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Сибирь (Syberia) w świetle danych systemowych języka rosyjskiego

Author(s): Aleksandra Starzyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2016

Сибирь belongs to concepts whose position in the Russian lexis, and so in the Russian worldview, is special. As proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński, the study reconstructs the image of Сибирь on the basis of the Russian language system (more precisely, on the basis of dictionaries) and with the use of the cognitive definition. Discussed is the etymology of Сибирь, the lexeme’s synonyms, opposites, semantic and word-formational derivatives. The analysis is complemented with a survey of fixed expressions and collocations. Thus, the cognitive definition is proposed, consisting of thirty defining features organised into the following facets: category, part, opposition, location, size, appearance, conditions of living, function, feelings, attitudes to Siberia, the region’s inhabitants. In various contexts of the usage of Сибирь (and its derivatives) the most conspicuous is the negative valuation of Siberia as a place of exile, harsh climate, and unwelcoming living conditions.

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Etnolingwistyka daleka i bliska

Author(s): Adam Głaz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2015

Lublin ethnolinguistics, its value and possibilities of promotion in a broader international context, must be seen against the backdrop of comparable approaches (not necessarily functioning under the same name) proposed in Western linguistics or drawing inspiration from Western scholarship. The latter is represented in the present volume by articles authored by Gary B. Palmer, Bert Peeters, Irena Vaňková, and Przemysław Łozowski and Anna Włodarczyk-Stachurska, all being discussed in this introductory survey. Next, ideas are proposed for future action aimed at popularizing Lublin ethnolinguistics in the West, as well as establishing networks of collaborators from Western countries.

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Punkty dyskusyjne w rozumieniu pojęcia językowego obrazu świata – widziane z perspektywy badań porównawczych

Author(s): Renata Grzegorczykowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2009

The paper deals with two questions. The first question concerns the range of the speaker’s „mental picture” of the object being denoted. Classical (structural) linguistics and logical semantics concentrate on the essential features of the object (the necessary and sufficient conditions in classifying the object as a member of a class), whereas cognitive linguistics tends to treat all features associated with the object as valid for the mental picture of this object. The non-essential features are either entrenched in language use (e.g. derivations, proverbs, etc.), or are individually created in text. The second question concerns the ontological character of the denoted objects. The object can be ontologically relatively independent, e.g. natural beings (plants, animals), certain artifacts (buildings, tables), or it may be an entity identifiable through the human cognitive and linguistic categorization of the world (body parts, certain sets or collections, the emotional states of a person). Some objects can be human mental constructions, such as theoretical models or social ideologies. The ontological character of the objects is essential for establishing the tertium comparationis in comparative research.

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Kognitivní přistup ke slovnímu významu a jeho využití při porozumění textu

Author(s): Jasňa Pacovská / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

The aim of this paper is to introduce a cognitive approach towards vocabulary and highlight its potential for developing text competencies in children. In contrast to the structural concept, which accentuates the denotative aspects of a lexical meaning, the cognitive approach accentuates connotative aspects. These are essential in both understanding and production of a text. Cognitive aspects of lexical meaning are used in common communication. In artistic or journalistic texts, they serve as the basis for various cliché and phraseology. Shown on concrete examples of texts, identification by means of connotations that evoke certain words in children enables us to reveal children’s picture of the world, their attitudes and values. These findings can be consequently applied to the field of text comprehension.

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DER PEKUNIÄRE TRIP – ÜBERSETZUNGSPROBLEME UND BLENDING

Author(s): Vladimir Karabalić,Sanja Cimer / Language(s): German Issue: 5/2011

Prilog se bavi procesom prevođenja pri čemu se posebna pozornost posveduje kognitivnoj obradi izvornoga teksta i problemima koji mogu nastati u tom procesu. Polazišna točka za oblikovanje procesa prevođenja jest teorija konceptualne integracije Fauconniera i Turnera, poznata i kao blending (2002), te teorije oblikovane prilagodbom tog pristupa samom procesu prevođenja (Mandelblit, 1997, i Wang Bin, 2005). Detaljnija analiza posvedena je prevoditeljskom problemu preuzetom iz jednog prijašnjeg istraživanja pomodu dijaloških protokola, pri čemu isječci iz protokola služe kao dodatna potpora oblikovanom modelu. Tematizirani problem javlja se uz tzv. single-scope-network kod kojega rekonstrukcija i ponovno oblikovanje veza između konceptualnog sadržaja i jezične forme u ciljnom jeziku dovodi do pogrješnog prijevoda.

