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Wpływ wielkości i własności przedsiębiorstw na ich aktywność innowacyjną – ujęcie ewolucyjne

Author(s): Katarzyna Szopik-Depczyńska,Arkadiusz Świadek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2014

The transformation process in the countries which is associated with changes in the size structure of enterprises and capital ownership, affects the economic processes, and hence also the innovative activity in the industry. That is why the main objective of the study was to look for evolving in time determinants of size class and ownership structure of industrial enterprises on their innovative activity in within the Lower Silesia industrial system, and ultimately determine the limits of the assumptions of the master structure of regional innovation networks, which take into account the specificity of the particular region. The hypothesis of the research was formulated as an assertion that innovative activity in territorial industrial systems and in their relations with the environment is significantly determined by the influence of the size and structure of companies evolving over time. Empirical and exemplificative sphere of this paper was based on a case study of Lower Silesia Voivodeship. The study was performed twice on the basis of standardized questionnaire on a group of 492 industrial enterprises in 2004−2006, and 761 subjects in the years 2010−2012. The methodological part of the analyzes was based on the theory of probability, where the dependent variable had the binary value. In the paper logistic regression is used, of which the greatest advantage is the ability to analyze and interpret the results from using the methods which are similar to the classic method of regression, on the basis of the selection scheme of the convergent variables and hypothesis testing. The results of research show that the diversity of innovative activity in the Lower Silesia region, taking into account the structure and size of businesses in the industrial system, indicates their temporal evolution and, consequently, different habits in the tested group of enterprises. Conclusions of the research suggest that these interactions are often dependent on the current stage of development of the industrial system. According to the system and evolutionary theory, responsibility for the increase of the potential and improvement of technological competitiveness of the region, will move from large business entities, through the medium towards small enterprises, and from the point of view of the nature of ownership: foreign entities towards mixed, but much slower. Owners of domestic micro-enterprises in the Polish conditions are characterized by extensive reticence in taking risks arising from innovative activities.

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Mobilność kapitału ludzkiego jako źródło międzynarodowej i wewnątrzkrajowej dyfuzji wiedzy

Author(s): Małgorzata Wachowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2014

It is believed that human capital mobility is essential for both intranational as well as international knowledge diffusion and consequently for the improvement of innovativeness and competitiveness of enterprises and national economies. The common opinion, however, is that it is only the receiving party who benefits in the form of spillover effects while the source company or country of the worker lose (or do not gain) as a result of his departure or emigration. Because of this, policy makers in many countries, and not only those with developing or emerging economies, fear that activities of mobile academic researchers or skilled industry staff will positively affect only the host country despite the fact that the worker have been largely financed by the source country. In the light of ongoing discussion concerning potentially negative consequences of human capital mobility for the parent party, the aim of this article is to show, on the example of selected national economies, the relationship between human capital mobility and knowledge diffusion as well as identify the factors that stimulate and inhibit knowledge diffusion through labour mobility. On the basis of empirical research findings it may be stated that there is no support for the widespread concern that only the party which receives human capital gains its precious know-how. Namely, regardless of the knowledge diffusion measurement method used (method in which the measure is certain economic indicator; citation method, survey study method), evidence can be found that both mobile academic researchers as well as skilled industry workers transfer knowledge also to the source company and country. Moreover, these effects are noticeable in both developed as well as emerging and developing economies. The diffusion of knowledge, however, does not always occur or the strength of the diffusion may vary, in both the parent party as well as the party hiring the worker. The role of human capital mobility in transfer of knowledge depends on a number of factors. Diffusion of knowledge is fostered by (1) existence of a technological gap between the source party and the party which hires the worker, yet this gap cannot be too large; (2) high ability of the hiring party to absorb foreign know-how; (3) patent system with poor protection of intellectual property rights; (4) the mobile worker having knowledge ”distant” from the one possessed by the hiring party and (5) employment of the mobile worker in non-core technological areas of her or his new employer. The barriers to diffusion of knowledge are (1) high propensity to patent innovation at the company from which the worker departs; (2) using of hard intellectual property rights protection strategy by the company from which the worker departs; (3) using of high wage strategy by the company and (4) the company using a strategy consisting in relaying knowledge to employees only by their supervisors and not through technical instructions, service manual

