Dovanota vertybė ar įsiūlytas paveldas? Lietuvos rusakalbių nuostatos gimtosios kalbos atžvilgiu

Author(s): Ala Lichačiova,Svetlana Markova / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2014

So far there has been no detailed research done in Lithuania that would allow to analyze the attitudes of the Russian-speaking citizens towards their native language. In this article, an attempt is made to determine the subtle relation between the Lithuanian citizens of non-Lithuanian nationality and the Russian language which is considered to be native in their families, while they either are Russians or identify themselves as Russians.Certain questions concerning this problem are taken into consideration: do Russian-speaking citizens feel good about using their native language; do they feel affinity to Russia as their symbolic homeland or the mother country of their language; do they want their children to have a good command of Russian and consider it their native language; is their relationship with their native language affected by the manifestation of Russophobia in public discourse and mass media.The data of the sociolinguistic projects Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Lithuanian Cities (2007–2009) and A Sociolinguistic Map of Lithuania (2010–2012) focussing on Vilnius, Klaipėda and Visaginas is discussed. These cities have been selected as the ones with the largest Russian-speaking population as compared to other regions of Lithuania.The analysis of in-depth interviews reveals that for the Russian-speaking people in Lithuania the native language remains the only real indicator of their ethnic self-identification. Most of the respondents do not regard Russia as a country close to them in terms of lifestyle and mentality, they do not perceive Russia as a symbolic concept defining their self-identity; it is for them the space of their mother tongue. The respondents claim that they value their mother tongue, see it as emotionally closest and stress the relation between the Russian language and culture as well as the pragmatic value of knowing Russian nowadays. Young respondents declare that they intend to do their best to pass their mother tongue to their future children.However, the intentions of the Russian-speaking people of Lithuania to support the vitality of their native language, which requires more effort than is usual for people living in the environment of a different language. In the Lithuanian media and online comment sections, ethnic and linguistic intolerance towards local people who speak another language is livened up periodically. Therefore Russian-speaking residents of Lithuania need to be psychologically strong in order to resist the pressure of public discourse and to sustain their native language.

Hypertextuality in Internet reporting

Author(s): Paweł Urbaniak / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2020

The transfer of so-called traditional journalistic genres to the Internet usually results in significant changes to their distinctive features. A good example is the Internet report, which simultaneously uses various forms of communication with recipients (e.g. text, film, image) and becomes both multimedia and intertextual material, which results in its hypertextual character. Similarly to any hypertext, because it often has a multimodal structure, it is also a kind of semi-finished product, as it only becomes a carrier of meanings and a complete work during its reception. As a result, extra tasks are set for the recipients. They must even more fully than in the case of classic literature or literary works participate in the process of decoding the meaning and become even more co-creators of the sense of the work that is being read. This article aims to demonstrate the essential features of how reports function on the Internet by referring to two specific materials that fall within the definition of the Internet report. Apart from this, the text attempts to confront the new variety of reporting with selected literary theories, such as the concept of “the death of the author” by Roland Barthes. Lastly, the article aims to cover the characteristics of the different types of recipients of hypertext forms of reporting functioning in an Internet environment.

Book review

Author(s): Anastasiya Astapova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Book review

Hashtag – znacznik czy nowy środek wyrazu? Próba analizy strukturalno-funkcjonalnej

Author(s): Agnieszka Anna Niekrewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2020

The purpose of the article is to analyse the structural and functional differentiation of hashtags – to record their formal types and illustrate functions which can be determined by the tag’s form but also independent of it. The author divides hashtags into one- and multicomponent ones, discusses their syntactic structure, grammatical form of the phrases used in them, and shows hashtag as a phenomenon in statu nascendi, pointing to the changes of its structure and its role in the internet communication.

POLITICAL LANGUAGE CORPUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING

Author(s): Gabriela Fernandez-Diaz / Language(s): English Issue: 14 (19)/2008

The main purpose of this paper is to build and exploit a corpus on political language in order to show the reader what kind of information can be gathered just by observing the use of the language in its context. We demonstrate how a corpus can be exploited for the acquisition of a specialised language, specifically, political language (PL). By using some basic processing tools in Corpus Linguistics, we analyse PL in the context of the European Union (EU). Firstly, we show how to compile a corpus from scratch. Secondly, we present the two corpora we have built for our research: a general reference corpus and a specialised corpus. The first corpus consists of approx. 500,000 words collected from the speeches of Javier Solana, the EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, whereas the second one consists of approx. 200,000 words on the topic of Human Rights. Thirdly, we process our corpora in order to examine the most distinctive features of PL vocabulary. Thus, we will analyse common political terms and expressions based on the following criteria: frequency of words, key words in context, word clusters, collocations, and concordances. Samples and data are collected and presented throughout the paper to support our analyses and hypotheses. Our final goal is to show teachers and language learners how to familiarise themselves with the terminology of present-day politics within the scope of the EU.