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Kognitivni pristup značenju

Author(s): Gordana Đurović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1-2/2010

How does manifold meaning become apparent in different contexts? What are the units of meaning, and what are their potential and their limitations? A cognitive approach to interpreting units of meaning implies the potential to cover all information, that received from the use of language, as well as from experience of the world not necessarily of a linguistic nature. Allwood, Lyons, Reddy, Kövecses, Lakoff, and Johnson all develop the idea of potential meaning. This paper deals with a special kind of meaning potential – namely, metaphor.

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Enhancing Learners’ Communicative Skills through Audio-Visual Means

Author(s): Bohdana Labinska,Kvitoslava Matiichuk,Halyna Morarash / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Communication helps us to receive and transmit information with the help of the language. In the result of globalization and cultural integration English became a worldwide used language. Knowledge of English gives rise to numerous possibilities so modern specialists have to speak the English language fluently. Thus, methods of teaching students a foreign language should be developed. English language acquisition is closely connected with different types of activities with audio and video that help motivate students to communicate and enhance their communicative competence of English through listening and speaking. Moreover, listening to and watching authentic professionally-oriented educational materials has a better impact on the sensory organs and allows students to choose the appropriate vocabulary to respond quickly to communicative situations. Therefore, we hypothesize, that the effectiveness of the use of audiovisual means in teaching professional English communication depends on such factors as the teacher’s skills level, the quality of the audiovisual means used, the authenticity of the professional audio and video texts, the correct organization of the educational process and the consideration of the individual peculiarities of students. In this study we analyse theoretical data relevant to the current research, describe our personal approach to the choice of methods and techniques using audio and video to provide students with proficiency in professional English and seek to compare the level of English language proficiency before and after the experiment when conducting our lessons with different types of activities. Our findings prove that the appropriate usage of authentic audio and video professional materials by the teacher influences the sensory organs of students and allows them to memorize vocabulary and speech patterns better in order to react to communicative situations.

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UWAGI O FETYSZYZACJI EMPATII JAKO KATEGORII POZNANIA ANTROPOLOGICZNEGO

Author(s): Filip Wróblewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

In his article the author reflects on the ways of thinking by some Polish anthropologists representing the younger generation of researchers and mainly addresses the way in which they approach fieldwork. The author uses materials collected during his study of Polish ethnographers and anthropologists conducted from 2010 to 2014. The author applies tools of analysis and set of concepts developed by cognitive linguistics. Primarily he uses George Lakoff’s and Mark Johnson’s theory of metaphor, which lets him map and show the scale of the impact of everyday thinking on reasoning and practice in anthropology. This infl uence increases because anthropologists conceptualize fieldwork using such categories as empathy, empathize, dialogue and face-to-face relation with informants and fieldwork participants. Based on the gathered data the author distinguishes three fundamental subdomains involving 1. the field and the contact, 2. the researcher, and 3. the meeting. Each subdomain comprises three conceptual metaphors: 1. field is ownership, contact is a test of power, contact is a deal; 2. researcher is an expert, researcher is a sinner, researcher is obliged; 3. meeting is the situation, meeting is the task, meeting is a union. These metaphors not only constitute a model of selected aspects of anthropologists’ professional way of thinking, but also, indirectly, as preconceptions and hidden presuppositions influence researchers’ attitudes in the field, their results and the form of anthropological knowledge.

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Лингвокультурологические и аксиологические аспекты русской паремиологии в исследованиях М. Л. Ковшовой

Author(s): Valery Mikhailovich Mokienko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01/2020

Modern phraseology and paremiology has largely become popular due to such general linguistic areas as lingu¬oculturology, cognitive science and axiology. A powerful impetus to the development of these disciplines was given by the scientific school of prof. V. N. Telia, who proposed both a holistic theory and its practical implementation in lexicography. This review analyzes the latest work of the student and follower V.N. Telia - prof. Maria L. Kovshova. In her monograph “Linguocultural analysis of idioms, riddles, proverbs and sayings. The Anthroponymic Code of Culture” and other works, the author presents his concept of linguoculturology and demonstrates the axiological nature of Russian paremiology. The universal features of Russian paremias against the background of pan-European ones, as well as their nationally specific reflection in the language of folklore, are revealed. Between different small genres of folklore (proverbs, sayings, idioms and riddles) M. L. Kovshova searches for and finds an anthroponymic code that makes up the cultural dominant of folk speech. The cultural and linguistic picture of the world in the mirror of phraseology, the cultural specificity of idioms and paremias and the cultural reference of idioms and paremias are an organically connected and diachronically conditioned triad. Perception of idioms and paremias, according to M. L. Kovshova includes a process of cultural reference, i.e. the ratio of the components of the image and the image as a whole with the space of culture. This creates a semantic “layer”, which, in fact, is the key to ethnic mentality. Researches of M. L. Kovshova represent an integral palette of Russian paremias in a consistent linguoculturological coverage.

