![Калина Мичева-Пейчева. Сблъсъкът на чистотата и нечистотата в българската култура и език](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2103_26972.jpg)
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of the particles up and down in the strategic meaning construal of particle verbs (PVs) in blind and sighted users of English as L2. The paper is situated within the cognitive linguistic framework. Based on the results of a speaker–judgment study with 20 blind and 20 sighted users of English, we show that PVs with down are more informative to all the participants, and that blind users rely on the particles (particularly the particle up) more than sighted users. We claim that the difference in informativeness is related to the experiential status of up and down. Down is more informative because it is at human scale, which limits its metaphorization potential. Up is more open–ended, making it more schematic and allowing greater departure from its original topology. Blind users rely on the particles more because they are more inclined to analyzing linguistic cues, since they often serve as additional experiential input. Moreover, the blind rely more on egocentric topology, which produces similar results for down, and different for up.
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This work is focused on formal approaches in cognitive semantics, namely, the formalisation of the conceptual level of representations as the intermediate level between the symbolic and the connectivist one. An account of a selection of existing models is given. It is argued that one of the most important shortcomings that keeps the existing models from being truly cognitively plausible is the fact that they do not properly address the correlations between objects’ perceptible features, which are argued to be causally linked to the underlying, essential properties. The argumentation is supported by empirical evidence, implying the existence and importance of the causal effects in categorisation and inductive learning. It is therefore claimed that any cognitively plausible model of semantic representations needs to be able to adequately describe these cognitive phenomena, which has not been achieved so far. The paper qualitatively sketches out a cognitively motivated semantic representation model based on Gärdenfors’ conceptual space theory, endowed with the capability of describing the correlation of surface properties, thus supporting the notion of psychological essentialism.
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As semantic deficits are considered to be the basis of cognitive difficulties in schizophrenia, including language and thinking, manifesting themselves as idiosyncratically organised semantic memory, it is understandable that the language of people suffering from schizophrenia captured the interest of linguists who, depending on the linguistic level observed, noticed semantic, syntactic and pragmatic deficits of the disease. However, the majority of linguistic studies of schizophrenia were conducted on English speakers. The present paper is a first study of this type conducted on a patient who is a native speaker of Croatian and it is intended as a starting point for future, more extensive research that would contribute to a better understanding of deficits and allow for a more precise differential diagnosis of the disorder. The paper gives a detailed overview of the case study that was conducted on a female schizophrenic patient currently undergoing treatment for schizophrenia at the University Psychiatric Hospital Vrap~e in Zagreb. The patient’s spontaneous speech was analysed at the phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels. The patient’s discourse exhibited primarily pragmatic errors, with the patient failing to manage context in a pragmatically appropriate way and to suppress irrelevant context. Disintegration of the deictic frame was also observed. The analysis of our patient’s speech reveals several symptoms which are consistent with the phenomena observed in earlier studies on English–speaking schizophrenic patients, including derailment, loss of goal, tangentiality and thought blocking. The paper provides an in–depth exploration and discussion of selected segments of the patient’s discourse and, in conclusion, gives an outline of the implications for future research.
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More recent approaches to terminology incorporate premises from cognitive linguistics and sociolinguistics in their theoretical framework. Although such approaches range from general theoretical frameworks to more practical models based on a specific cognitive theory, none provides explicit guidelines on how to incorporate theoretical findings into a multi–domain term base, such as Struna. Struna (Stojanov et al. 2009; Struna 2012) is a national database of Croatian Special Field Terminology. Since the Struna database includes a wide array of specialized domains, this entails the design of a new sociocognitive model1 that integrates premises from modern terminology theory and cognitive sociolinguistics into a usable practical framework for a multi–domain term base.
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This study compares the verbal prefix o(b)– in two South Slavic languages, Croatian and Bulgarian, from a cognitive linguistic perspective. We focus on the problems arising when constructing the semantic network of this polysemous prefix, particularly on 1) isolating the prefix’s meaning from the meaning of the base verb and 2) identifying core/dominant sub–meanings for all verbs and giving them corresponding semantic labels. Our approach to morphology is based on extensive databases of verbs collected from dictionaries and a few corpora. However, our work with corpora led to a number of challenges. This study thus has two aims: a) presenting challenges encountered in working out semantic networks of prefixes, and b) presenting challenges related to obtaining reliable (quantitative) results from the corpora.
