We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Review of: Ив. Куцаров. Славяните и славянската филология: Очерк по история на славистиката и българистиката от втората половина на XIX до началото на XXI век. Пловдив, Пловдивско университетско издателство “Паисий Хилендарски”, 2002, 847 стр.
More...
The study explored the dynamics of the mechanisms underlying assertive communication in formative contexts. In particular, it looked to examine the effectiveness of explanatory models in which empathy, honesty and conscientiousness predict dimensions of assertiveness: the discomfort provoked by assertion (DAI) and the likelihood that individuals will use assertive language (RP). Furthermore, the study aimed to identify which of these factors affect to the greatest extent this type of speaking and, also, to investigate the variability of assertive language with respect to gender of participants. 229 participants filled – out Assertion Inventory (AI - Eileen Gambrill, Cherly Richey, 1975), and other self-report measures assessing their empathy (Toronto Empathy Questionnaire - TEQ; Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., Levine, B., 2009), honesty and conscientiousness (Honesty-humility and Conscientiousness scales from the HEXACO Personality Inventory – Ashton and Lee, 2001). The results showed that participants who have higher levels of empathy, honesty and conscientiousness will tend to express lower assertion discomfort. Also, participants who exhibit high levels of empathy, honesty and conscientiousness will be more likely to use assertive language.
More...
From the history of school sociolect – lexis from the category of „punishing students” The author describes in this article the history of the student sociolect. The subject of the description is the vocabulary of students from the period: from the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. The vocabulary relates to the thematic category of „punishing students”. This category includes a vocabulary relating to the use by teachers of methods and forms of rebuking students’ attitudes and behavior, forcing students to submit in not always standardized situations. The sources include texts by Ignacy Wolanowski, Henryk Ułaszyn, Henryk Łopaciński, Józef Magiera, Edward Klich, Piotr Ciuła and Włodzimierz Czarnecki. There are sixteen dictionary units in the publications. Most of the lexis are words attested by texts describing the student dialect of the second half of the 19th century.
More...
Idiomatic expressions are considered special creations of various languages as they reflect the specific cultural way the people think and bear a metaphoric or metonymic meaning. Moreover cognitive linguistics says that we perceive the reality by means of our body and environment, thus various cultures makes use of similar linguistic means to render various cultural scenarios with cases of universal linguistic representation of similar cultural patterns. Since old times writers used to speak about various vices of humans by means of animal images so as to soften the criticism and the process of deriding the weaknesses of people. However, the existing linguistic expressions were constructed in the course of language development being influenced by some previous common writings as the religious books and common human dwellings since ancient times thus explaining the common cases of associating similar animals with similar situations cross-culturally. The idioms that differ among various languages witness about the different mentality of the humans representing different cultures. In this study we compare the images of domestic animals in English, Romanian and Russian so as to identify the possible similar cases and most important, those culturally specific ones so as to help in understanding which way to conduct an intercultural communication in a correct way.
More...
Pure philosophical and pure poetical the more or less brilliant issue of the category in the vision of the Romanian writer Lucian Blaga is endowed with the capability to acquire multitude of new functions – this central point of the research, the category – reverberates also on the metaphorism and on the revelatory metaphor as ontological gift, and is observed in parallel with perspectives of forerunners particularly from the philosophical point of view. The argumentation entails some results concerning the language as special category named Quality of the human mind, alongside with its Poetical Function super-structure.
More...
Starting from the users’ exposure to proverbs in both Romanian and English languages, I am going to analyse the Romanian and English communities’ members’ reactions to possible similarities as well as to cultural differences. Do proverbs shed light on cultural aspects? Do proverbs promote a new understanding of communities values and preferences? Using the thematic approach and underlining the pragmatic signification of the philosophical and the cultural levels, when referring to man and woman within proverbs, we want to prove how much languages and cultures – even if they do not share common roots – are entwined and may display common elements. Differences at the language level might make people have different worldviews. Social life determines people’s relationships and the way culture is learned. Proverbs are rich in connotative meanings and the translator’s work should be carefully done, being aware of the concepts in both source language (SL) and target language (TL).
More...
