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The article shows the Russian equivalents of the performative przepraszam extracted from thecontemporary Polish prose and its translation into Russian. The dictionary equivalent прости(те)appeared in the majority of examples.
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The article examines the emotive connotation of gustatory metaphor in Russian and Bulgarianmedia texts. Area source of gustatory metaphors is relatively constant in time, because the tastesensation is characterized by a certain stability and relative permanence. Emotive connotation as anemotional and the evaluated characteristics of the object, transmitted by metaphorical way, seemsto be one of the most important ways of implicit or explicit impact on the intellect, the will andthe emotional state of the recipient. The main task of the article is to outline the second frame ofsubmetaphor ‘Evaluation of taste sensations’, which consists of two main slots: ‘positive / negativeevaluation’ and ‘complementary evaluation’. The analyzed material shows the simulated emotiveconnotation of modern taste metaphors in inherent and adherent forms.
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The conducted analysis of dual aspect verbs (based on selected linguistic material) and contrasting them with the state observed a quarter or half century ago do not show interdependencies between the existence of the group of genetically foreign dual aspect verbs – which are very limited and virtually relic in Polish but definitely more frequent in Slovakian – and a strong trend for word borrowing. On the contrary, the observed linguistic increase in prefixed oppositional units of perfective aspect indicates that more significant impact on their development and functioning is exerted by the established word formation technique as well as the lexical and grammatical structure of the native language.
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The aim of the article is to discuss Polish syntactic interferences in the Russian dialect used by the Old Believers and, by analogy, Russian interferences in the Polish dialect of the inhabitants of Vershina. The dialects of the Old Believers living in the Suwałki-Augustów region and the inhabitants of Vershina are island dialects and are subject to the interferences caused by the languages surrounding them, especially on lexical and syntactic levels. In both dialects, in the case of syntactic interferences, we can observe loan translations of many structures, for instance, changes in terms of government, the ways of expressing age, structures with such cardinal numbers as one, two, three and four, the ways of expressing nominal predicates and the temporal relation signifying frequency and repeatability. Such structures do not contribute towards enriching the lexicon of the dialects with new lexemes, yet they indicate the dynamics of changes in them.
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The article is devoted to the analytic causative predicates. The data is collected from Polish and Slovene. The basic methodological device is a paraphrase which obligatorily includes an adjective. Special attention is paid to operator verbs, which often have their own semantic features. Some of them are verbs of transfer, others – verbs of motion. In most cases, however, they are causatives which denote change of features. Apart from the basic causative category, the material is classified according to its semantic features, including especially inchoativeness, terminativeness and restorativeness. In conclusion it is emphasized that analytic causatives show their semantic parameters more explicitly than is the case with verbal units and that they demonstrate considerable semantic condensity.
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The influence of the Polish language in conjunction with education and the mass media have brought about in the second half of the 20th century a growth of Polish-Kashubian bilingualism and a decline of Kashubian dialects. Simultaneously, work on the creation and promotion of the literary Kashubian language has begun. The standard Kashubian language is new to all users as is the new Breton language standardized in the last decades of the 20th century. Intergenerational transmission of the Breton language was severed after WWII. The ethnic revival of the 1970s led to the revalorization of the Breton culture and language, taught since then in a number of schools and at adult courses. Normalized Kashubian and Breton languages are full of neologisms. But at the same time they have also been considerably purified of those traits which make them similar to the respective dominant language (Polish and French). Furthermore, the range of use to which these minority languages are put is very different from one user to another. All these specifics result in the near impossibility of researching the linguistic picture of the world of contemporary normalized minority languages.
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At the dawn of Middle English, the language saw a number of dfferent terms referring to the process of translation. The plethora of terms and meanings seems to mirror the attitude of medieval scribes and authors towards translation, understood as presenting, explaining, and interpreting, and, finally, transferring the message from one language to another. After the Norman Conquest, however, the meaning of ‘transfer between languages’ starts to disappear with the exception of native WENDEN, which is still used in this sense in mid 13th century. Finally, the language borrows the foreign term TRANSLATEN, which at the end of the 13th century starts to function along WENDEN and TURNEN in the meaning of ‘transferring, changing, replacing’, and in the 14th century acquires the literal meaning of ‘translate’, marginalizing or eliminating older forms. The paper focuses on the loss of the meaning ‘to translate’ from the semantic domains of the native verbs and the pattern of its replacement by the foreign term to indicate ‘transfer of a message between two languages.’