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Rola instrumentów pochodnych w kryzysie finansowym 2008/2009

Author(s): Justyna Szymańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2014

The article presents the development of the financial crisis in the United States in 2008/2009, which led to the global financial crisis. The aim of the paper is to systematize the knowledge of the reasons of the crisis. The author shows the correlation among the elements that caused the economy breakdown. The text describes the inception of subprime credits, i.e. mortgages granted to the individuals with poor credit history, securitization and expansion of mortgage and asset-backed securities derived from the subprime credits. The mechanism of the securitization has been broadly described, as well as the idea of the Collateralized Mortgage Obligation presented in 1977. The other derivatives mentioned in the article are Asset Backed Securities, Mortgage Backed Securities, Collateralized Debt Obligations and Credit Default Swaps. The definitions and the clarification of their meaning are supported by the explanation why the investors have been lured and fascinated by them. The author also answers the question why the derivatives became a serious threat to the economic and financial stability. The next problem is the legal context of the crisis, for example the changes brought by Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 which allowed the banks to join commercial and investment activity. Such a change made the banks start to compete, to create and to sell Asset Backed Securities, Mortgage Backed Securities, Collateralized Debt Obligations and Credit Default Swaps on a large scale. The next problem described in the text is the evolution of the shadow banking sector, i.e. the parallel banking sector, as well as the large, complex financial institutions (LCFIs) in the 1970s. The another issue is the creation and the burst of the housing bubble. The author presents the development of the real estate and mortgage market commenced by Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Community Reinvestment Act and supported by Government Sposored Enterprises: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Among the causes of the global financial crisis the important role is attributed to the credit rating agencies. They have been paid by the financial institutions to prepare the credit ratings of the risky financial instruments. Moreover they were basing on the old models. As the result, the ratings were much overstated and provided false information to the investors. The last part of the article presents how the crisis spread in the United States and how it affected the other economies.

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Standardizarea reprezentarii domeniilor de internet in administratia publica centrala - domeniul "gov.ro"

Author(s): Radu Puchiu,Costel Cuichi,Dan Picu / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2009

The use of new technologies makes a bridge between the basic components of modern society, the public administration closer for instance to citizens and business environment, whereby ordered indexation of public information among public administration institutions and its organized provision to its beneficiary. At the same time, the interconnection need among public administrations from the European Community member states is a serious reason for the implementation of some coherent representation policies and standards’ adoption (state governmental policies) for central and local administration. The “gov.ro” domain is the internet domains ending under which public administration is generally known, whereby internet. The representation standardisation of central administration authorities at informational level provides consistency and an organized coordination of resources made available to citizens, for an efficient, operative and quality interaction among government, citizens and business environment.

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Guvernanţa IT şi idealul educaţional

Author(s): Daniel Constantin Jiroveanu,Sorin Burlacu / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2009

Today we witness a place excessive nanotechnology in our lives. This brings advantages such as elimination of communication barriers between people, freedom of movement and the assumption by them of routine activities. And new needs arise such as the ongoing training. However, to take full advantage of potential benefits. Division of labor and specialization of entrepreneurs, development and generalization of quality standards, professionalize, teamwork, accountability are just some of the reasons that lead us to believe that at present, although the activities are generated by individual needs, these cannot be satisfied entirely by a single entity called the individual, household, company or society. Outsourcing services is not only a fashion but a necessity. If we agree that resources are limited and needs are growing and diversifying, then we can accept the idea that a solution could come from the substitution of factors of production, development of production units and / or providing competing services that use alternative resources results at least comparable to traditional ones. Information and consumer awareness of alternatives which may have at some time to meet a need not be solely left to market without it to be trained on the rules to be observed in its rules without which no system could define and work.