Аналитические формы цветообозначающей лексики в современном башкирском языке (на примере материалов электронных корпусов прозы, фольклора и публицистики)

Author(s): Rimma Talgatovna Muratova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (39)/2020

The article is devoted to the study of analytical forms of color designations in the Bashkir language and the identification of the features of their use in the literary language and folk colloquial speech. The relevance of the research is due to the need to study this group of color designations using the new achievements of linguistic science, namely, the possibility of access to a large volume of texts that contain almost all the lexical richness of the Bashkir language. Corpuses of the Bashkir language were used as such material: the corpus of prose, the corpus of folklore, the corpus of publicism, and other Internet resources. It was revealed that the analytical method in the Bashkir language forms color designations by color tone, saturation, brightness. In the analytical form, the names of color tones of the following nature are used: two spectral colors (qïδɣïlt һary ‘orange’, qïδɣïlt kүk ‘violet’), shades located between the two main spectra (jӓškelt zӓŋgӓr ‘greenish blue’, һarɣïlt jӓšel ‘yellowish green’), shades of spectral, non-spectral and achromatic colors (һarɣïlt körӓn ‘yellowish brown’, sejӓ qïδïl ‘cherry red’). A combination of two or more words also conveys such characteristics as color saturation (qujï qïδïl ‘thick red’, tonoq zӓŋgӓr ‘dull blue’), brightness of tone (aqһïl zӓŋgӓr ‘light blue’, qaraɣusqïl jӓšel ‘dark green’), piebald color (һarï ala ‘yellow piebald’).

Das Monitoring des sorbischen Schrifttums

Author(s): Hauke Bartels,Fabian Kaulfürst,Marcin Szczepański,Sonja Wölke / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2021

This article is conceived as research report for a new, long-term project of the Sorbian Institute, in which an essential part of all Sorbian printed materials published in a calendar year – starting with the year 2019 – is processed in digital form into corpus texts of high quality; it is then subsequently examined with regard to the vocabulary used in it. The background, methodology and aims of the research project are explained. In addition, this article represents the first annual report, which presents the results of the analyses of the corpus texts of the first year of monitoring. As well as presenting a current picture of the lexicon used in the latest literature, which involves the identification of “new words” and a perspective on the changes in the vocabulary of Upper and Lower Sorbian, this new monitoring process offers an enormous potential for Sorbian linguistics, especially with regard to a synchronic and up-to-date description of both the two Sorbian literary languages, but also, in the long term, with regard to phenomena of language change.

Európska sieť pre web-centrickú lingvistickú dátovú vedu

Author(s): Jorge Gracia,Radovan Garabík,Vladimír Benko / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

AN OVERVIEW OF LANGUAGE POLICY IN FRANCE

Author(s): Zoran Nikolovski / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the language policy in France in relation to French and the regional languages. We start the overview from the Renaissance period when the French national feeling began to form and the distinctiveness of the French nation started to manifest, leading to increased usage of the French language and gradual superseding of the regional languages. Taking into consideration the fact that after the French Revolution in 1789, the unity policy of the French nation intensifies and thus the directions of action in the languages of its territory change, we divided the overview of the language policy in France in two parts: before and after the Revolution. For the revolutionaries, the ignorance of the French language was an obstacle for the democracy and spreading the revolutionary ideas, thus extending the superseding of the regional languages throughout the 19th and early 20th century. After the World War II, the regional languages and cultures received more attention and they were regarded as a treasure that needed to be preserved and their disappearance to be prevented. According to the relations and the language activities undertaken by France in the contemporary period, we distinguish Language policy in relation to the French language and Language policy in relation to the regional languages.

Semantisierung in den gedruckten Bildwörterbüchern der deutschen und der serbischen Sprache

Author(s): Dobrila L. Begenišić / Language(s): German Issue: 23/2021

In diesem Beitrag werden wir uns mit der Semantisierung in den gedruckten Bildworterbuchern fur die Sprachen Deutsch und Serbisch befassen. Dabei werden die Stellung und die Funktion der bildlichen Informationen und ihr Bezug zu den verbalen Informationen in diesen Worterbuchern genauer erlautert. Als Grundlage fur diese Forschung dienen die illustrierten Ubersetzungsworterbucher, die im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert veroffentlicht worden sind und in denen Serbisch/ Serbokroatisch und Deutsch vertreten sind. In dieser Zeit sind nicht so viele Worterbucher dieser Art erschienen, aber nach der Typologie sind Kinderworterbucher, Allgemeinworterbucher und Fachworterbucher vertreten. Da alle drei haufig vorkommenden Typen vertreten sind, stellen diese Worterbucher eine gute Basis fur die Forschung der zweisprachigen und mehrsprachigen Bildworterbuch-Lexikografie der deutschen und der serbischen Sprache dar.