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The author discusses possible ways of expressing meanings of Polish niemniej, tym niemniej and niemniej jednak in Bulgarian. A confrontative analysis of the equivalents gives grounds for a reflection on how to conduct a cross-linguistic examination of metatext. Two important questions are raised: whether it is methodologically justified to compare objects non-identical such as units and compositions, lexical and grammatical means, and what exactly equivalence within metatext class means. It is expected that analysis of metatext in Polish and Bulgarian will allow to discover mechanisms of creating metatextual units.
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In this paper the results of the automatic extraction and presentation of bilingual correspondences from Slovak-Bulgarian Parallel corpus are described. The equivalent phrases are extracted from sentence and word level automatically aligned corpus, filtered, indexed and presented in a dictionary-like interface. The bilingual dictionary database contains 80 thousand phrase pairs consisting of approximately 350 thousand words (per each language). Counting unique word forms, the size is 31 thousand in the Slovak part of the dictionary, 26 thousand in the Bulgarian part.
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All Balkan languages show some German elements in their vocabulary, beginning with Old Bulgarian Bible texts up to modern Balkan languages, including Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Albanian, Romanian and Modern Greek. Etymologies of Balkan words and German words must be distinguished. Loanwords in Balkan languages are confined to words which are traceable back to Germanic languages, e. g. Gothic, Old and Middle High German and contemporary German. Not only the word store but also onomastics were occasionally influenced by German languages, but it is not possible to speak of a German substrat or adstrat in the way we can speak of a Thracian or Illyrian substrat, or Greek or Romance adstrat.
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Slavic *tъrgъ, Old Church Slavonic trъgъ, preserved in the modern Slavic languages as well, has had an impressive distribution in both vocabulary and place‑names, to note just Bulg. Tărgovište (also an important archaeological site), Rom. Târgoviște, also spelled Tîrgoviște (the political centre of Wallachia for some time, approx. 80 kms north-west from Bucharest) and as far as Finnish Turku (gen. Turun). See also the discussion regarding the Polish place-name Toruń. The origin has been debated, but it cannot be analysed independently from ancient Illyrian town of Tergitio, later Tergeste, the precursors of modern Slovene Trst, Italian Trieste. The ultimate origin has been looked for even in remote areas like Sumer, e.g. Václav Machek, who quotes Assyro-Babylonian tamgaru ‘trader’, in fact following a suggestion of the orientalist Bedřich Hrozný, the decipherer of Hittite (he published the study in August 1915). The author assumes that the origin of the word must be accepted as ‘Balkanic’ or, in a perhaps better phrasing, as a common Illyrian and Thracian ‘technical term’ referring to trade and commerce. Its spread from south to north is entirely normal, following the spread of economic relations from the Roman, then the Byzantine world northwards at a date difficult to determine, but definitely prior to the Slavic expansion, i.e. before the 6th century C.E. It is unlikely that we have to do here an Oriental term. If indeed that were so, the term should have spread first to Classical Greek, then should have migrated northwards at an earlier date. It is rather likely that we have here a ‘Mediterranean’, perhaps even a Pre-Indo-European term, in Machek’s terminology, ‘praevropský původ’ (of Old European origin).
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There are several types of language contact depending on the relations between languages. The article focuses on the results of language contact with multi- and unidirectional influence: balkanization, pidginization, creolization and other types of contact – why not all of them result in mixing codes. The author considers various theoretical approaches to describe languages in contact, the process of convergence and the genesis of mixed codes. While the comparison of such language situations as Balkan Sprachbund, colonial and postcolonial societies, multi-ethnic societies in the Western world, has shown that each type of language contact needs its own approach, the final part of this paper is devoted to two analogical language situations: Russian Old Believers in Poland and Poles in Siberia. However, despite of many similarities, even these two communities have developed their bilingualism in a different way.
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This paper presents the results of a short contrastive analysis of functional inflection in the contemporary Romanian and Albanian. Its aim is to determine convergences between these two languages on a highly general level. Nine morphological categories (number, person, gender, case, determination, voice, aspect, mode and tense) with all their main values are described here in each variable lexical class of both the Romanian and the Albanian language. Such a treatment of two corresponding lingusitic subsystems clearly demonstrates that differences overcome similarities, and supposed balkanisms are dubious on this level.
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In this article several aspects of the Greek attitudes towards neighbours’ languages during the 19th century are presented and analyzed. We believe that the decades before the Greek Revolution, known also as the period of maturity for the Modern Greek Enlightenment, deserve more of our attention and concern. The issue needs to be further investigated and the written resources from the specific time must be exhaustively researched in order for us to form a broader view of the situation.