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Model nou de management public bazat pe un sistem integrat de tehnologii informaţionale şi de comunicaţii

Author(s): Armenia Androniceanu / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2009

The paper is based on a special research started few years ago through a research project implemented by the International Centre for Public Management from the Academy of Economic Study. The main objective of this research is to contribute to the innovation of the public management from the Romanian local public administration based on the best practices from the developed European public administration and not only. Our research team set up a new public management model supported by the informational technologies and communications. The research started with a diagnosis of the public organizations from the Romanian local public administration and intends to demonstrate that there is an alternative for transforming our Romanian public administration in a more transparent and more effective one. The key component of this model is the public management component, but this is supported by other two components: informatics and communication. The model is defined for each managerial level: top public management, middle public management and low public management level. The paper contains a synthesis of our New Public Management Model for the Romanian Local Public Administration.

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Bazele de date geospaţiale-instrumente vitale în managementul ştiinţific al teritoriului şi comunităţilor

Author(s): Cristian Busu,Maricica Stoica / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2009

In the paper, the authors presents the current progress in creating and assimilating geospatial databases in public administrations, database utility in territory and community management, the need to build database infrastructures on three administrative levels: county, regional and national to ensure the interoperability of spatial information with the European base infrastructure, the methodology for elaborating geospatial databases at administrative-territorial level.

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Rolul instrumentelor de măsurare a brandurilor urbane în fundamentarea acţiunilor strategice de promovare a oraşelor

Author(s): Ruxandra-Irina Popescu,Răzvan-Andrei Corboş / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2009

Through the instruments of measuring the urban brands, the political leaders and business men can easily understand the perception of the visitors, investors, costumers and future residents upon the image of the city, for taking pro-active measures, of improvement and stimulating the existing opportunities. In this study, there are presented three of the instruments: City Brands Index, European Barometer of City Brands and the Global Cities Index. So: - City Brands Index is the only analytic classification of the urban brands realized at global level. It uses a set of instruments that assist the cities in the development, implementation and evaluation of own brands, offering global and local perspectives needed for the urban progress and the business, commerce and tourism success. - The European Barometer of City Brands is and instrument used to compare the strengths of the European cities, considering that the competition between them intensified. The barometer measures the force of the urban brands and evaluates the efficiency of branding in the exploitation process of the goods owned by the cities. Global Cities Index places the urban zones in a widened context, determined by globalization and best illustrates the international presence of every metropolitan area and the way it integrates in the planet’s mechanism of function.

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SOME EFFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALISATION ON CAMEROONIAN MANUFACTURING EXPORT PERFORMANCE

Author(s): Henry Bezuidenhout,Ewert. P.J. Kleynhans,Waldo Krugell,Bernard Bongsha / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

This study investigates the effect that trade liberalisation had on the export of manufactured goods in Cameroon. The study estimated the effects this liberalisation had on the determinants of exports of manufactured commodities and its influence on the country’s economy, using an augmented gravity model. The model revealed that the effect of exchange rate appreciation on the export of manufactured goods was less than it was before trade liberalisation, though still positive. After liberalisation, manufactured exports reacted positively following increased imports of intermediate goods and a lowering of tariffs; but it was restricted by higher production capacity. Further investigation indicates that the exports of manufactured goods were stimulated by the liberalisation of trade, although manufacturing growth was still dampened. The effect of the local economy’s size became more important, while the influence from foreign GDP declined. Membership of regional trade agreements became negative, which was unexpected. Distance became more important, and the effect of tariffs declined; though still negative. It was found that international trade liberalisation by Cameroon mostly benefited its manufacturing sector, improving its ability to export and to create jobs.

