Obraznost terminologie — motivace pojmenování brouků

Author(s): Bohumila Junková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

The paper deals with descriptive terms commonly occurring in zoology and botany. The namesof animals and plants often carry important information about the characteristics of subjectsnamed. They are used not only by experts in the field but also by the public in everyday communication. Creating these terms is mostly based on their important characteristics, but sometimesa special term is the result of a subjective approach when unimportant features are given preference. Figurative language and expressivity are frequent within artistic styles, in analytical genresof journalism, but also in spontaneous communication. In different types of texts, they have various functions (for instance, esthetic, pervasive etc.), but they are often used without concretepurpose. Although we do not connect these features with a special functional style, they can alsobe found there.

Roman-Catholic parish registers as a source of information about Polish society living under the Russian rule in the period of Partitions in the second half of the 19th century

Author(s): Leonarda Dacewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The paper focuses on register books of the Biłystok and Grodno deaneries from the years 1865–1918. These deaneries used to form a part of the Vilnius diocese, located in the north-east of the former Polish territory. The 19th century presents a special period in the history of Poland; this country existed only in the minds of the Poles as it had been divided among Austria, Prussia and Russia and thus erased from the political map of Europe for a long time. The investigated territory belonged to the Russian Empire, and the Russian language, implemented by the Russian authorities, gradually penetrated more and more spheres of the social life. The aim of the paper is to point out the research value of the register books for the knowledge of the society in the given period, and also the general description of anthroponymy, characterizing the social strata after implementing Russian as an official language of the Roman Catholic Church administration. And also, because the 19th century anthroponymy of the given regions has been so far for several reasons paid little attention, there are also presented methods of identifying individuals registered in these books.

Despre fenomenul kitsch

Author(s): Mariana Mantu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 05+06/2019

According to dictionaries, kitsch is defined as a term that has been used to designate an object of bad taste, a reproduction on industrial-scale of copies of artworks with the purpose of commercial capitalization. Another approach of the term refers to all those pseudo-art objects that promote bad taste, firstly through the low qyuality of materials that exclusively replace the original ones, then by the symbolism they transmit, i.e. the imitation of art-works from a simplistic perspective in which the rigors of valuable artistic creations are abandoned. If one considered only the above definition, this would mean a simplistic approach for an ample phenomenon that penetrated not only the artistic field, but also society, starting with 1860-1870, when the term kitsch appears for the first time. Starting with this period, the kitsch phenomenon has had a perpetual evolution, changing into a concept that makes reference to different levels of the social existence. That is why the paradigm of the term becomes an extensive one: the kitsch –man, the kitsch behavior and mentality, the kitsch language or the invasion of the elements characterizing the phenomenon in today’s mass media. It is also worth considering the synonymous series of the term that mainly includes a negative conotation(bad taste,dilettantism, stereotype, lack of originality etc.), neglecting an aspect that can relativize the paradigm: if kitsch had not existed, we would not have known what real art is.

Interaction in argumentative essays: the case of engagement

Author(s): Hesamoddin Shahriari,Farzaneh Shadloo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Given the importance of interaction in academic discourse, researchers have investigated the use of stance and engagement markers in written academic texts. However, few of these studies have analyzed engagement features in a genre such as the argumentative essay. Employing Hyland’s (2001) engagement framework, this paper examined the use of five engagement markers in a corpus of argumentative essays written by EFL learners across three levels of essay quality. All features of engagement were manually coded and normalized and a one-way ANOVA was subsequently run for analyzing the frequency counts. The findings showed a disassociation between the presence of engagement markers and the overall quality of EFL learners’ essays. The current study offers insight into the interactional nature of argumentative essays. We conclude with a discussion of some of the implications so that educators may provide EFL learners with more adequate support in order to write in a more persuasive way.

Standardizace zeměpisných jmen mezi dvěma světovými válkami

Author(s): Jana Matúšová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2020

The Geographical Names Commission was established at the beginning of the 1930s. It was an advisory board of the Military Geographical Institute which was responsible for the creation of maps in Czechoslovakia between the two world wars. The documents showing the activities of this commission are archived at the secretariat of the current Geographical Names Commission working at the State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre in Prague. The commission working in the 1930s was responsible for the correct linguistic form of geographical names (minor place names) used in the maps of Czechoslovakia. This article analyses the standardization of several problematic names (Velička/Velečka, Vsacká/Vsetínská Bečva, Ždánský/ Ždánický les, Hloučela/Hlučela, Olše/Olza, Olšava/Olsava, Vlára/Vlář) on the basis of historical documents. It describes the principles used in this process and compares the forms standardised in the 1930s with the names in the maps and in the usage in the regions today.

