of the modern perspective excludes the inquiry into a variation of a field, diachronically as much as synchronically. In the final part of the article we focus on the importance of describing, from a modern perspective, a lexical field, at every level of its variation, be it synchronic or diachronic. This leads to a more exact identification of the significance of words belonging to a certain field, within the framework of each version of a historical language. The utility of these results is also exemplified against the background of lexicography.
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The article examines noun anglicisms and their lexico-semantic integration in the French and Lithuanian languages. The notion of dynamics of the borrowing process and the concept of noun anglicisms are analyzed from the linguistic point of view. The article aims at describing different interpretations of anglicisms by French and Lithuanian linguists, problematics of lexico-semantic anglicisms, and the current approach to lexico-semantic anglicisms in the French and Lithuanian languages. It can be assumed that the intensive usage of anglicisms generates a new linguistic situation in which English terms are widely used in the French and Lithuanian languages. The use of new lexical elements in the French and Lithuanian languages improves text expressiveness and helps to move away from the formality of the text, thus creating a connection with the reader and realizing verbal expressiveness. To sum up, anglicisms in the modern French and Lithuanian languages appear to have a systematic character related to the diachronic and structural development of the language. Their relatively fast assimilation at phonological, morphological and semantic levels appears to be the key part of the borrowing process. A great number of anglicisms seem to be the result of the process of globalization. Anglicisms influence all languages of the world. Naturally, French and Lithuanian are not an exception
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The current research focuses on the investigation of the VGTU students’ and foreign language teachers’ attitude towards the types of dictionaries: printed, electronic versions of printed dictionaries and dictionaries available online. The aim of the research was to set the most used type of the dictionaries by the students and foreign language teachers at VGTU. 296 students from different study programmes and 12 foreign language teachers were selected to participate in the investigation. The research data was analysed from two perspectives: qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively data was analysed with the help of literature review method, a questionnaire and a comparative analysis. Therefore, quantitatively data was analysed relying on the method of descriptive statistics. The collected data revealed the differences in the students’ and the foreign language teachers’ attitude. Majority of the students preferred online dictionaries to printed and electronic, whereas the selection of the dictionary type by the foreign language teachers was limited to a printed version. The same tendency could be observed relying on the question about the search of special terms. Majority of the students would rely on the dictionaries available on the Internet, hence teachers would select printed ones. Relying on the research, it could be concluded that while preparing study material and recommendations for the students, foreign language teachers should rely on students’ attitude.
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The paper analyses selected terms from the perspective of linguistic relativity. It examines how the speakers of English, Lithuanian, and Russian perceive similar phenomena, how this specific perception is reflected in the linguistic nomination, and what difficulties this difference may cause for a translator. The analysis has demonstrated that some dog breeds are grouped differently in given languages, which presents certain problems of translation. The translator must possess considerable knowledge of cynology vocabulary or seek for a professional advice in order to produce a correct translation of dog breeds from English into Lithuanian and Russian, and vice versa.
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Cameroon is a multiethnic and multilingual country. The contact among peoples generates gastronomic loans (foods, spices and dishes) of wich consummation became general in Cameroon but also abroad. The names of those gastronomies are sometimes the loans of Cameroonian languages sometimes neologisms created by various lexicological methods like metonymy, loan translation, agglutination and composition. Thus, a gastronomic word translated into French or English can be met with different written forms, which expresses perhaps a difficulty of transcription. By using gastronymy, a science that studies linguistic and extra linguistic aspects of gastronomy, this paper aims to identify formally loans languages donor’s, to give an account of lexical creativities of gastronomic words, but finally and most of all to milestone of some rulers of a faithful orthographic transcription.
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Villages of Rrëza are located along the western district of Korca, in a relatively wide area, where as distinct boundary can be taken the area between mountains of Voskopoja and the field of Korca. The name is taken from the corresponding geographical position (between the mount and field). Our paper is focused on a survey of dialect of some villages of this area, which is rather wide geographical spread. Specifically in regard were taken villages Vinçan, Porodinë, Goskove e Sipërme, Goskove, e Poshtme and Damjanec, an area in which we had the opportunity to examine the material surveyed for folkloric purposes, within which it can be observed the various elements of dialect.