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ANALYSIS OF THE FINAL OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY. THE CASE OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Iulian Vasile Popescu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

This paper aims to identify the prioritization of monetary policy final objectives promoted by central banks (CBs) in Central and Eastern Europe that use a strategy of inflation targeting. The analysis is built to determine the behavior of the monetary authorities in the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and Hungary relative to the short-term nominal interest rate setting based on the estimation of an extended Taylor-type monetary policy rule, which additionally includes the exchange rate and a set of variables aimed at exploring the interactions between the monetary policy and financial stability. The modeling is performed in the context of a semi-structural dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with implicit micro foundations. The main results revealed a strong orientation of the selected monetary authorities geared towards their fundamental objective of ensuring and maintaining price stability, but in parallel, towards stabilizing the exchange rate and the real economic activity, as well as the existence of moderate guidelines of limiting, through the monetary policy, the uncontrolled expansion of private credit and the formation of a real estate prices bubbles (leaning against the wind).

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IMPACT OF FOOD IMPORT TARRIF DECREASE IN INDONESIA

Author(s): Nuhfil Hanani,Ratya Anindita,Mardiyah Hayati,Djoko Koestiono / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The research aimed to estimate the impact of agricultural trade reform under WTO on the welfare and food security in Indonesia. The analysis of the research data was conducted by using CGE/MPSGE model based on SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) data and input-output table of Indonesia in year 2008. The results showed that the decrease and removal of food import tariff would increase income and welfare of all household classes. Removal and decrease of tariff also increased the output of several commodities, i.e. paddy, nut, corn, as well as other commodities, and also the commodities in the mining sector. However, on the other hand, the tariff decrease and removal also decreased the output of industrial sector, either in the agricuture industry, or in other industrial sectors. The tariff removal and decrease also impacted the service sector in term of the decreasing output. This research concluded that the trade reform will weaken food security in Indonesia because the increase on food crop output has not been able to increase food export yet, and it will in the contrary increase the food import (e.g. paddy, nuts, and corn).

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VOLUNTARY TURNOVER INTENTION AMONG IT EMPLOYEES IN HI-TECH COMPANIES IN ISRAEL: INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL RELATED CAUSES

Author(s): Limor Kessler Ladelsky / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

This paper focuses on individual and organizational related causes of voluntary turnover intention in the IT sector in Israel. Specifically, it takes into account employees' personal resources (such as education), organizational focus on employees' needs fulfillment and organizational focus on values. The sample consists of 170 employees from High-Tech companies in Israel. The findings show that in the companies focusing on organizational values there is less voluntary turnover intention, especially of the best IT employees (with more personal resources), in comparison with IT companies focusing on employees' needs fulfillment.

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MOGUĆNOSTI I PRAVCI PRIMJENE STATISTIČKIH MODELA U MAKROEKONOMSKOJ ANALIZI

Author(s): Šemsudin Plojović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 06/2007

U ovom radu ću govoriti o statističko ekonometrijskim modelima kojise mogu primeniti na modeliranje privrede. u okviru rada predstavljam prednosti i nedostatke skavog pojedinalnog modela i govorim o njihovim karakteristikama. Budući da ekonometrija pretpostavlja postojanje definiranih osnova međusobnih zavisnosti ekonomskih veličina zadanih ekonomskom teorijom, može se reći da ekonomska teorija prethodi ekonometrijskom zaključivanju. Stoga ako se kao rezultat primjene modela na raspoložive podatke dobije "pogrešan" predznak ili veličina nekog parametra, u općem slučaju se takva ocjena smatra nezadovoljavajućom. Statističkim se kriterijima vrednuje statistička značajnost ocjene parametara modela. Najčešći statistički kriteriji su: a) koeficijent determinacije i b) standardne greške ocjena parametara. Koeficijent determinacije je postotak varijacija zavisne varijable oko njezine srednje vrijednosti, koji je objašnjen varijacijama nezavisnih varijabli. Stoga je koeficijent determinacije indikator relevantnosti uključenih faktora i valjanosti modela kao cjeline. Standardne greške ocjena parametara predstavljaju mjeru disperzije ocjena oko pravih vrijednosti parametara, te služe za vrednovanje pouzdanosti ocjena pojedinih parametara. Međutim, statistički kriteriji su najuže povezani s ekonomskim kriterijima, jer čak i kada su statistički zadovoljavajuće, ocjene parametara se odbacuju ako su teorijski nevjerojatne, odnosno ako nemaju smisla sa stajališta ekonomsko-teorijskih kriterija. Ekonometrijski kriteriji otkrivaju ispunjenje pretpostavki korištenih ekonometrijskih metoda, odnosno određuju pouzdanost statističkih kriterija. Pomoću njih se utvrđuje imaju li ocjene parametara svoje poželjne osobine, kao što su nepristranost, konzistentnost i efikasnost. Pri tom se statistički testovi koji teže otkrivanju pouzdanosti ocjena parametara modela mogu smatrati samo prethodnim testovima. Statistički testovi se temelje na netestiranim pretpostavkama o distribuciji vjerojatnosti slučajnog člana jednadžbi i o osobinama regresora. Stoga jedan ozbiljan ekonometrijski rad uvijek obuhvaća i sekundarne, ekonometrijske testove, koji ispituju ocjene slučajnog člana sa stajališta njegovih pretpostavljenih osobina, kao i ispunjenje pretpostavki za primjenu odgovarajućih ekonometrijskih metoda.

