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This paper explores perception verbs (like ‘hear’ and ‘see’) from a construction grammar perspective, with a focus on both contrastive and diachronic aspects. Surprisingly, our corpus analysis suggests that different verbs from this semantic groups do not display a homogeneous syntactic behaviour. For example the verb ‘observer’ stands out from other verbs in this group. We attempt to account for the special status of ‘observer’ and discuss the extent to which the acceptability of sentences featuring ‘observer’ can be improved by acting on certain parameters in the sentence. Our research highlights the role of a factor referred to as evidentia in classical rhetoric.
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The reflexes of the Greek nautical term ναύκληρος in the Slavic vernaculars of the Eastern Adriatic can be traced from medieval (navьklerь, navkir) and early modern (naukijer, naukir) to present-day attestations found in modern dialects of Dalmatia (naukir, navukir, nakir). It seems unproblematic to assume that these forms do not descend directly from Greek, but there is no consensus on the near source of borrowing. Different authors have so far proposed Medieval Latin (Maretić), Italo-Romance (Vasmer) or Dalmatian-Romance (Vinja, Skok) as possible sources, yet most of these authors do not take into consideration the particularities of phonetic development in the Eastern Adriatic and ItaloRomance material. This paper discusses phonetic issues concerning the hypothesis of Italo-Romance or Dalmatian-Romance origin of the Eastern Adriatic forms and considers a range of possible solutions.
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The paper deals with the development of the present tense in Bosnian legal texts of medieval Bosnia with the aim of better understanding the present tense and its continuations in the modern Bosnian language. The work is based on the corpus of charters that were created in the area of medieval Bosnia in the period from the 12th to the 15th century. We chose the corpus of charters because they are relatively far from the Church Slavonic language and are closer to the living vernacular. Present continuations are tabulated and accompanied by appropriate examples. This paper also includes a comparative analysis of the occurrence of present tenses in the Gospels. We chose this approach so that the relationship between Old Church Slavonicism and the influence of the vernacular language could be better observed. In part of this work, the method of learning and mastering the present tense is also methodologically explained through the teaching process at the faculty, because in our work with students we noticed the need for a more transparent presentation.
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This article is the first part of a series of publications covering the basic prayers of the Christian denominations. The series will cover the Hail Mary (Ave Maria), the Apostles’ Creed (Credo or Symbolum Apostolicum), and the Lord’s Prayer (Paternoster). The aim of the articles is to collect all Lithuanian variants of these prayers translated before 1700, to compare their lexical and syntactic structure, and to show their dependences and connections. The first part of the series introduces the concepts and methodology; furthermore, it analyses the shortest and most rarely attested prayer Hail Mary. The authors avoid the traditional term poteriai ‘prayers’ because of its multiple meanings: the Lithuanian term poteriai may refer to all three prayers at once, or just to the Lord’s prayer, or even more – the Rosary and smaller prayers. Rather, ‘basic prayers’ are understood as the prayers that each Christian should learn by heart according to his denomination, usually in their own language. The Hail Mary was included in Luther’s earliest prayer books but was later abandoned by the Lutherans; it is no longer found in the earliest Lithuanian translations (i.e., those by Martynas Mažvydas and Baltramiejus Vilentas). Therefore, this comparison includes the corresponding verses in the Protestant translations of the Bible (Lk 1,28; 42). The comparison of the structure of the ‘Hail Mary’ shows a connection between Jurgis Kasakauskis’s Rožančius (Rosary) and the hand-written collection of prayers in the Samogitian dialect (although weaker than in the other prayers, which will be analysed in the following articles). It reveals that the formation of the canonical text came to an end with the publication of Pranciškus Šrubauskis’s prayer book. Since then, the textual structure hardly changed.