Jana Matúšová ‒ Irena Švehlová: Historie názvoslovných komisí

Author(s): Michaela Boháčová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2020

Observaţii asupra vulgarizării ştiinţifice în terminologia IT

Author(s): Alexandru Dan Anghelina / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 64/2015

Computers, smartphones and the Internet have become an important part of our daily lives. As a consequence, large number of people come into contact with strictly specialized IT terms. The first part of the paper deals with the terms variation and scientific popularization from a sociolinguistic perspective. The second part of the article focuses on describing some of the mechanisms used in scientific popularization texts that, theoretically, can help non-specialists understand the meaning of some frequently used IT terms. The discussed mechanisms are the use of paraphrases, semantic relations such as synonymy, hyponymy, and metaphors.

Hungarian Dialectology. Research of Hungarian Dialects in Romania

Author(s): Csaba Attila Both / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

After the Treaty of Trianon, the long history of research on the Hungarian dialects in the neighbouring countries did not cease. A previous article on the history of research on Hungarian dialect islands reviewed the significant achievements of Hungarian dialect research up to 1920 (Both 2020b). In the present article, we summarize the essential periods and results of Hungarian dialect research in Romania from 1920 to the present day. The article will show how in the last one hundred years a Hungarian-language department in a minority environment has redirected its research, resulting in a decreasing share of dialectological research, and how, despite these developments, the Hungarian dialectological community in Romania has enriched the Hungarian dialectology research with significant results.

Zur Bildung von Personenbezeichnungen nach den Vorstellungen von einer gendergerechten Sprache. Kritische Bemerkungen zum deutschen und zum polnischen Sprachgebrauch

Author(s): Edyta Błachut / Language(s): German Issue: 9/2020

The change of social, political and professional gender roles has affected the way gender distinctions are expressed in language in different social groups including the scientific community. Gender distinctions can be either marked or they can be neutralized. The goal of this article is to present different ways of forming gender-sensitive expressions in Polish and German. Both German and Polish employ many linguistic devices to make gender distinctions, which can be either reflected in spelling and word-formation (e.g. using the gender marking asterisk * or gender marking suffixes) or in the linguistic system (e.g. new forms describing feminine job titles). The presented examples are discussed from various perspectives (form and content, grammatical acceptability, stylistic level, etc.).

WSPÓŁCZESNE MOTYWACJE IMIENNICZE W WOJEWÓDZTWIE PODLASKIM NA PODSTAWIE BADAŃ ANKIETOWYCH

Author(s): Małgorzata Gawrońska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

The present paper attempts to establish the motives behind baby‑naming trends and parents’ choices in the recent years (2018–2021). It also aims to present the repertoire of the names of children aged 0–2 collected by means of a questionnaire created for the purposes of this research study. The repertoires of female and male children’s names were compared with those of their parents’, which allowed for determining differences and presenting the changes in naming trends over the two generations. The questionnaire created at the platform https://www.interankiety.pl was widespread in Facebook groups focusing on pregnancy, labour and maternity. It was active from the 18th November to the 6th December 2020. A semantic and quantitative analysis showed that the collected material reflects the current fashion in naming: the most popular onyms in the repertoire of names from the parents’ generation, Łukasz and Anna, do not occur in that of children’s names. Conversely, the most popular children’s names, Jan and Zuzanna, were not recorded in the collection of parents’ names. The material attests to the growing popularity of multiple names and an increasing variety of onyms, which is corroborated by a large number of individual names in the analysed corpus. Parents’ responses concerning naming motivations show that subjectively interpreted aesthetic considerations dominate (65%), followed by the combination of first names and the last name (34%). The third most popular factor was the possibility of shortening names and creating diminutives (31%). Other responses to the closed questions and many extensive answers to the open questions prove that baby‑naming is very important to the modern parent. Parents’ motivations are complex and multifaceted, significantly different from the Old Polish naming practices, as shown by the analysed data.