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Prepositions as a word class pose various questions as to the relation between lexical and functional language units and their place in the lexicon (Jolly 1991, [ari} and Reindl 2001). Though often referred to as function words, prepositions show a) systematic semantic relations, ie. near–synonymy, polysemy, antonymy and b) a wide variety of lexical and functional (grammatical) uses, indicating a complex interplay of systematic features and contextual modifications which participate in the formation of their meaning. Semantic relations such as antonymy are mostly discussed in terms of adjectives, nouns and verbs, leaving out a detailed description of antonymy effects in other word classes such as prepositions (e.g. Lyons 1977, Cruse 1986, Jones et al. 2012). By adopting the methodology of antonymy research developed for identifying and extracting antonyms from corpora, we examine the co–occurrence of prepositional antonyms in the Croatian National Corpus. We take up the cognitive linguistic position of examining antonymy as a prototype based category based on both conceptual opposition and contextual modifications (Paradis et al. 2009), and we observe its workings on the novel prepositional dataset. Based on the primary domains and conceptual structures that motivate prepositional opposition formation, we divide the antonyms into spatial (directional and locational), temporal and non–dimensional types. For each of the antonym types there are different contextual modifications and conceptual structures that shape these antonymy relations, indicating a complex interplay between language system and language use.
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Aim of the research was to observe the frequency of the programme content related to development of different aspects of speech in entire development program (elder kindergarten group) as well as within the compulsory pre-school programme for children in the year prior to their enrolment to primary school, using the method of the analysis of pedagogical documentation. In the research we used descriptive and comparative methods as well. Technique used was the technique of pedagogical documentation analysis, as an instrument we used the matrix of the analysis of pedagogical documentation. The sample comprised of three daily activity records and the teacher’s preparation written by the teachers involved in the programme of compulsory pre-school education. The results of this research indicate that all the aspects of speech development are present in upbringing and education work, however their frequency varies.
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The article explains the principles of natural use of idioms, presenting variation in idioms as a complex phenomenon. Variation may be more effectively explained by collocation patterns than by the frequently cited principle of compositionality. Collocations containing idioms are quite flexible when the other elements of the collocation vary, but not as flexible when the idiom itself varies. This means that the idiomatic and non-idiomatic components of a collocation are of quite different importance from the perspective of the persistence of the collocation as a whole. This is confirmed by the fact that while over time, a collocation may come to allow various lexical verbs, or may come to feature one support verb in place of multiple lexical verbs originally appearing in it, the variation (more syntactic than lexical) of idioms is much more limited. The typology of lexical variation of idioms sketched out in the study is based primarily on material from the basic electronic dictionary of idioms (FES). Rigid and changeresistant Estonian idioms are characterized by peripheral use of forms. The lexemes that vary in idioms affect their denotative meaning differently depending on the content, scope and persistence of that meaning. The less lexical variation an idiom exhibits, the more precise the idiom’s denotation can be. When a referent has multiple lexically associated designators, it is likely that more than one of them express the same concept. Word choice in idioms varies based on semantic factors and emotional content. The flexibility of an idiom depends on its interpretation: whether the variant means something to the speaker in comparison to the primary form. This is the case when the association between the variant and its base conceptual form is understandable. Idioms based on clearer or more typical conceptual metaphors can exhibit greater flexibility. For example, an idiom may have (according to FES) previously been flexible and/or its meaning and collocates may have been abstract, because the underlying metaphor was familiar and easily understandable to speakers, but today the idiom may have lost its flexibility and/or its meaning and collocates may be more concrete, because the underlying metaphor is no longer familiar or easily understandable. In summary, idioms should not be considered inflexible and semantically indivisible; rather, there are certain restrictions on their use. More than anything else, variation in idioms is influenced by the way in which they are conceptualized.
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The article examines the dialect perception of students from Kuressaare, Jõhvi, Pärnu-Jaagupi, tartu and Võru. The data was collected with the draw-a-map task known from perceptual dialectology, specifically from the works of Dennis R. Preston. Students were asked to mark all the dialects they know on an Estonian contour map with parish outlines and the biggest cities. these mental maps allow the analysis of how a person (or a group of people) represents and organizes the surrounding world. According to the hypothesis, the closer a person lives to a dialect area, the better he/she should know the boundaries. to analyse the mental maps, i used ArcGiS software similar to that used by Montgomery and Stoeckle (2013) and constructed aggregated mental maps. The analysis of the mental maps experiment revealed that the students’ residence actually does affect their perception of dialects, with the exception of the Võru and island dialects. The latter are probably better known because of their distinct local identity and presence in media. Nevertheless, differences can be found in the mapping of those two dialects. The Võru dialect area marked by students from Saaremaa was generally smaller than the Võru dialect area marked by their inland counterparts. most students from Võru tagged two islands (Saaremaa and muhu) under the label island dialect, while students from other schools only marked one (Saaremaa). When analysing other dialects that the students marked more often, local differences in the perception of dialects emerged more greatly. For example, students from western Estonia marked different island dialects more commonly than others. Similarly, students from southern and eastern Estonia marked the mulgi and Setu dialects and the eastern dialects, respectively, more commonly.