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The events of 1863–1864 were a turning point in the intellectual life of Vilnius (Rus. Vil’na) and of all Lithuanian and Belarussian gubernias of the then Russian Empire, which were already commonly known as the North-Western krai, i.e. province. The consequences of the defeated uprising – the reorganisation of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities, the closure of the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission, and the establishment of the Vilnius Public Library – became a recognised fact. Vilnius Central Archives, founded in 1852 and significantly enriched by the archives of the estates confiscated after the uprising and of the closed Catholic monasteries, also played a significant role in the imperial policy, as did the archive of the books of the early acts of the gubernias of Vilnius, Kaunas (Rus. Kovno), Gardinas (Rus. Grodno) and Minsk, and the Vilnius Commission for the studies and publication of the books of the early acts. Since all these institutions operated in the premises of the closed Vilnius University, nowadays their history is justifiably or maybe unjustifiably (as the content of this article would suggest) treated as an integral part of the history of the alma mater. The aim of the newly created Russian centre of science and culture was to annihilate the historical memory of the ‘Polish’ intellectual life that had once been bustling within these walls. All four institutions – or rather all three, since after the reorganisation of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities it became a division of the Vilnius Public Library – attracted scholars’ attention. Key personalities who used to work in these institutions were also mentioned and sometimes introduced in greater detail. The aim of the article was to take a deeper look at the first representatives of the newly emerging discipline of history in the North-Western Province, in particular, at Pyotr Bez sonov vel Bessonov (1827–1898), a Muscovite, a renowned Russian Slavist and folklore scholar, and a publisher of sources. He was the chair of the Vilnius Commission for the Study and Publication of the Early Acts (also, the headmaster of the Rabbi School and later of the 1st Boys’ Gymnasium in Vilnius). It was not so much the specific (practical) activities of this head of at least a several important institutions comprising the Vilnius Educational District that was important for the research, but rather his historical and political selfawareness and his ideological attitudes. The article discusses both Bezsonov’s lesser-known works and archival documents that remain in the margins. In other words, the aim was to describe the complex post-uprising situation in the Vilnius Educational District through the personality of one of the most prominent and controversial reformers of the then NorthWestern Province. The figure of Yakiv Holovatsky (1814–1888), originally from Galicia, who was an equally famous Slavic scholar, folklorist, and pedagogue (at one time even the rector of the University of Lviv), and who succeeded Bezsonov in his position, is briefly introduced against the background of the latter’s activities in Vilnius. After the uprising of 1863–1864, the Polish-writing Lithuanian historians, archaeologists, and ethnologists were replaced by new Russian-speaking historians and ethnologists who had to implement an important ideological mission: to substantiate the legitimacy of Russia’s presence in the North-Western Province with historical sources. The writing of the so-called new history took place in parallel with the reorganisation of memory institutions, in which the new historians, archaeologists, and ethnologists were actively involved. Special attention was paid to senior positions in research and cultural institutions. The search for new scholarly authorities was difficult because the Russian scholarly elite (as opposed to educators) was reluctant to move to the North-Western Province, let alone to write (with one exception or another) the history of that region (at best, they were consultants and reviewers). The new intellectual elite of the North-Western Province was divided into two camps: one was in favour of drastic measures of Russification, while the other supported gradual ones, using the work of the earlier historians and literary figures who wrote about the region in Polish but who had encouraged (not necessarily consciously) anti-Polish sentiments, such as Teodor Narbutt (1784–1864), Adam Honory Kirkor (1818–1886), and Eustachy Tyszkiewicz (1814–1873). Bezsonov was the most prominent representative of the latter camp. In fact, however, these were just two different tactics: both were convinced that the land had to be Russified. During the debate on Russification measures, the issue of the necessity of a university in Vilnius was raised once again, and Bezsonov made a significant contribution to the revival of this idea. The first historians and ethnologists of the North-Western Province (who were also the heads of important scholarly and cultural institutions in this region) were prominent figures in the Russian (Slavic) scholarly world. Moreover, this Russian-speaking descent had excellent pen-wielding skills and wrote with emotion and impact. Although they constantly emphasised that they represented the world of scholarship and not politics, not only Slavophilic but also pro-Russian rhetoric dominated their texts. The question of the addressee of their writings remains open. We know for sure that the texts by Bezsonov (especially by him) and Holovatsky were reflected not only by the officials in the North-Western Province and the Russian diaspora, but also by the intellectual elite in Moscow and St. Petersburg; we do not know what kind of resonance, if any, they had in the non-Russianspeaking circles of society. Neither the printed nor the unprinted word of the time shows this. However, if there was such a reaction, we can say a priori that this creative work did not stimulate a scholarly debate; rather, it provoked an ideological, cultural, and even linguistic and confessional conflict.
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Danielius Kleinas (1609 05 30-1666 11 28) laikomas vienu iškiliausių XVII a. lietuvių raštijos kūrėjų. Jis buvo ir pirmųjų spausdintų lietuvių kalbos gramatikų, parašytų lotyniškai ir vokiškai (Karaliaučius, 1653 ir 1654), autorius, ir į vieną leidinį sudėtų liuteroniškojo giesmyno ir maldyno (Karaliaučius, 1666) rengėjas. D. Kleino parengtų Naujų giesmių knygų ir Naujų labai privalingų ir dūšioms naudingų maldų knygelių ilgalaikį pripažinimą liudija keliasdešimt kartų pakartoti, vėliau daugiau ar mažiau papildyti, šio konvoliuto leidimai. Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos Grammatica Litvanica ir Compendium Litvanico-Germanicum2 buvo parengtos panašiu metu kaip giesmynas (ir maldynas), bet anksčiau išspausdintos. Šių spaudinių reikalingumas ir poveikis matuotinas kiek kitaip - ne tiražais, o gramatinio aprašo ir iliustracinės medžiagos kartojimu vėlesniuose lingvistiniuose darbuose — gramatikose ir žodynuose. Tokią sklaidos kryptį patvirtino ir 370-ųjų D. Kleino gramatikos Grammatica Litvanica (1653) išleidimo metinių proga 2023 m. lapkričio 29 d.