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Cognitive-Conceptual Model for Developing Foreign Language Communicative Competence in Non-Linguistic University Students

Author(s): Alla Evtyugina,Aizhanna Zhuminova,Elena Grishina,Irina Kondyurina,Marina Sturikova / Language(s): English Issue: SI/2020

This study is devoted to the foreign language communicative competence development among non-linguistic universities under-graduate students. This research covered the issue of foreign language education based on the cognitive-conceptual model for teaching English to non-linguistic university students. As the main research method, pedagogical modelling was chosen. The experiment was conducted at Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, and Ural Institute of State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia among 72 undergraduate students. The results of several curriculum-based tests showed that the percentage of correct determination of expressions with the context available increased from 54% to 93.2% in EG1, and from 41.9 to 85.5% in EG2. The overall students’ understanding of lexical units increased by 39.2% and 43.6%, respectively. The ratio of misunderstanding/understanding of speech utterances increased from 15/7 to 6/16, while the proportion of students who do not use/use various interpretation strategies changed from 8/14 to 3/19. The developed cognitive-conceptual methodology effectiveness for teaching foreign language communicative competence was proven. It can be applied to train students of various specialisations at different university degree levels.

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Сравнително корпусно изследване на метонимиите оръжие на действието вместо самото действие и действието вместо резултата в морски технически текстове

Author(s): Nadezhda Hristova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The present study focuses on a comparative analysis between two metonymies, namely INSTRUMENT INVOLVED FOR THE ACTION and ACTION FOR THE RESULT. These metonymies are part of Evans and Green’s (2006) categorization where they are described as cases of „part-to-part” metonymic relationship which is mainly characterized by the domain ACTION which involves INSTRUMENTS, AN AGENT, A PATIENT, A RESULT etc. The research aims at qualitatively determining the instances of occurrence of the two metonymies separately and in comparison and to perform a subsequent qualitative analysis attempting to discover patterns of dependencies which would provide more information on the mechanisms of formation and the motivation for the employment of these expressions in the given genre.

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Comparing force prepositions with spatial prepositions

Author(s): Peter Gärdenfors / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

The traditional semantic approach to prepositions is that they express spatial relations. In this article, I criticize this ‘localist’ position by arguing that many prepositions build on forces as their primary semantic domain. I compare prepositions that depend on the force domain to those that depend on the spatial domain. I argue that most typical uses of the prepositions ‘over’, ‘on’ and ‘in’ depend on the force domain, in contrast to ‘above’, ‘on top of ’ and ‘inside’ that are corresponding spatial prepositions. Also ‘against’, ‘under’, and ‘at’ have force related meanings. My analysis of English is compared with some examples from Bulgarian and other languages. I propose a rotation test for determining the primary domain of a preposition. This test states that if the use of a preposition for a particular relation between the trajectory and the landmark is invariant under rotation, then the meaning of the preposition is non-spatial.

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Figuration, constructions and English phrasal verbs: The instances of come up

Author(s): Efthymia Tsaroucha / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The paper investigates the evocation of the figurative meanings of English phrasal verbs of the form: component verb come + component particle up when they are employed in resultative constructions. Four instances of come up are discussed. It is suggested that the figurative meanings of come up are rooted to conceptual metaphors.

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THE CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR ''DISEASE IS WAR'' AND ITS MAJOR MAPPINGS

Author(s): Dragan Mišković / Language(s): English Issue: XVIII/2020

From the very beginning, conceptual metaphor has been one of the interest areas in Cognitive linguistics and an integral part of cognitive linguistics theory. Among other things, this linguistic approach deals with the motivation of conceptual metaphors, their cultural specificity, conventionality, and the question of whether it is a well-established structure of knowledge or a process. Metaphor is not just a rhetorical device, but something we use in everyday communication, and after a brief overview of the Conceptual Theory of Metaphor through the metaphor DISEASE IS WAR, specific examples from the English and B/H/S language extracted from the Google browser will be analyzed.

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Jazykové stereotypy jako identifikátory konceptualizačních procesů dětí

Author(s): Jasňa Pacovská / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2020

The paper draws on the theory of linguistic picture of the world, and concentrates especially on its key concept – language stereotype. This established concept is based on the assumption that studying language stereotypes is a way that leads towards discovering the conceptualisation processes of children. These processes are changing in relation to the cognitive development of a child; they reflect his or her current experiences and the emotional aspects in particular. Discovering children’s language stereotypes provides evidence of the sharing of connotations within a children’s group, and it is very valuable for understanding the world of children. This paper aims to draw attention to the significance of this knowledge for teachers of the mother tongue.