Differentiating between machine translation and student translation: red flags and salient lexicogrammatical features

Author(s): Andrew Innes / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Machine translation enables students to produce work in the target L2 which may be superior to that which they could produce otherwise. The present study examines whether the use of machine translation can be detected by teachers. Seventeen native teachers compared and assessed the authorship of five human translations (HT) and five machine translations (MT) of Japanese news stories. Finding suggest that native teachers were able to detect which essays had been written using HT and which had been written using MT.

Writer visibility in L1 vs. L2 argumentative writing: Use of the first person personal pronouns in Croatian

Author(s): Lidija Cvikić,Antonia Ordulj / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2021

Developing writing encompasses acquiring linguistic features, register and style related to text type and genre, and learning to write means learning to express oneself in written form. Involvement of the author in the text, or writer visibility, is characterized by first and second person reference, the speaker’s mental processes, monitoring of information flow, emphatic particles, etc. (Petch–Tyson 1998). Various studies showed that writer visibility depends on discourse type, cultural conventions, language proficiency, writer’s L1, etc. (Ädel 2001; Petch–Tyson 1998; Rodríguez, Vázquez and Guzmán 2011; Zolotova 2014). This paper investigates writer visibility in Croatian L1 and L2 argumentative writing. The main research question is how Croatian L1 and L2 writers differ in the use of I–perspective compared to we–perspective, both quantitatively and qualitatively. For the purpose of this paper argumentative essays in Croatian as L1 and L2 (N=80) are analyzed for their frequencies and discourse functions. The results show that first person personal pronouns are used more frequently in Croatian L2 than in L1 writing. However, only the overuse of I–form is proven to be statistically significant. The qualitative analysis shows that in Croatian L1 and L2 writing, the pronoun I is most frequently used to express discourse functions of writer’s stance and writer’s experience, whereas the pronoun we is used for the same purpose (presenting a general claim), thus to a much lower frequency. Besides similarities of L1 and L2 writing, the study shows the tendency of non–native speakers to use certain discourse function more frequently. The obtained results gave more insight into writing in Croatian, and confirm cultural, linguistic, and language learning influences to writing in both L1 and L2.

STILOMETRIJSKA ANALIZA SLOVENSKE PRIPOVJEDNE KNJIŽEVNOSTI DO PRVE IZVORNE SLOVENSKE PRIČE

Author(s): Andrejka Žejn / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3-4/2020

Quantitative approaches in studying literature already have a long tradition, reaching back to the period before digital humanities became an established field in the humanities. An important impetus for the establishment of quantitative methods in the humanities was provided by increasing computer power and increasingly extensive corpuses of machine-readable words. Theoretical concepts refer to the new methodological paradigms as distant reading. Even though it is supposed to replace close reading, it has repeatedly been shown that traditional research forms the necessary basis for relevant quantitative research and new relevant findings. Stylometry, or quantitative analysis of style, applies statistical methods to literary texts. The analysis entails text comparison in terms of similarities and differences in measurable text characteristics, such as the most frequent words. This is a well-proven method, which, however, has certain limitations. Stylometry is a text-immanent method that does not provide absolutely valid answers or general findings about style. In addition, the definition of measurable characteristics and the comparison method used remain in the domain of the researchers and their familiarity with the material. However, it allows a simultaneous overview of a large collection of texts and hence reaches beyond the established canon incorporating trivial literature and translated literature as an important segment of national literature, especially in its early periods. Stylometric analysis identifies text patterns, which can either be confirmed by qualitative research or can indicate the necessity for a new approach to traditional research. The visualization of results of the stylometric analysis of Slovenian narrative literature from the first half of the seventeenth century to the first original Slovenian narrative in 1836 shows the development of Slovenian narrative literature by period, with identifiable hallmarks of certain authors, and within individual periods and genres. Certain links indicate a need for further research.

Context, Contextualisation and (Multimodal) Text

Author(s): Yves Gambier / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2021

Context and genres are relevant concepts in Translation Studies, but paradoxically there is no consensus about their definition and how they challenge text, especially after the 1990s when technology began to impact on translation practices. It is surprising since new writings and textualisation of the interactions have developed concomitant with the dematerialisation of the context. In this study, we will trace the conceptual polysemy of “context”, first in linguistics (taken in a broad meaning) and then in Translation Studies. We will consider to what extent context and contextualisation are related, when translation is defined as a context-dependent meaning-making process. What does re-contextualisation imply, and how does context apply to (multimodal) text in a digital environment?