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Metaphors and categories are an inalienable part of any science. For centuries, mechanical metaphors have been active in shaping economic thought performing their cognitive function. Economists as different as A. Smith and J. Hicks resorted to metaphors not only to name new phenomena (filling vocabulary lacuna), but, what is more important, to make sense of ontologically given parts of economic reality (a heuristic function) and create a cognitive conceptual system, which served as a basis for economic theories (a theory-constructive function). In this article, I will endeavor to analyze why the way of thinking based on mechanical analogies has proved so fruitful in the history of economics. For this purpose, a cognitive-historical model of analysis is used, which allows one to place the emergence of concepts in the 'context of discovery'. I will undertake to examine the ideology underlying mechanical metaphors, their epistemology and interpretative capacity, as well as their theory generating power. One more aspect of research is to see how the development of a science enriches the language itself. The subject matter of the current research is the focal concepts of modern economics such as 'the market', 'the economy', 'the business cycle', etc. Their analysis is based on the works of the leading economists, starting from the the 17th century. Belonging to different schools of thought, addressing different economic phenomena, they have one thing in common – reliance on mechanical metaphors.
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The aim of this paper is to show how the dimensions of imagery, one of the most important human cognitive abilities, can be expressed, that is to consider the impact this ability can have on the process of text production and its understanding in translation. It is presented on the example of the novella by Thomas Mann A Man and His Dog and its translation into Polish by Leopold Staff how the cognitve translation theory based on the cognitive grammar of Langacker (1987, 1991) can be applied to translation analysis. First, the terms conceptualization and imagery are introduced and explained from the cognitive perspective and the dimensions of imagery: selection, abstraction and perspective are desribed. Based on this, the results of the analysis of examples selected from the novella by Thomas Mann and its Polish translation are presented.
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This interdisciplinary article first discusses some theoretical precepts of language and logic, then contextualizes them for the application of the United Nations (UN) Rule of Law. Next it argues that, while the international English language used in the Organization reflects specific national legal reasonings, the UN, by its nature, should harmonize Western and Eastern ways of thinking as they both contribute to the UN multivalent logic pursued for progressive ends. In conclusion, the article emphasizes that, notwithstanding the rather limited UN capacity for directly responding to educational justice needs across the world, UN rule-of-law evidence-driven recommendations and policies should have a more effective impact on justice education at all levels in the post-2015 UN Rule of Law agenda than they currently do.
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Among the most significant current issues in the field of structural, systematic and communicative description of lexical meanings are identifying pragmatically marked lexical items, classification of various micro-components comprising the larger structure of the pragmatic macro-component within the lexical meaning, and examining their communicative potential. The solution of these theoretical problems is considered as a necessary condition of creating ap-propriate models for lexicographic description and typology of Pragmatically Marked Lexicon within active type dictionaries or/ and in special computer databases.In the present project the attention is drawn to such essential problems of Pragmatic Semantics as the “speaker – language sign” interrelations. The problem that demands a combined systematic, structural and communicative approach is description of lexical meanings. There are certain pragmatically marked elements of human lexicon that should be revealed and de-scribed systematically. The project explores the integral model of lexical meaning, including pragmatic macro components; describes the structure, content, variable potential and implementation of pragmatic semantics in different types of discourse; analyzes the ways how pragmatic semantics can be lexicographically presented in dictionaries of different types; develops the concept of lexico-graphical interpretation of pragmatically labeled items within the Russian lexical system.The applied component of the project is creating a computer database of pragmatically marked vocabulary, available for a wide range of users: researchers, linguistic experts, inter-preters and teachers of the Russian language. The described computer database of pragmatically marked vocabulary is based on the Russian and international experience in corpus and computational linguistics.