Tolkien: Esperanto, Sindarin and Welsh

Author(s): Paul Harry Barron / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2022

La majstroverko de Tolkien estas sendube La Mastro de la Ringoj, en kiu la aŭtoro rakontas fantastan epopeon de lando, kiun li nomas Meza Tero. Por ĉi tiu mondo, li kreis almenaŭ dek kvar lingvojn, unu por ĉiuj popoloj, kiuj enloĝas ĝin. La du plej bone konataj estas Quenya kaj Sindarin, kiuj estas la lingvoj, kiujn parolis la Elfoj. Dum sia tuta vivo, Tolkien interesiĝis pri lingvoj, aparte mezepokaj ĝermanaj lingvoj, sed li ankaŭ multe amis la kimran lingvon, kaj multe admiris la finnan. Unu el la ĉefaj kialoj de tiuj admiro kaj amo de tiuj lingvoj estis la fakto, ke ĉiuj posedis literaturon, kiun li konsideris eposa kaj epopea, kaj li esprimis bedaŭron, ke la moderna angla ne havis tian literaturon. Junaĝe, li promesis verki epopeojn por dediĉi al la angla kaj la angla nacio. Kiam li unue renkontis Esperanton, li plene subtenis ĝiajn idealojn, sed, pro la fakto, ke la lingvo estis tro juna por posedi eposan literaturon, li iom post iom forlasis la movadon. Uzante sian konon de la finna lingvo, lia unua provo de lingvokreado estis la pra-Quenya, en kiu li verkis poezion. Li poste kreis Sindarin-on, bazita sur la kimra lingvo. Li verkis la epopeon La Mastro de la Ringo, por doni al siaj lingvaj kreaĵoj kvazaŭan historian fundamenton. Sindarin kaj Quenya pluevoluis kaj estas nun parolataj de komunumoj tra la tuta mondo.

W świecie niemieckich nazw własnych

Author(s): Mateusz Kminikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38/2022

Review of: Gerhard Koß, Namenforschung. Eine Einführung in die Onomastik, Tübingen: Niemeyer 2002, wyd. nr 3, 248 stron

Povești ale vorbelor. Cuvinte și lucruri

Author(s): Mariana Istrate / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2022

Starting from the phrase words and things, we aim to circumstantialize, based on the information provided by dictionaries, encyclopedias and scientific works, where possible, the historical and cultural factors that resulted in the appearance and changes in the meanings of some words, related to the history of their referents, i.e. things. We shall insist on those that can be localized in time of space, as they are connected to well-known historical events or persons. Since such information cannot be provided in the definitions in lexicographic works, we have tried to synthetically and accessibly combine etymological interpretations with historical and cultural details.

Příslovečné výrazy typu po česku a po havlovsku

Author(s): Tomáš Jelínek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 27/2023

The aim of the article is to describe prepositional phrases of the type po česku ‘in the Czech way’ and po havlovsku ‘in Havel’s way’, a phenomenon on the borderline between word formation, morphology and syntax to which classical grammar pays little attention. The phenomenon is studied on the basis of diachronic, synchronic and parallel corpora of the Czech National Corpus. The type po česku is documented in old and middle Czech texts; it attained its frequency peak in the 19th century and since then it has been gradually declining, but it is still productive today, with more than 1000 various lemmas found in the SYNv10 corpus. We present the semantic and syntactic properties of this phenomenon, and on the basis of parallel corpora, we study similar phenomena in other Slavic languages. The prepositional phrase of the type po česku and po havlovsku is the most productive type of prepositional phrases combining a preposition and a short (nominal) form of an adjective: these phrases are discussed in general at the end of the article.

IL CONTATTO LINGUISTICO SLAVO-ROMANZO ATTRAVERSO IL LESSICO CULINARIO ISTRIANO

Author(s): Suzana Todorović,David Bizjak / Language(s): Italian Issue: 45/2023

Nel presente contributo si andrà ad illustrare il contatto linguistico slavo-romanzo sulla scorta di una selezione di espressioni istriane tratte dall’ambito culinario, che risultano essere di uso comune tra i parlanti di dialetto istrosloveno. Oltre alla varietà savrina del dialetto istriano, questi ultimi parlano anche il sottodialetto risanese, entrambi idiomi rilevabili unicamente nell’entroterra delle città costiere slovene. Il dialetto istrosloveno è ormai da secoli in contatto con l’istroveneto, che fino a non molto tempo fa rappresentava la lingua istriana principe in cui tutti, in Istria, solevano comunicare. Appartenente al gruppo dei dialetti veneti, il dialetto istroveneto fu introdotto in Istria ad opera della Serenissima a partire dal X secolo. Lo specifico status sociolinguistico che lo caratterizzava favorì nel tempo un intenso contatto tra gli idiomi di matrice slava e quelli di matrice romanza, che si tradusse nell’incessante acquisizione di prestiti romanzi da parte della popolazione rurale di origini slave per influsso della lingua istroveneta parlata nei centri urbani. Tale commistione si manifesta tuttora in diversi ambiti, a livello di prestiti lessicali, calchi, ordine dei costituenti della frase e sintassi. In questo articolo si procederà pertanto a una disamina etimologica dei prestiti lessicali romanzi rilevati nelle località di Sant’Antonio, Carcase, Boste, Antignano, Bertocchi, Saredo e Pomiano 1 durante una serie di ricerche dialettologiche sul campo, nel cui ambito sono stati attestati non solo singoli elementi lessicali, ma anche racconti in dialetto che gettano luce su alcune curiosità legate alla storia della cucina istriana e alle abitudini alimentari degli istriani. Nello specifico, i dialettofoni sono stati chiamati a rendere conto del lessico culinario sulla scorta di un questionario composto da 40 concetti afferenti al campo semantico “cibo e bevande”, dopodiché, anche avvalendosi di opportuna letteratura scientifica di riferimento in ambito dialettologico ed etimologico, si è passati alla fase di estrapolazione dei romanismi e relativa giustificazione etimologica.