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This article examines and explores the attested occurrences of the linguistic metaphors of deafness in the Egyptian literary, biographical and medical texts, with a special examination of their significances and con notations. It examines how the Egyptian culture expresses its values through various metaphors of deafness. The article also considers the virtues and vices of deafness in literary and biographical contexts. It examines the cognitive approaches to different lexical semantics of the Egyptian words for deafness. Comparative liter ary, biographical and medical sources, inscriptions in private tombs, statues, papyri and stelae are examined. The article also examines deafness to Maat and its consequences. The Egyptian lexemes and expressions designating deafness will be examined in lexicographical, phraseological and thematic textual analyses.
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The study introduces OnomOs, a new corpus of Czech texts with annotation of proper names. The corpus was compiled by onomasticians from the Department of Czech Language, Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava, and made available by the Institute of the Czech National Corpus, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. The paper briefly discusses the content and structure of the corpus, the selection of texts for inclusion, and the onomastic-geographical classification of the identified names. The text consists chiefly of three preparatory analyses, which focus on the most frequent surnames, collocations found in Western and Eastern countries in the pre-1989 period, and the declension patterns of three types of onyms. In the summary, further possibilities of onomastic corpus research are presented.
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In this article, the authors conduct a linguistic analysis, tracing the progression of meaning, including aspects of symbolism in Dimitrie Cantemir’s fable novel The Hieroglyphical History. Regarded by most critics as the masterpiece of Moldavian prince’s literary art, it incorporates elements of the fable within a broad epic structure, which can be compared to a stratified labyrinthine novelesque edifice, being enhanced as a political satire of the era. Given the complexity of the analyzed writing, our aim is to partially decipher the levels of meaning, namely the puzzling, historiographic, allegorical-symbolic, and effective literary cores, all unified into a perfect articulate synthesis. The methodology of research implies text analysis within the integral text linguistics conceptual frame, namely identifying elements of the sense creation and evocative functions by virtue of which the novel is structured.
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The paper presents a functional approach to phraseology from former colloquial Polish speech based on the lexicalized unit jak Boga kocham and its selected variant forms. The author used the elements of the socio-pragmatic method (assuming parallel analysis of the material at the sociological and pragmatic levels) to research the use of these lexicalized constructions. The bases of the material were constructed dialogues from the Korpus dawnych polskich tekstów dramatycznych (1772–1939). During the analysis, it was observed in which way the phraseological unit might realize itself in various variants and contexts. Furthermore, attention was paid to the ‘from sender to the receiver’s perspective, applying the assumptions of Wojciech Chlebda’s phrasematic conception to historical linguistics. This approach gave an opportunity to observe in which variants and socio-pragmatic contexts idioms are most often invoked in the statements of representatives of both sexes. The obtained results were interpreted on the basis of selected non-linguistic factors, primarily historical and cultural ones.
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Simple symbols occupy a unique position within the semiosphere, constituting the symbolic core of culture with their ability to condense cultural memory into nimble, economic forms. This simplicity facilitates persistence, allowing these elementary symbols to recur diachronically, penetrating multiple layers of cultural strata to emerge and flourish in new contexts and variations. A novel example of a symbol which illustrates these attributes is Znak Polski Walczącej – the Fighting Poland symbol. Created in 1942 by the Polish Underground State as a propaganda tool, this straightforward monogram, consisting of interconnected letters P and W, became the official hallmark of Polish resistance and is now a controversial de facto national symbol. This article employs the symbol as a case study to explore two Lotmanian symbolic concepts: the vast semantic capacity of simple symbols, and their dual nature as invariable/variable entities. Born out of a utilitarian need for simplicity in Nazi-occupied Warsaw, the efficient form of the Fighting Poland symbol was a pragmatic matter of life or death. However, further examination of its simple design also reveals an underlying archaic depth. This article argues that the Fighting Poland symbol, metonymically known as the kotwica (‘anchor’) owing to its distinct shape, can also be viewed as an “emissary” from earlier cultural epochs, namely ante-Nicene Christianity, which made use of anchor symbology during an era of persecution and upheaval. Ultimately, this article provides a new semiotic perspective on a historically active yet understudied symbol with past and present relevance.