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ZNAČAJ MARGINALNIH TROŠKOVA ZA PRIMJENU SISTEMA OBRAČUNA PO VARIJABILNIM TROŠKOVIMA

Author(s): Avdija Trtovac / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 06/2007

Upravljački usmeren sistem obračuna po varijabilnim troškovima, kao savremeni sistem poslovnog informisanja menadžerskog tima preduzeća, se zasniva na novoj ideji o troškovima i poslovnom rezultatu. Njegov teorijski izvor čini marginalistička ekonomska teorija, čiji je on najbliži empirijski pristup koji je interni obračun do danas ostvario. Tekst koji slijedi predstavlja pokušaj da se ukaže na značaj marginalnih veličina, marginalnih troškova i marginalnih prihoda, kao teorijskih osnova razvoja i funkcionisanja sistema obračuna po varijabilnim troškovima. Njihovu radnu zamjenu čine prosječni varijabilni troškovi, kao osnovni uslov i pretpostavka njegove praktične primjene.

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MIKROEKONOMSKA ANALIZA KVAZILINEARNIH PREFERENCIJA

Author(s): Mehmed Meta / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 06/2007

U mikroekonomskoj teoriji se dugo vremena vode rasprave o naučnoj zasnovanosti teorija kardinalne vrednosti, u prvom redu teorije marginalne korisnosti. Kritički pristupi su vrlo različiti, od onih koji ističu visoku naučnu vrednost ove teorije, do onih koje u celosti negiraju njen značaj i razultate, jer se po njihovim shvatanjima ova teorija bazira na nekim isuviše restriktivnim, nerealnim i idealizovanim predpostavkama. Najveća njena slabost je zasnovanost na jednom dubioznom konceptu korisnosti i mogučnosti njenog kvantitativnog merenja. Da li se u odsustvu bilo kakve mogučnosti kvantitativnog izražavanja korisnosti i nedostatka jedinice mere za njeno određenje može rešiti problem izvora potrošaća? Shodno tome, postoji li mogučnost izražavanja promene u zadovoljstvu potrošaća izazvanog promenom nekog od ekonomski determinisanog ogranićenja ? Cilj ovog rada je da na premisama teorije indiferencije ukaže na rešenje problema optimuma kupovine, reperkusijama promene neke ekonomske varijabile (dohotka potrošać i cena dobara koja su predmet izbora) na optimalno rešenje, kvantitativno merenje uticaja promene cene na potrošaćevo zadovoljstvo u uslovima kada se to zadovoljstvo i njegova promena nemogu izraziti nekim kardinalnim brojem. Predmet analize su slučajevi kada potrošaćeve krive indiferencije imaju kvazilinearni oblik i koje svojim osobenostima čine deo “porodice” normalnih krivih, koje istovremeno zadovoljavaju aksiome refleksivnosti, simetričnosti, monotonosti i konveksnosti.