The chapters entitled The Rights of Romanians to the High Porte and Collective Works and Official Acts during the 1848 Revolution, published in the first volume of Nicolae Balcescu's work, Historical, Political and Economic Writings, provide us with valuable information about the configuration of the literary Romanian language in Wallachia between 1780 and 1860, about the influence of Latin-Romance borrowings on the Romanian lexicon, and about the development and modernization of the legal- administrative style. The legal-administrative style appears as a variant of the language and reflects the relationship between the citizen and public institutions, its specific terminology comprising both words from the common language and strictly specialized words, which individualize this specialized language: abuse, administrator, assembly, voters, elections, ruler, commission, decree, delegate, deputy, magistrate, servant "official".
More...
The first decades of the 19th century are characterized both by the unification and modernization of the literary Romanian language and by the enrichment of the lexicon with words from Romance languages. The explosive development of science and technology in the modern era, the growth of inter-cultural exchanges and the accumulation of knowledge in various special fields led to the emergence and development of Romanian scientific terminology. Bălcescu participated in the process of creating, enriching and perfecting specialist terminology in several fields of science: socio-politics, history, religion, economics, by introducing into his writings a large number of terms borrowed from Latin-Romance languages, but also by creating new words, through the process of linguistic calque. In order to contribute to the understanding and understanding of certain specialist terms, the writer resorted to glossing them, explaining them in periphrases or familiar words. In the process of specialising terms, some words change their meaning and become fixed in socio-political terminology with the meaning they will retain to this day. Thus, 'elect' evolves from the meaning 'to accept' to today's meaning - 'to designate by vote'. Through his constant activity and the variety of topics he dealt with, it can be said that Nicolae Bălcescu contributed to the evolution of socio-political terminology in Romanian.
More...
The evolution of ideas and facts in library science is due, as in other fields, to some personalities, because a field cannot exist in time if it does not have behind it those pillars on which a vocabulary or terminological language can be created. The terms from the biblio-economic lexicon are grouped into lexical systems, isolated from the words from the common lexicon, and are correlated with other objectual-notional fields. The article presents an analysis of the structure of the terms in the field of Romanian library terminology is generally mentioned as one of the main methods of researching terms in linguistics. Insights derived from statistical accounts of a domain's vocabulary can be useful in solving and clarifying specific qualitative and quantitative problems regarding language use. In the linguistic research regarding the library terminology, we rely on the information extracted from specialized publications, the research is about the 17452 grammatical terms and phrases.
More...
The article addresses to romanian biblical scholars preoccupied with the history of biblical translations. We search for the biblical sources (editions and critical editions) of „Anania” translation of the Sacred Text in order to establish the dependence of the authorized versions in Europe and America. The most common francophone editions used by translator was the following: La Bible de Jérusalem (Paris, 1973); La Bible. Traduction Oecuménique (Paris, 1978); La Bible. Traduction par Émile Osty (Paris, 1973). We identify La Bible. Traduction Oecuménique (TOB) as the key one. The most common Anglophone editions used by translator was the following: The Holy Bible. King James Authorized Version (Oxford, 1977); The New Oxford Annotated Bible (Oxford, 1977); Good News Bible (New York, 1978) – with the preeminence of KJV edition. These two biblical translations (TOB and KJV) influenced the Romanian translator in his entire process of translating the original Greek text.
More...
On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the establishment of printing in Mostar and the establishment of the Printing House of the Catholic Mission in Herzegovina (Typhographia Missionis Catholicae in Hercegovina) in 1872, under the management of Father Franjo Milićević, this paper aims to present the language of the legislative acts of the time, such as the normative acts of the Printing House. By analysing the so-called first labour tariff (Rules for the Printing House of Father Franjo Milićević in Mostar from 1888), a type of statute (Rules for the Croatian Joint-Stock Printing House in Mostar, 1899) and business reports of the time (Report of Income and Expenses for the Establishment of a Catholic Printing House in Herzegovina, 1873, 1876), the paper presents the linguistic, and especially the lexical, layer as an example of administrative lexicon/terminology, and of the legal and professional terminology used in the printing industry at the time.In terms of language, the publishers respected the Illyrian influence and the norms of the Zagreb School of Philology in all the documents, which has also been confirmed by other linguistic studies on periodicals and textbooks published by the Printing House. Business reports were published immediately after the establishment of the Croatian Printing House, whereas the first labour tariff in Bosnia and Herzegovina ensued after the publication of Glas Hercegovca, a publication that would mark an entire decade of work under the linguistic influence of the Zagreb School of Philology. The Statute (Rules from 1899) was published a year after the release of the first issue of a new publication, Osvit, and the same year coincides with the publication of the grammar of the Croatian Vukovians (Grammar and Stylistics of Croatian or Serbian by Tom Maretić), and Broz’s already established and applied Croatian Normative Guide from 1892.The linguistic characteristics of all the normative acts are only partially different from the language of earlier publications, if one takes into consideration that the new language conception of the Croatian Vukovians had already been adopted and was being applied. With respect to the lexicon, there is an expressed usage of Latinisms as traditional professional terminology. Oriental and Italian loanwords are prominent in reports on business operations and the first labour tariff. In the lexical sense, the rules from 1899 basically confirm the usage of Croatian legal terminology from the codification period it was written in.