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Darwin’s Metaphors. A Cognitive Semantics Analysis of the Theory of Evolution

Author(s): Anna Drogosz / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

The objective of the paper is to present a Cognitive Semantics approach to Darwin’s theory of evolution. An analysis of the text of The Origin of Species allowed to identify a number of conceptual metaphors, such as: EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IS A JOURNEY, MODIFICATION IS SUBSTANCE, ORGANISMS ARE FAMILY MEMBERS, RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS ARE STRUGGLE, and personification of natural selection. The metaphors are illustrated by excerpts from Darwin’s book. It is claimed that conceptual metaphors contribute to coherence of Darwin’s argument, help to present the theory in a comprehensive and interesting way, and have impact on evolutionary reasoning due to metaphorical entailments. The analysis provides evidence that the logic of the evolutionary theory derives partially from the logic of source domains through which the fundamental concepts of change and relationships among organisms are conceptualized. Finally, it is argued that evolutionary texts offer a rich source of well-documented materials valuable for diachronic studies of metaphor in scientific discourse, beginning with Darwin’s notebooks, through his books, and then over 150 years of evolutionary texts, both scientific and popular, by various authors. It is also believed that a Cognitive Semantics analysis can provide useful insights for better understanding the evolutionary theory as well as controversies around its presentation and reception

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Kognitív szemantika

Author(s): Gábor Tolcsvai Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2016

The first part of the presentation gives an overview of cognitive semantics. Language is the unity of system and usage, and the knowledge on this unity is closely related to knowledge about the world. Cognition is based on direct experience, the mind singles out the important elements of perception, and processes and arranges them in schemas. Concepts are processed from schemas; when concepts are connected in a symbolic relation to phonological structures, they function as meanings. The second part of the presentation gives a draft of the semantic structure of the verb, concentrating on the general and specific Hungarian features. The verb expresses a temporal process, consisting of the sequence of components states based on present points. Part of this semantic structure is inherent temporality, the event structure and the schematic figures. A specific feature of the Hungarian verb and clause is aspect. The bare Hungarian verbs are imperfective as a default; verbal prefixes change their nature into perfective, imposing a starting or end point upon the imperfective, unbounded semantic structures. These structures are further modified by tense, the grammatical object and adverbials.

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„Ha férfi vagy, légy férfi”

Author(s): Edit Katona / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

Masculine identity, role, discourse and social orientation are formed and passed on from an ancient system of symbols and metaphorical thinking through cognitive metaphors into everyday language as well as literary texts. The aim of the study is to discover how the notion of manliness is constituted depending on social, historical, cultural, literary and linguistic tradition. The patterns of description of manliness change according to the challenges of any given period, but the basic characteristics still bear traces of earliest social, human assumptions and schemes. Researching the metaphorical codes of manliness, studying the interactions of conceptual areas (mental regions), there are obvious new sources, which are nevertheless only contemporary manifestations of old images.

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Translation Teaching and Cognitive Linguistics

Author(s): Baaziz Termina / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper is mainly concerned with the implications of cognitive linguistics for translation teaching and pedagogy. It sets out to succinctly chart some presumed shortcomings of replacement-based pedagogical methods that have long been centred around linear mechanical substitution of linguistic signs and patterns. Replacement approach, the paper argues, falls short of reinforcing what it takes to be the conceptual competence. In this connection, we account for our main assumption that translation teaching should be based on a sound theoretical footing that takes the conceptual system and the frames, or other structuring entities, populating it on board. Experimentally focusing on the conceptual system, cognitive linguistics’ framework, we contend building on some relevant literature, provides a wide range of far reaching procedural models conductive to the innovation of translation pedagogy and practice. The examples investigated in the paper reveal that translation teaching may be more prolific if it is equally based on such models, which inform our understanding of textual lexico-semantic units in terms of their surface functioning as prompts serving for dynamically constructing semantic-conceptual equivalence.

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Súčasný ruský novinový titulok z aspektu lingvokulturológie

Author(s): Tamara Mujkošová,Svetlana Lapshina / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 45-46/2021

This article is focused on the linguocultural features of the modern Russian newspaper headline based on an analysis of a sufficiently representative sample of Russian newspapers. The newspaper headlines for the linguocultural analysis were selected from two periodicals popular in Russia: Аргументы и факты (AIF) and Коммерсантъ (K). The headlines were chosen from both of these newspapers in parallel during a half year period. The introductary part of the article briefly introduces linguoculturology and newspaper headline, while in the next part, there are given specific examples of the analysis of the selected newspaper headlines. In conslusion, there are the summarized results of the research, which include the answer to the question of whether cultural information is used in the Russian mass media, what form is used most frequently, and with what purpose the authors use cultural information in the title and whether they prefer its direct application or its transformation.

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