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Ekonomické slobody v Európskej únii po vytvorení jednotného trhu

Author(s): Beata Lipková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 05/2011

Single market is the basic pillar of the EU’s economic integration. Its func-tioning influences Union’s economic growth and its global macroeconomic per-formance. Article analyzes current state of market integration resulting from economic freedoms of common market – free movement of goods, persons, ser-vices, and capital. Key areas where economic protectionism of the EU member states persists are in focus. Even though goods and financial markets were already integrated to a large extent, services, labor, and public procurement markets are still national in character. Macro- and microeconomic effects of the creation of single market are also constituent part of the analysis.

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Jozef CHAJDIAK – Marek RADVANSKÝ: Pohľady na ekonomiku Slovenska 2011

Author(s): Marek Radvanský,Jozef Chajdiak / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 05/2011

Dňa 12. apríla 2011 sa v aule Ekonomickej univerzity v Bratislave konal jedenásty ročník konferencie Pohľady na ekonomiku Slovenska 2011 (PES). Konferenciu každoročne organizuje Slovenská štatistická a demografická spoločnosť (SŠDS) pravidelne začiatkom roka spravidla mesiac po zverejnení údajov štvrťročných účtov za predošlý kalendárny rok.

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Hysteresis in Unemployment: Evidence from 23 OECD Countries

Author(s): Hülya Kanalici Akay,Feridun Yilmaz,Mehmet Nargeleçekenler / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2011

Unemployment is one of the most important problems that all countries must overcome. As a result, it has become one of the centrally explored issues in mac-roeconomics, and several theories have been proposed to explain the existence of high unemployment rates. Traditional theories describe movements of unem-ployment as fluctuations around a natural rate. However, theories that rely on a natural rate of unemployment have been challenged by hysteresis theories. According to hysteresis theories, all shocks have permanent effects on the level of unemployment. This paper tests hysteresis effects in unemployment using panel data for 23 OECD countries covering the period 1963 – 2007. The paper applies both a univariate time series and a panel data unit root test with and without a structural break to test for unemployment hysteresis in OECD coun-tries against the alternative of a natural rate. The results point to the rejection of the hysteresis hypothesis for the OECD and are compatible with structuralist theories as described by the structuralist view.

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The Impact of Biofuel Policies on Food Prices in the European Union

Author(s): Ján Pokrivčák,Miroslava Rajčániová / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2011

In the EU, USA and elsewhere in the world a significant amount of public money is being devoted to support of biofuel production. Rising biofuel produc-tion is believed affects agricultural commodity prices as well as fossil fuel prices. The relationship between oil and food prices has been known for a long time. In this article we analyze the statistical relationship among the fuel prices (oil, gasoline, bioethanol) and selected food prices (maize, wheat and sugar). We conduct a series of statistical tests, starting with tests for unit roots, estima-tion of cointegrating relationships among the price series, evaluating the inter-relationship among the variables using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Variance decomposition. According to our results, there is a long-run cointegrating relationship among the selected time series in the later years while the interrelationship among the variables was weaker in earlier period.

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Business Cycle Similarity Measuring in the Eurozone Member and Candidate Countries: An Alternative Approach

Author(s): Nikola Najman,Petr Rozmahel / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2011

The article sheds some light on the process of measuring business cycle simi-larity and points out the fact that contemporary studies usually simplify this problem by measuring a simple correlation of cyclical development in GDP. The main goal is to assess the level of business cycle similarity in selected Eurozone member and candidate countries using the Concordance index. The article also includes a comparison of the Concordance index technique with traditional cor-relation methods. The results show that the Czech Republic belongs to the states with relatively high level of concordance comparing to the other Eurozone mem-ber and candidate countries. The resulting concordance measures also give an evidence of relatively low level of the business cycle similarity of Slovak economy and the Eurozone.

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