Podporujú parfumy stereotypy? Jazykový obraz muža a ženy v reflexii vlastných mien parfumov

Author(s): Patrícia Molnárová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 45-46/2021

Perfume is an everyday accessory to the both women and men. Like its composition or advertising presentation, the names of individual perfumes also reflect the social status, impressions, emotions, or ambitions of their wearers. The study focuses on the relationship between the name of the perfume and characteristic psychological stereotype formed on the basis of gender and the “myth of beauty” associated with women. The analytical, interpretive and socio-cognitive approaches work with the initial assumption that the name of a perfume is influenced by its motivic basis and reflects the gender stereotypes and typical character traits attributed to men (power) and women (beauty). The aim of the paper is to verify this hypothesis through the analysis of perfumesʼ proper names and their categorization on the basis of a motivational factor in a specific name. The source material consists of a corpus of 305 names of perfumes presented in the catalogues and on the Internet portals of Avon, Oriflame and Yves Rocher Company in the years 2019 – 2020. In the analysed corpus, we identified six motivic categories for women's perfumes and seven categories for men's perfumes, some of which were repeated in both groups but with different meanings, e. g. nature, emotions, luxury or magic.

Osoba z ASD, osoba ze spektrum, autystyk, osoba autystyczna czy osoba z autyzmem? Współczesne tendencje w nazewnictwie osób z ASD

Author(s): Elżbieta Sadowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2021

The aim of this paper is to present the names for people with diagnosed autism that are used in the literature dedicated to logopaedics. The analysed expressions are as follows: autystyk (an autistic), osoba z autyzmem (a person with autism), osoba z ASD (a person with ASD), osoba autystyczna (an autistic person), dziecko autystyczne (an autistic child), osoba cierpiąca z powodu autyzmu (a person who suffers from autism), osoba ze spectrum (a person on the spectrum), osoba ze spektrum autyzmu (a person on the spectrum of autism), osoba wysoko i nisko funkcjonująca (a high- and low-functioning person).

Zaburzenia mowy w chorobie Alzheimera o wczesnym początku – studium przypadku

Author(s): Kamila Potocka-Pirosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2021

This paper describes a case study of a 56-year-old patient suffering from a rare type of early onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD). The selection of the topic arose from the desire to draw more attention to this group of patients. While numerous publications in the relevant Polish-language literature have been dedicated to speech disorders in late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), which is diagnosed in people over 65, there are scarce descriptions of cases of speech disorders in EOAD. The research made use of a survey method (the author’s original survey questionnaire fi lled in by the patient’s wife), and the test method (using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, selected tasks from the so-called Łucki’s tests and the author’s own tests). The analysis of the collected material revealed serious defi cits in the patient’s actualisation of words, fl uency, understanding of compound structures, reading with understanding, and writing, which has resulted in his withdrawal from communication.

VISTA CONOSCENZA, PAROLA: LO “SCHEMA DEL CONTENITORE” APPLICATO A UN CASO DI POLISEMIA INDOEUROPEA

Author(s): Marianna Pozza / Language(s): Italian Issue: 3/2021

View, Knowledge, Word: The Container Image-Schema Applied to a Case of Proto-Indo-European Polysemy. The present discussion aims at reconsidering the theoretical process of knowledge in some ancient Indo-European languages in the light of the prerequisites offered by cognitive linguistics and prototype theory. Thanks to the dynamic pattern of the Container Image-Schema – which is a primitive mental structure – some historical outcomes of a polysemic Indo-European root will be discussed in order to place them within the continuum of the semantic space in which the container is located.

English and Romanian Body Parts Idioms Reflecting the Concept of Common Sense. A Cognitive Perspective

Author(s): Ana-Maria Trantescu / Language(s): English Issue: XXI/2020

Phraseology represents a complex and controversial domain of semantics. The paper analyses from a cognitive point of view a series of English and Romanian body parts idioms reflecting the idea of common sense, of sound practical judgement. While traditional linguists study mainly the formal and functional aspects of idioms, cognitive linguists have a completely different approach. They consider that there is a systematic conceptual motivation for many idioms. Most idioms are products of our conceptual system and not simply a matter of language. Our work is based on the cognitive theory according to which idioms are motivated by conceptual structures: conventional knowledge, conceptual metonymies, and metaphors. The notion of embodiment can be easily applied especially to human body idioms. We also try to prove that there is a considerable degree of correspondence regarding these idioms in both languages, i.e., they share the same figurative meaning, as well as the same underlying conceptual strategies.