Największe osiągnięcia językoznawstwa indoeuropejskiego ostatniego stulecia – teoria laryngalnych, paradygmaty akcentuacyjno-apofoniczne, derywacja wewnętrzna i system Calanda

Author(s): Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 77/2021

The article presents selected achievements of Indo-European linguistics that have been made since the beginning of the 20th century up to the present, concentrating especially on the laryngeal theory, the reconstruction of the proto-language accent-ablaut paradigms, internal derivation and the Caland system. The author observes that there are no Polish scientific publications describing the current state of research and, as a consequence, most of the Polish publications that deal with the Proto-Indo-European era are based on outdated reconstructions.

Polskie liczebniki główne w świetle gramatyki kognitywnej

Author(s): Hubert Kowalewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 77/2021

The article discusses the semantics of Modern Polish adjectival numerals from the range 5-10 and 100. The theoretical background for the analysis is Ronald Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar. The main assumption in the article is that the evolution of numerals consisted in shifting the relational (adjectival) aspect to the profile of the numeral, which resulted in the numerals gradually losing their nominal character. The process, however, has not been completed, since the numerals under discussion retain some of their original nominal properties. This profile shift, best accounted for in terms of conceptual metonymy, was facilitated by the high vitality of the relational aspect of meaning in relation to the nominal aspect.

Rozpor mezi formou a funkcí: specifika infinitivu ve vybraných valenčních pozicích

Author(s): Jarmila Panevová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2023

Although the Czech language has two forms of infinitive (active and passive) in its morphological paradigm, infinitive constructions can be found where this opposition is not employed and the active vs. passive interpretation depends on the context. This article focuses on active infinitives which convey meanings primarily expressed by passive infinitives. The verbs which govern such infinitives are divided into several classes: (a) ‘potřebovat’ [to need], ‘zasluhovat’ [to deserve], (b) verbs of movement, such as ‘poslat’ [to send], ‘přinést’ [to bring], ‘odvézt’ [to take away], (c) ‘žádat’ [to require], ‘odmítat’ [to refuse]. The competition between the active forms of the infinitive and the analytic passive forms, coreference between the valency members of the governing verbs and the hidden valency member of the infinitive are analyzed. Quantitative insights into how the phenomenon under study is represented in the Czech National Corpus are provided. The article concludes with a terminological proposal to complete the system of functions in the domain of infinitive constructions.

Deprecatory Ethnonyms: The Case of Boanghin

Author(s): Imola Katalin Nagy / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

In this study, we aim to analyse the origin and semantics of one of the lexemes used by Romanians to refer to Hungarians: boanghin(a), also used as boanghen(a). Besides a meta-analysis of this ethnic slur (emergence, meaning, semantic shifts, and etymology), we also refer to literary works in which these terms have been used. The archaic boanghin, or boanghen seems to be a political construct which has the purpose of naming the enemy and personifying the evil. It is a typical case of verbal abuse, mockery, or insult which used to display a significant amount of collectively formed, pejorative connotation. Today it is old-fashioned, as it has been replaced by another slur, i.e. bozgor, which is going to be presented in a forthcoming study.

OJKONIMI ZOOMORFNOGA POSTANJA U TOPONIMIJI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Indira Šabić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 24/2023

The article is devoted to the study of oikonyms of Bosnia and Herzegovina, formed from zoomorphic motifs. The relationship between the oikonym and the zoonym is discussed. How animal terms perform the function of place names has been demonstrated with examples. In the main part of the paper, the author presented the semantic types of zooikonyms. The approach includes the formation and etymology information. Accordingly, the largest number of zooikonyms are of Slavic origin while only one is Greek, which only underlines the theses of the Slavic naming continuum in terms of place naming. It is concluded that the study of zooikonyms is important not only for determining the fauna of the region but also for the relatisnship between man and nature.