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The present contribution analyzes Latvian gaļa ‘meat, flesh’ from the point of view of the Indo-European anatomical terminology and identifies its cognates in Old Irish gaile ‘stomach’, ‘Para- Phrygian’ γάλλια ‘intestines’ with the same suffixal derivation in *-o-/-*-eH2-, and further with Ancient Macedonian γόλα ‘intestines’, Greek χολάδες ‘entrails, guts’, and Slavic *želǫ̋dъkъ / *želǫdь(cь) ‘stomach’, all derivable from the aniṭ-root *ghel- or its apophonic variants. Insular Celtic *eχs-glasso-/ā- ‘stomach’, if derivable from *eĝʰs-(ĝ)(h)(H)-stH2o- ‘standing out of *(ĝ)(h)(H)-’, implies that *(ĝ)(h)(H)- should belong to a different internal organ, probably ‘gall, bile’, whose designation derivable from the root *ĝhelH3- ‘green, yellow’ is attested in several Indo-European branches. The alternative, if γάλλια ‘intestines’ is of Greek origin, is also discussed.
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The article analyses the horizontal and vertical continuum of the territory flooded by Kaunas Lagoon and the coastal dialect zones. The study material was collected in Rumšiškės (LKA536) and Šlienava (Margininkai (LKA553 point)). The informants once lived at the bottom of the Kaunas Lagoon; the language of two families (inhabitants of different generations) was contrasted. The study area is the Western Aukštaitian subdialect of Kaunas area, where Priedzūkis dialectal features were expected to find. This assumption was confirmed: although theoretically, the manifestations of Priedzūkis are the clearest on the right bank of the lagoon and the vicinity of Nemunas toward the south, the findings show that the manifestations can be found on both sides of the lagoon, close to the lagoon. At the same time, it implies the distinctiveness of the area. The article also highlights the significance of the vertical continuum: a clear correlation between dialectal characteristics and the age of informants was established. With a new approach to the typology of age, breaking away from the usual three-generation division, the vertical fragmentation is revealed in deeper cross-sections. The older informants (who, according to the traditional three-generation division, would belong to the same generation as the younger ones) have retained more of the Priedzūkis features.
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In this article, I examine the issue of the tendencies to adapt the orthographic system of the Church Slavonic language in the Bulgarian literary practice that dates back to the 1830s. Special attention is paid to the changes in the acoustic features of given graphemes, as well as to the differentiated functions of the doublet letters regarding the specificities of the Bulgarian language. Consequently, I argue that the results of such an examination can contribute to reconstructing the spoken variety of the Bulgarian literary language from the period above.
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Adding a vowel that is not in the original of a word to that word for various reasons is called vowel derivation. There is no morphological reason for vowel derivation and it aims to facilitate the pronunciation. There are three types of vowel derivation: at the beginning of the word, within the word and at the end of the word. The derivation of vowels at the beginning of a word in Turkish is not seen much in standard Turkish and is more common in dialects. Vowel epenthesis is a common phonetic event in standard Turkish. This phonetic event is encountered both in borrowed words and in words of Turkish origin. One of the reasons for the vowel epenthesis in Turkish is to make the borrowed words that do not fit the syllable structure of Turkish fit the syllable this structure and thus to eliminate the difficulty of pronunciation in the borrowed words. As it is known, only some consonant pairs can be found together at the end of words of Turkish origin. For this reason, in words borrowed with consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllabic structure of Turkish, we come across vowel derivations within the word. This vowel derivation, which first appeared in the spoken language, can also pass into the standard language over time. The vowel epenthesis can also be seen in some Turkish origin words in order to add strength to the meaning. In Turkish, vowel epithesis is not as common as vowel epenthesis. The vowel epithesis is mostly seen in dialects and there are very few examples in standard language. The vowel epithesis is a phonetic event that is more common in some Turkic languages than in Türkiye Turkish. The derivation of vowel at the end of the word, especially seen in borrowed words, provides ease of pronunciation in words of foreign origin that do not fit the sound system of the Turkish language. The vowel epithesis occurs in borrowed words containing consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllable structure of Turkish, as well as in borrowed words with twin consonants at the end of the word. It is seen that examples of vowel epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are more common than in Türkiye Turkish. In particular, the Miraj text and some poems belonging to the Old Anatolian Turkish period, which are among the manuscripts in the “kitab” type, provide us with a rich material on this subject. In these texts, examples of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in borrowed words from Arabic and Persian are used in pairs in an interesting way. In other words, we see that the same borrowed word is used both with vowel epenthesis and epithesis. In this study, events of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are examined and the reasons for the higher incidence of vowel epithesis in these texts are discussed.
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The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the use of two phraseological expressions in the works and diaries of M.M. Prishvin (1905 – 1954), selected by the method of continuous sampling with the help of AntCont [4]. Their structural features and ways of transformation in the author's text are defined. In the course of the study it was revealed that these biblical expressions in a carefully selected contextual environment have a great transformative potential. The writer often uses modified versions of these phraseological expressions, which serve M. Prishvin as a powerful emotional and expressive means.
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