Об удовольствии и смежных понятиях в русском языковом сознании

Author(s): Andrey Evgenyevich Bochkarev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02/2021

The article explores the ways of displaying pleasure in the Russian language in order to show how the meaning of the analyzed concept varies in relation to the main values in some typical pleasure-situations.

Priestor v ranej ontogenéze reči dieťaťa

Author(s): Jana Kesselová,Daniela Slančová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2014

The aim of the study is to describe and explain how children in the early age (till 36 months) perceive, experience and express space relations. In the study, the qualitative and quantitative methods are used. Qualitative methods are represented by the analysis of the communication of the children in naturalistic conditions; quantitative methods by the interpretation of the data from the Test of communicative behavior (Slovak version of MacArthur-Bates CDI). The developmental acquisition of non-verbal, lexical and grammatical means of space relations expression is explored. The non-verbal and verbal means of space relations expression are considered as means of children´s ability of space orientation. Moreover, in the cognitive linguistic sense, the orientation in physical space is also the base of orientation in linguistic space and the space concepts are considered as the base of orientation metaphor which is the central point of whole conceptual system.

Univerzálne a špecifické vo fonologickom vývine

Author(s): Iveta Bónová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2014

In this paper – based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of children’s speech – we identify universal and specific features typical for phonological development of individuals. Comparing the exactly set parameters (especially the value of the index of understandability and the value of syllable length of children’s words) with the findings from the quantitative analysis (identified phonological processes and consonantal groups) in the analysed acoustic strings retrieved from the natural speech environment we reveal a universal feature significant for Slovak speaking children with the identical degree of phonological development. It is an occurrence of consonants and consonantal (binomial/trinomial) groups in the initial, middle and final position of generated words and forms.

COGNITIVE-LINGUISTIC RESEARCH AT THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT: THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS

Author(s): Vladan O. Pavlović,Marta Veličković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The paper presents an overview of some of the most important research conducted by two members of the Department of English in Niš in the field of cognitive linguistics. It focuses on the variety of theoretical approaches and theoretical concepts relied on in the research, the various qualitative and quantitative methods used (including state-of-the-art strict statistical procedures), and possible applications of the results of such research in the areas of ELT and the study of language-culture interrelation. It also points to how some of those results have been applied in practical and theoretical linguistic courses at the English department in Niš. The paper is complementary to that of Figar et al. (this volume) in terms of focus on the research done in cognitive linguistics at the department.

DIALECTUL – O INCURSIUNE BIBLIOGRAFICĂ

Author(s): Maria-Laura Rus / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 22/2017

We focused in this paper upon the term ‘dialect’, as it is defined by different linguists beginning with Ferdinand de Saussure (structural linguistics), continuing with sociolinguistics and ending with the authors of ‘Nouveau dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage’ (O. Ducrot, J. M. Schaeffer). The main observation is that the majority of linguists define the dialect in reference to language.

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL DISOCURSE

Author(s): Bianca Oana Han / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2017

This article aims to focus on the main characteristics of a political speech from the point of view of the manner in which it is built, delivered and perceived by the protagonists to the communicative instance. It is important to underline that the article lacks and denies any intention to analyse any political message or political aspects. It is a mere intent to discover and investigate the manner and reasons behind the choice of words, from a linguistic and stylistic perspective.

Nasilje PREMA ženama, nasilje NAD ženama, nasilje PROTIV žena: kako predlog (ne) menja konceptualizaciju nasilja i konceptualizaciju žene

Author(s): Tamara Ivančević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 25/2021