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The topic is Balkan anthroponymy. The area is the Lower Danube – the Bulgarian-Romanian language boundary. In this contact zone there is a distribution of family names, formed from urbonyms. They signal a specific regional belonging, and they show the link with the common area: the Danube river. We are referring to family names of the type: Vidinliev, Kalafatov, Beketov, Svishtovliev, Ruschukliev, Kalarashev, Tutrakanov, (meaning ‘from Vidin’, ‘from Calafat’, ‘from Bechet’, ‘from Svishtov’, ‘from Ruse’, ‘from Calarashi’, ‘from Tutrakan’). This phenomenon is widespread on both banks of the river.
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Being a private form of communication, personal letters are usually not written to be published. The act of their publication, therefore, may be considered as somewhat voyeuristic. However, since the authors of the correspondence in this contribution – Julije Benešić and Zdenka Marković – are two public figures of great importance not only in Croatian literary and cultural context, but also in the promotion of Croatian Polish studies as well as intercultural relations between Croatia and Poland in the first half of the twentieth century, we believe that its printing is justified. Their correspondence may be considered as an interesting addition to the facts about their lives and work that can be found in different research papers and books published so far, providing insight in the inner world of thoughts and emotions they shared.
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A comparative analysis of Czech and Polish collection of mythologically motivated set phrases which remain highly memorable and exhibit international character. Research is based on material extracted from two Czech-Polish phraseological dictionaries [C-PSSS, WC-PSF] and shows how close linguistically (phraseologically) both languages are, which in turn proves that both nations, Czech and Polish, are part of the European culture. In either language we deal with a large set of mythology-based expressions. Such instances of Czech and Polish phraseology remain for the most part close or even identical as far as general characteristics are concerned; hence, one may conclude that: the units under consideration are mostly active in written language variety; as a source, classical – especially Greek – mythology completely dominates in the Czech and Polish set of expressions; the most numerous are expressions with a mythological component (a name), an important etymological clue; the numerical preponderance of noun-based expressions over other formal types adds weight to a hypothesis that noun phrases form the centre of mythological phraseology in both languages.
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Over the past twenty years, collocations have become one of the most frequently discussed phraseological items in German linguistics. The research in this field appears to be focused on two lines of research inquiry: lexicographic perspective and comparative perspective. These two perspectives dominate in academic publications addressing collocation structures as well as in bilingual or multilingual research projects. The analysis of materials collected through empirical research focuses primarily on differences between selected German and Polish similes. These differences are demonstrated on morphosyntactic, lexical semantic and pragmatic levels.
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This paper discusses the Polish, Russian and English-speaking cardiologists and cardiac surgeons’ professiolects and sociolects. 271 questionnaires filled in by cardiologists and cardiac surgeons from Poland, Russia, Australia, the United States of America and Great Britain from July 2011 till February 2012 were analysed in the study. Nine characteristics of the professiolects and the sociolects were extracted from the morphological analysis, the analysis of the vocabulary dependant on its semantic field as well as the derivation analysis of the vocabulary. These features show the difference between professiolects and sociolects, and they characterise every idiom. Some pragmatic aspects of sociolects and professiolects are also discussed in the article.
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The paper tackles two investigative approaches to the study of mutual influences among languages in which researchers focus either on languages themselves or on communicating individuals. Considering the question of whether and to what extent the contact-conditioned language development results from structural properties of respective languages, or is rather triggered by psychic properties of their speakers, the study exposes, on the basis of selected literature on the subject, a causative role of humans in language contacts. At the same time, it argues that the search for unborrowable language features and structures entails defining naturalness, unmarkedness, and markedness in terms of human abilities. More critically, this paper substantiates the statement that uncovering the rules, which govern the contact-induced language change in terms of communicative properties of humans, implies, for example, the necessity of dealing with identity and group affiliations of multilingual subjects demonstrable, apart from language transfer and lexical and grammatical interference, mostly in codeswitching. Thus, the author argues that the sources of linguistic changeability and variability in contact situations must be read, in the first instance, into the psychic conditionings of socially and culturally determined language speakers. All in all, she tries to prove that linguistic borrowings cannot be examined in accordance with universal applicability or absoluteness but with reference to principles of human perception, memorizing, the ability of association, etc., as well as the economy of effort in communication in conjunction with individual and socio-cultural needs of humans, their knowledge and attitudes.
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