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This paper presents stages and problems of conceptual design of metaphorical terminology database never before being the subject of description. The linguistic databases have been developing rapidly for the past decades but their development has not been completed. The purpose of the article is to define the principles of conceptual design of metaphorical terminology database. The interdisciplinary project presented in the paper is based on the system of methodo-logic research areas and methods: the theory of conceptual metaphors in research of metaphor-ical terminology and the theory of conceptual design of relational databases in the process of formation of linguistic resource conceptual structure. The paper presents and explains 1) the conceptual structure of metaphorical terminology database developed from: a range of prob-lems which are solved by this database; the analysis of research areas (metaphorical terminol-ogy of various scientific fields: scientific-and-technological – geologic, oilgas terminology, in-formation technologies, humanitarian – term systems of psychology, linguistics, philosophy, sociology, natural science - medicine, biology, ecology); data represented in works on research of metaphorical conceptualization in term systems. 2) Core and peripheral objects of scientific fields and relations between them are identified on the basis of which infological scheme of the database is formed. 3) The objects’ attributes are identified and datalogical scheme of relational database is formed. The developed structure is originally realized with the use of relational DBMS Microsoft Access.
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In the article the author deals with the meaning of the Buddhist-Uyghur term ürlüksüz nomlar in a passage of the so-called “Manichaean Poṭhī-book”. As many specific Buddhist terms ürlüksüz nomlar can be found in no other Manichaean-Uyghur texts and has to be translated in this context as “momentary elements of consciousness”.
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The article is devoted to different ways of gender linguistic analysis of a vocabulary entry that is directed to find gender stereotypes and asymmetries in it. The target goal of the research is to reveal different means of direct or indirect transmission of elements, which conceptualize gender aspects of the linguistic view of the world in the lexicographic text as a culture translator. In the course of the analysis supported by modern social cognition and gender stereotypes theories miscellaneous ways of stereotypes’ functioning in the lexicographic texts are identified. The stereotypes might appear in the field of label system, supporting data, word selection, or explanatory tradition. The comparative lexicographic analysis of мужик (muzhik) and баба (baba) in basic Russian dictionaries of 18th – 21st centuries provides gender stereotypes of the Russian linguoculture consideration in diachronic aspect. The analysis of changes in filiation, semantization or stylistical marking of some ethnospecific basic concept ‘man’ and ‘woman’ verbalizers’ meanings allows to see transformation along with preservation of beliefs on the gender organization of the Russian society. In conclusion, lexicographers do not always perceive gender stereotypes, which used to characterize previous centuries and reveal worldview of a different society according to its gender roles structure, because of this or that tradition in explanation of basic cultural words and the linguistic view of the world. The underlying reasons for preserving these stereotypes are as follows: firstly, it is incongruity of cognitive and linguistic views of the world, secondly, it is dialectic nature of correlation between constants and transformations in the language.
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The present investigation deals with parallel corpus data in Russian, English, German and Swedish. On the basis of an analysis of our findings we attempt to identify operational criteria that can be used to classify discursive constructions. The goal is to find a means for con-trasting fixed, idiomatic phrases, on the one hand, and compositional constructions that are close to free word groups, on the other. The research is based on the example of the Russian construction N v tom, čto and its parallels in English, German and Swedish. Parallel corpora are usually used to find ways of translating linguistic structures into other languages, to identify the language-specific features of linguistic units, or to improve their lexicographical descrip-tion. The present investigation is the first study to employ parallel corpus data to identify different types of Russian discursive constructions, and for that reason it can be viewed as a contribution to the development of the methodology of corpus studies. The pattern N v tom, čto in Rus-sian is represented by the following vatiants delo v tom, čto; problema v tom, čto; beda v tom, čto; sut’ v tom, čto; pravda v tom, čto; ideja v tom, čto, etc. Here we address three of them delo v tom, čto; problema v tom, čto and pravda v tom, čto. Of these three, only delo v tom, čto is lexicalized, i.e. can be regarded as a unit of the Russian lexicon. This is proved by the fact that translations of the expression into other languages primarily involve not its word-for-word cor-relates, but instead functional equivalents that formally have nothing in common with it. Two other constructions are most frequently translated word-for-word, which suggests that these can be regarded as free word groups. The empirical data were drawn from Sketch Engine and the RNC.
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The idea behind the paper is to analyze, on the basis of some selected novels by Virginia Woolf, how death and the feeling of melancholy transmute into her writings anticipating her suicidal death. The analysis is aimed at exploring the subject and its development in Woolf’s literary oeuvre, with special regard to Voyage Out, Jacob’s Room, Mrs Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, The Years and The Waves. The books under examination are not explored chronologically as the paper intends to delve into thematic links between the novels and the conceptual patterns that they share rather than focus on the linear and diachronic development of the concept in her writings.
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The aim of this article was to discuss the role and function of a metaphorical model of timein the works of Inna Lisnianskaya. The volume of poems entitled Цветные виденья was used asa research material, including both works which were written in the 1960s and those which might berelated to the late period of her output.
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