A more profound study of prepositions within the framework of cognitive linguistics has highlighted the importance of the category of space in structuring both concrete and abstract meanings. Simultaneous, inconsi- stent, but grammatically correct use of three prepositions in the constructions: “violence TOWARDS women,” “violence OVER women” (not used in the English language, but very common in the Serbian) and “violence AGAINST women” imposed the need for a detailed analysis of these three prepositions in the mentioned constructions and the similarities and differences of mental representations that may exist among speakers of the Serbian language, depending on which preposition is used. A key feature of cognitive linguistics – recognizing the influence of human beings and their environment on the formation and development of meaning – required an interdisciplinary approach, and therefore contextualization and explanation with the help of feminist theory, bearing in mind that the phenomenon of violence against women is primarily recognized, described and explained by feminist activism and theory. The interaction of language and environment can create or indicate cracks in certain concepts, which are especially prominent when there is a choice between several linguistic expressions that more closely denote and describe these concepts. Considering that the patriarchal structure of society creates a specific type of violence – violence that takes sex difference as an imperative, this paper seeks to show and explain the conceptual cracks related to violence and women and have arisen in the interaction of language and that patriarchal structure of society.

SINTAGMA TERMINOLOGICĂ EXTINSĂ

Author(s): Doina Butiurcă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2018

The tight link of terminology to ontology represents a fundamental characteristic of present day terminology. The relevance of the referent, especially the extension led to a significant reconsideration of the type of denotant. In the expanding fields of contemporary science, the start is given by the existing‖object‖ which will be named in rapport with its characteristics. It is the variable that regulates the type of term and especially the typology of the terminological syntagm. The extended terminological syntagm –the general research objective – displays special dynamics in the terminology of humanistic sciences, given the fact that sign do not constantly have a concrete referent. Specific objectives: definition and characterization of the proposed concept, degree of cohesion of the extended terminological syntagm, typology are among the specific objectives. The research method is contrastive, descriptive-linguistic and analytical. The conclusion of the research is that the extended terminological syntagm is a multiword combination that contains more than three components heterogenous syntactically and under the aspect of cognitive concept designation mode.

THE DISCIPLINE AND THEORIES OF TERMINOLOGY AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVES ON SPECIALIZED LANGUAGE

Author(s): Sabrina Mazzara / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2018

This paper highlights the importance of Cognitive Linguistics for Terminology and specialized language. It describes key concepts of Cognitive Linguistics, and discusses how they can be applied to specialized language and terminology. Cognitive Linguistics shows how real language works, and highlights the relation between language, reality, and the way we perceive and categorize the world. Cognitive Linguistics is an attractive linguistic paradigm for the analysis of specialized language and the terminological units that characterize it. The emphasis placed by Cognitive Linguistics on conceptual description and structure, category organization, and metaphor coincides to a certain extent with crucial areas of focus in Terminology, such as scientific ontologies, the conceptual reference of terminological units, the structure of scientific and technical domains, and specialized knowledge representation.

SEMIOTICA LEGILOR LUI MURPHY. Partea I. Preliminarii la etiologia murphysmelor

Author(s): Luminiţa Chiorean,Maria Kozak / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2018

The author seeks to interpret the production/reception mechanism of the joke through a Linguistic, Logical and encyclopedic approach of the act of humor. The offer of morphology as a referential document for the argumentation of joke as a ludical act is representative in the theory of the acts of language especially through the social function of laughter.Each of Murphy’s laws consists of a dialogical de-doubling, with a transmitter provided with linguistic, rhetoric and encyclopedic “savoir” as well as persuasive power on the level of ennounciation and with a receiver (also possessing an interpretive “savoir-faire”, a quality that makes him/her) accede to the hidden meaning of the joke, often presented as a paradox set up by a disorienting isotopy. On the textual level, nevertheless, there is a complice and an innocent, object of the explicit signifiance, both being actors and engaging into various interpretative mechanisms of the meaning (fundamental vs contextual).The semiotical application of the joke is based on deconstruction, materialized in the opposition betweenbehavioural norm and linguistical norm. The typology of jokes is offered by murphology, opera aperta, in the proper sense, once it receives in its corpusnewly experienced laws.

A koronavírus-járvány metaforáiról

Author(s): Anita Schirm / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

News about COVID19 has become part of our everyday life. Language users created pandemic related metaphors right away, and due to their explaining and visualizing power, these metaphors spread soon afterward. This paper investigates the rhetorical pictures born during the pandemic and shows why these metaphors are so frequent in articles about the pandemic. Metaphors in communication about COVID19 visualize, explain, evoke emotions, convince, and sometimes also manipulate public opinion, since the wording in the mass media greatly impacts the way people think about the pandemic crisis. By using the theoretical framework of the cognitive theory of metaphors, the paper shows some verbal and visual metaphors related to coronavirus from a corpus collected from news, ads and community facility advertising.