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The theoretical refl ection on speech and language disorders called e.g. alalia, speech underdevelopment of cortical origin, aphasia in children, or specific language impairment was devoted a lot of space in the relevant literature. However, there are no therapeutic programmes or tools to aid speech therapists shape the language system in a child in an organised and consistent manner. The paper presents the attempts made to this date in order to create such a programme and theoretical assumptions of the author’s original proposition of such a therapy. The order and method of introducing individual language structures are specified and it is shown that vocabulary development with the simultaneous application and integration of various grammatical structures is more effective than introduction of vocabulary in isolation from such structures.
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The paper explores new lexical and phraseological units that appeared in the language of the Russian and English mass media as a result of the interpretation of the contemporary socio-political discourse of the West. The ways and methods for the formation of new lexical units are considered, as well as the specific of borrowing and rethinking of neologisms. Particular attention is paid to reflection and interpretation of reality, including the most relevant phenomena and processes for Western countries, by new lexis and phraseology countries. A comparative analysis of neolexemes and neophrasemes in English and Russian texts in the semantic and derivational aspects is carried out.
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The article contains an analysis of semantic and lexical indicators of description of rural spring landscapes in Noce i dnie a novel written by Maria Dąbrowska, and it identifies their functions in the text.In order to create vivid descriptions of landscapes the writer used a palette of colors, which affect the senses of the audience and strengthen color impression and underline the beauty of nature, which is the background for the protagonists. The most frequent is the color of green,which is enriched with expressions that are typical of spring revival and freshness in nature and that describe the world of plants illuminated by sun rays. The colors of grey and blue are less frequent. In the descriptions quite often there appears some vocabulary referring to the names of light and shadow, which in addition to their informative functions that distinguish and identify colors in the described elements emphasis the atmosphere, scenery and dynamics of the landscape. The vocabulary evoking the wealth of sounds that may be heard in nature and the use of verbs of movement revive and dynamise the picture of nature. The numerous personifications underline the relations between man and nature. The protagonists of Noce i dnie are its integral part.
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The Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) in addition to its other objectives targets to set the norms of the standard language. This is carried out in a number of several layers. 1. Spelling. The dictionary compilers continuously monitor the changes in the spelling system and only include the most recent version of the spelling available, though perhaps it is not necessarily the most commonly used at the given moment. In addition, the dictionary entries systematically include certain references and individual cases where generic words are being spelt in capital letters, or, on the contrary, proper words become generic and lower case is being used for the spelling. 2. Accentuation. The stressing is not limited to the headword only, but it also relates to all illustrative word examples. If a word can be stressed in two ways, both versions are included as headwords priority given to the basic form. Compilers of the dictionary strive to timely reflect the stressing changes imposed on one or another word. This is possible due to the internet nature of the dictionary. 3. Words and their meanings. Improper and avoidable words are not included into the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas). All the words and their meanings included in this dictionary are acceptable for language usage. The dictionary comprises over 9000 new words and a number of new meanings that have not been included into the Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas). 4. Setting norms through illustrative examples. The dictionary examples are intended not only to expand the definition of the headword, provide more information on the word analyzed, indicate its semantic environment, but in addition draw attention to the correct usage of one or another word. 5. Indicating syntactic combinability. The Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) includes syntactic combinability of verbs and in more complicated cases of adjectives and nouns as well. In this way, the dictionary user receives additional information if the headword can be used with one or another case form or a prepositional construction. 6. Bearing in mind what has been stated so far, it is most likely that the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) will become a relevant sourse of the codified norms in future.
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The objects of the current article are the expressive headlines of articles published on the newsportal Delfi. lt collected by the author from October 2012 to June 2014. The expression and presentation of the headline determines whether the article will be read at all; therefore, emotionally charged lexis is used deliberately. The purpose of the current article is to analyse the expressive headlines of articles published on the news portal Delfi.lt and find out the linguistic means of expression used in order to attract the readers’ attention. Metaphoric name-words, figurative verbs, neologisms, jargon, vulgarisms, antonomasias, personal names, phraseologisms, quotations and foreign language inserts are analysed in the article; out of them, traditional phraseologisms and figurative verbs were the most frequent.
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