More...
Sivjet është 100-vjetori i lindjes së gjuhëtarit austriak Hermann Ölberg, një vijues i shquar i shkollës albanologjike të Austrisë, ku spikatin emra të mirënjohur si Johann Georg von Hahn, Gustav Meyer, Franz Miklosich, Norbert Jokl, Rajko Nahtigal, Maximilian Lambertz, dhe që vijon edhe sot me studiues të rinj në fusha të ndryshme të studimeve albanologjike. H. Ölberg-u kishte studiuar për gjuhësi indoeuropiane në Universitetin e Innsbrukut, ku zhvilloi më pas gjithë veprimtarinë e tij mësimore e shkencore, në fillim si lektor i gjuhës esperanto (1953), pastaj pedagog i sllavishtes së vjetër kishtare (1963), ndërsa më 1972 docent dhe prej vitit 1975 profesor i gjuhësisë së përgjithshme dhe të zbatuar, derisa doli në pension (1987). Si studiues dhe profesor ai ishte përpjekur të zgjeronte rrethin e kërkimeve me tema e drejtime të reja, të bashkëpunonte me specialistë të disiplinave të ndryshme të gjuhësisë dhe të kombinonte trajtimet gjuhësore me vështrime historike e kulturore, duke hyrë në një shkëmbim të frytshëm e të shumanshëm idesh e metodash. H. Ölberg-u jetoi gjatë, 95 vjet (u nda nga jeta më 25 shkurt 2017), por mjerisht vitet e fundit i kaloi në trishtim, pasi humbi dritën e syve.
More...
Çdo gjuhë standarde ka historinë e saj, të tashmen e saj, por ka edhe të ardhmen e saj. Zhvillimi i gjuhës letrare shqipe është i shënuar me një histori të gjatë përpjekjesh, vështirësish, pengesash e veprimtarish të shumta e sakrifikuese të atdhetarëve, veprimtarëve e zelltarëve tanë gjuhësorë, letrarë e kulturorë edhe përmes një procesi të gjatë standardizues që u intensifikua sidomos në gjysmën e dytë të shekullit XIX në kohën e Rilindjes Kombëtare për të vazhduar përgjatë shekullit XX deri në vitin 1972 kur përfundimisht u ligjësua në pikëpamje shoqërore, politike, kulturore por në rend të parë shkencore Kongresi i Drejtshkrimit i Gjuhës Shqipe dhe i gjuhës së përbashkët letrare që po mbush 5 dhjetëvjetëshat e vet pikërisht këto ditë kur po mbahen edhe aktivitete të shumta shënuese në Tiranë, Prishtinë, Shkup e më gjerë. Jo vetëm në historinë tonë kulturore, por edhe në historitë kulturore të Ballkanit e përtej tij, proceset standardizuese gjuhësore, më herët ose më vonë ose shumë më vonë, gjithmonë janë nxitur nga idetë e ndërgjegjes kombëtare dhe nga ndjenjat e për katësisë kombëtare. Dhe këto ide janë bërë forcë lëvizëse në historinë e një populli siç janë bërë edhe në historinë e popullit shqiptar.
More...