Vliv jazykové charakteristiky matematických slovních úloh na úspěšnost jejich řešení

Author(s): Alena Sigmundová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

The paper describes the results of an interdisciplinary research study examining the linguistic aspects of word problems in mathematics and the connection between comprehension of the text of word problems and the success of their solution. The research is organised around the following aspects: the linguistic analysis of 18 word problems with low solution success taken from international research surveys PISA 2012 and TIMSS 2007, determining the level of comprehension of the text in these tasks by the pupils in the 8th and 9th grade of basic schools, and, modifying the selected language phenomena and detecting the effect of these reformulations. The total of 773 pupils from 13 elementary schools were selected for this research. The following language parameters were examined: passive voice, conditionals, unknown or less known words to students, ways of writing numerical data, nominalisation, language defects, length of text, division of text, redundant numerical data and explicitness of wording. The article also provides some recent findings from an ongoing research on the topic of supporting the integration of mathematical, reading and language literacies in the pupils of basic school.

Metonymy is a Cognitive Mechanism of News Discourse

Author(s): Fazila Fazil Guliyeva / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2021

The paper considers metonymy as a cognitive mechanism widely used in news discourse. Views of different scholars on the concept of metonymy were analyzed in this paper. The problem of metonymy in linguistics is associated with two functions: 1) as a means of creating artistic speech; 2) as a means of nomination. The second part of the paper deals with different trends of metonymic transfer: psychological, logical and semiotic. In the third part, different classifications on the types of metonymic transfer are given. Finally, the fourth part of the paper considers the cognitive approach to metonymic study. The cognitive mechanism of conceptual metonymy operates within a single conceptual domain, one element replacing another. The replacement element is called a vehicle. It opens up access to another conceptual structure called the concept target within a single conceptual domain at the mental level. In news discourse, metonymy is used to express a concept economically. A shift in focus in metonymic nomination creates a positive or negative assessment, distortion of information, and depersonalization of individual referents to influence the reader. Thus, metonymy has a referential function, i. e. it allows one entity to replace another. But metonymy is not only a referential device. It also serves to understand.

Е. В. Падучева. Эгоцентрические единицы языка. Москва: Издательский дом ЯСК, 2019, 440 стр.

Author(s): Anna Kretschmer / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2020

ПРЕДЛОГ ПРИМЕНЕ ТЕОРИЈЕ ПРОТОТИПА У ЛЕКСИКОГРАФСКОЈ ОБРАДИ ПОЛИСЕМИЈЕ У СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

Author(s): Ana Halas Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2018

This paper has proposed a model of treatment of polysemy in monolingual dictionaries of Serbian, which is based on the idea of the solid grounding of lexicographic practice in cognitive linguistic theory. A polysemous structure is understood here as a prototype-based category whose senses are mutually related on the basis of family resemblance, while the derivation of senses is motivated and the whole structure is hierarchically organised. The proposed model has been built on the foundation comprised of these main features of polysemy as understood within the framework of prototype theory. In order to be in accordance with the idea of the firm theoretical foundation of lexicographic practice, the presentation of the model has been divided into a lexicological and a lexicographic aspect. The lexicological aspect has included the formation of a polysemous structure. This model enables a clear insight into all derivational paths within a polysemous structure, mutual relations among senses as well as the hierarchical position of each individual sense. As such, it represents a theoretical basis or even a pattern for the formation of a dictionary entry for a polysemous word, i.e. for the lexicographic aspect of the proposed model. The main characteristics of the lexicographic aspect are the following: sense definitions contain a formal indication of the derivational link between a superordinate sense and its subsense and a dictionary entry is hierarchically structured. A sample entry for a highly polysemous verb in Serbian has been formed as an illustration of the proposed principles for tailoring a dictionary entry. The given principles result in achieving the transparency of motivated derivation of senses, their mutual relatedness on the basis of family resemblance as well as their hierarchical organisation, which is a necessary prerequisite for a reliable lexicographic description of a polysemous word expected to satisfy the needs of various types of dictionary users more efficiently. Overall, the solid scientific foundation of this model ensures the higher practical efficiency of the treatment of polysemy.