Automatizuotas arbitraliųjų kolokacijų atpažinimas: būdvardžių ir daiktavardžių kolokacijos

Author(s): Jolanta Kovalevskaitė,Erika Rimkutė,Jurgita Vaičenonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39/2021

This article focuses on arbitrary collocations – a particular type of collocations which are characterized by unmotivated relations between the constituents (differently from trivial or motivated collocations as, for example, a beautiful day, new research). Typically, arbitrary collocations have a certain degree of lexical restrictedness, i.e., although there may be several close synonyms, a particular one is preferred in a certain word combination, for example, broad/wide outlook vs. big outlook; strong health vs. powerful health. As a result of the analysis of 5000 adjective-noun collocations retrieved from the “Database of Lithuanian Multiword Expressions”, approximately 650 arbitrary collocations were identified using the synonym substitution test: if the adjectival component of the collocation (adjective or participle) could not be replaced by a close synonym, the collocation was considered arbitrary. The methods of computational linguistics, or Word Embedding Approach in particular, were used to automatically retrieve close synonyms of adjectives in adjective-noun collocations. Nouns and participles were automatically grouped into approximately 800 vector strings. The article describes in detail the steps in data processing and analysis as well as arbitrary collocation identification criteria and methods by using the Global Vector (GloVe) model.

Methodological Framework for the Development of an English-Lithuanian Cybersecurity Termbase

Author(s): Sigita Rackevičienė,Andrius Utka,Liudmila Mockienė,Aivaras Rokas / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2021

The aim of the paper is to present a methodological framework for the development of an English-Lithuanian bilingual termbase in the cybersecurity domain, which can be applied as a model for other language pairs and other specialised domains. It is argued that the presented methodological approach can ensure creation of high-quality bilingual termbases even with limited available resources. The paper touches upon the methods and problems of dataset (corpora) compilation, terminology annotation, automatic bilingual term extraction (BiTE) and alignment, knowledge-rich context extraction, and linguistic linked open data (LLOD) technologies. The paper presents theoretical considerations as well as the arguments on the effectiveness of the described methods. The theoretical analysis and a pilot study allow arguing that: 1) a combination of parallel and comparable corpora enable to considerably expand the amount and variety of data sources that can be used for terminology extraction; this methodology is especially important for less-resourced languages which often lack parallel data; 2) deep learning systems trained by using gold standard corpora (manually annotated data) allow effective automatization of extraction of terminological data and metadata, which enables to regularly update termbases with minimised manual input; 3) LLOD technologies enable to integrate the terminological data into the global linguistic data ecosystem and make it reusable, searchable and discoverable across the Web.

HIGH-PROFILE VS LOW-PROFILE WEBSITE LOCALISATION

Author(s): Cristian Lako / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2018

Descriptiveness and prescriptiveness are an everyday phenomenon in our lives and they most often refer to, in simple terms, the communication process we exercise in oral or written forms; they relate to how we communicate vs. how we should communicate. This dichotomy also transcends to any type of communication, from face-to-face communication to broadcasting. Exchanging information over the Internet is, past all doubt, included.

Sentiment analysis: главные теоретические аспекты и некоторые прикладные подходы

Author(s): Ugo Persi / Language(s): Russian Issue: 169/2020

The article discusses the main theoretical prerequisites for the development of methods of Sentiment Analysis and the practice of expanding their empirical application to such areas of communication as marketing, services, social media and blogs. This linguistic computational approach to texts is based on the consideration of human emotions. Scientific implementation of Sentiment analysis in some countries is analyzed.

DIDELĮ KATEGORIJŲ KIEKĮ TURINČIŲ DRAUDIMO BENDROVĖS KLIENTŲ UŽKLAUSŲ, GAUTŲ ELEKTRONINIAIS LAIŠKAIS, LIETUVIŠKO TEKSTO KLASIFIKAVIMAS

Author(s): Karolis Kiaunė,Simona Ramanauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2 (49)/2019

Natural language processing and classification have been widely used in English-speaking countries. However, analysis and classification of a Lithuanian text is a complex issue and has not been fully implemented. This is due to complexity and peculiarities of the Lithuanian language, so methods appropriate for other languages, are not always appropriate for the Lithuanian language. Three selected word processing options and their various combinations were used and it was assessed how different and consistent text classification methods are able to classify insurance company customers‘ enquiries sent by email. This study is unique because a great number of methods were used and classification accuracy of a Lithuanian text in a large number of categories (33) was further assessed. Natural language processing problems, analogous studies of Lithuanian text classification were analyzed, research methodology was proposed and research findings were discussed in the paper.

Joseph O’Connor, Andrea Lages, Coaching cu NLP: cum să fii un coach de succes

Author(s): Liliana Moldovan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2008

Review of: Joseph O’Connor, Andrea Lages, Coaching cu NLP: cum să fii un coach de succes, Bucureşti, Editura Curtea Veche, 2007, 320 p.