Në korrik 1949, kur kishte dorëzuar në Institut dorëshkrimin e veprës “Gramatika”, K. Cipoja botoi në shtyp skicën “Gjuhë dhe gramatikë”1 , në të cilën njofton lexuesit paraprakisht për përmbajtjen e veprës dhe shpreh idetë e tij për gjuhën letrare dhe për atë që quhet sot planifikim gjuhësor. Këto ide është mirë të dihen e të mbahen parasysh jo vetëm për hir të historisë së mendimit tonë gjuhësor, por edhe për të gjykuar më kthjellët edhe në diskutimet e sotme, pasi janë mendime e ide që i ka bluar e përbluar në mendje një gjuhëtar si K. Cipoja, i cili ndërtoi veprat themelore normative (ose preceptive 2 , siç e përdor ai) të gjuhës sonë në mesin e shekullit të kaluar dhe i dha një drejtim të mbarë në përgjithësi punës në këtë fushë. Le ta dëgjojmë: “Kur thomi “gjuhë letrare” kuptojmë me këto dy fjalë gjuhën e literatyrës dhe të kulturës, një tip gjuhe që ka qenë dialekt në krye, po erth e u bë me kohë kombëtar për hir të proçesit të çkrahinarizimit dhe të përgjithësimit. Pa një proçes të tillë s’ka të folur që t’arrinjë tipin e një idiome letrare. Po a kemi ne sot një kësi dialekti të xhveshur nga krahinarizmat dhe të pajisur me tiparet fonetike dhe morfologjike të përbashkëta me tërë krahinat e mëmëdheut? ….
More...
This review presents a monograph by Maria Mitskova, dealing with Revival ideas and concepts of literary language according to the content of prefaces of books published from the 1820s through the 1870s. The author highlights the contributions of the study which sheds new light on the evolution of philological thought during the National Revival period through a multi-faceted analysis of hitherto unexplored authors’ ideas and concepts.
More...
The need to develop tools for historical and regional variations is becoming more urgent in natural language processing. In this paper, we present two candidate systems for lemmatising historical East Slavic lects (Late Old East Slavic and Middle Russian), as well as modern regional East Slavic lects (Belogornoje and Megra): BERT-based end-to-end pipeline with language-specific heuristics and sequence-to-sequence BART-based encoder-decoder. To evaluate their predictions, we use accuracy score and string similarity measures, such as Levenshtein distance. The BERT-based model is more suitable for the regional data, achieving 85% accuracy score, and only 74% on the historical data. BART-based model climbs up to 92.6% accuracy score on the historical data, yet gets only 80% on the regional data. We provide an error analysis and discuss ways to enhance models, such as dictionary lookup and spellchecker.
More...
The paper explored the topic of bilingualism regarding its conceptual variety, explanatory models, existing forms and educational implications. As it is considered an imperative in various multicultural settings, the study looked to examine the implications of being bilingual, and also to underly the advantages and disadvantages of speaking and understanding two or more languages. Given that previous scientific literature has found both positive and negative effects of bilingualism on the cognitive development of individuals, the authors' aim was to identify the different meanings of bilingualism, and based on this to decipher the mechanisms, determinants, and the facilitating conditions by which different degrees of bilingualism are developed. The current study tried to reveal the different facets of bilingualism, assuming the existence of sometimes contradictory, other times complementary conceptual approaches that make understanding such a phenomenon more challenging.
More...
The process of biblical translation could be a very daunting task because of its countless semantic and syntactic variations. This paper begins by discussing the notion of translational equivalence, proposed by philologian Eugene Nida, which underpins all work on morph-syntactic biblical area. Then I apply this scientifical methodology to some mariological biblical texts that involves the supernatural birth of Christ (Matthew 1:18a – translational dilemma of adversative δέ) and perpetual virginity of Mary (Matthew 1:25a – translational dilemma of preposition ἕως). The use of the greek ἕως – english „till” – romanian „până” does not imply that Joseph had marital relations with Mary after the Savior’s birth. In the Bible, this preposition is often used to express a situation that actually continues after the event mentioned (Gen. 8:7; Deut. 34:6; 2Kings 6:23; Matthew 28:20).
More...
After the revolution of 1905, revolutionary Jewish women began to appear among the heroines typical of the antisemitic novels of the nineteenth century. This type of female protagonist can be found in the novels written by Józef Weyssenhoff (Hetmani [The Hetmans]), Rev. Jan Gnatowski (Zły czar [Bad Spell]), and then in the 1930s in the novels by Roman Dmowski (Dziedzictwo [The Heritage]) and Jędrzej Giertych (Zamach [The Coup]). In these narratives, Poland is presented as a victim of manipulation by Jews, Germans, and in the case of the Bad Spell by Jewish Bolsheviks. In these stories, female Jewish revolutionaries implement their secret policies using their strong erotic influence to seduce Polish activists. Demonism and evil, as well as the misogynistic attitude of the fin de siècle era were employed to create their portraits. In these female protagonists, one can detect echoes of features associated with such Jewish heroines as Salome, Judith, and Herodias whose portraits were typical of the art and literature of the epoch.
More...