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This article deals with the Croatian and Serbian translation of the Silesian dialect, which appears in Wojciech Kuczok’s novel Gnój. The analysis includes the dialect stylization present in the source text, as well as the strategies and techniques used for its translations. The various translation solutions used by the translators also were compared and evaluated.
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The subject are Polish archaic words whose equivalents are in active use in modern Bulgarian. The aim is to reveal the composition of this group of archaisms and to show the main reasons that led to the Polish-Bulgarian asymmetry in terms of archaism. The conducted research shows that about 140 lexemes that have been archaized in Polish are present in Bulgarian. Among them, lexical and semantic archaisms prevail, while archaic words are in a smaller number. The thematically studied archaisms belong mainly to categories related to human, for example, to physical and mental characteristics, to everyday life or to interpersonal relations. By origin, archaisms are both native and borrowed words. From a formal point of view, Polish archaic words and their modern Bulgarian counterparts are identical, with minimal or more divergence. From the point of view of semantics, most Polish-Bulgarian lexical pairs have the same meaning, there are also pairs with a greater or lesser meaning divergence consisting in broadening or narrowing the semantics of the Bulgarian word compared to the Polish one. The reasons that contributed to the occurrence of the Polish-Bulgarian asymmetry in the field of the archaization of lexis are not strictly linguistic in nature, but represent the social, historical and political aspect of the language. They reflect the way in which scientific terminology was developed, social attitudes towards influences from foreign languages, the specificity of social relations and the process of shaping the standard language in both countries.
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The paper presents the results of research in the field of Slovak acquisition as a Foreign Language in the initial phase (language level A1). The aim of our work is to use the method of Error Analysis to justify errors in the use of prepositions in the accusative case and locative case in singular form in written communications speaking the mother tongue of non-Slavic and nonphilological focus. We notice student's interlanguage as a means of understanding in the process of second language learning. In the research part we will try to analyze the errors that occurred during the collection of language data - 24 texts of students of the Faculty of Medicine at the Slovak Medical University in Bratislava created for teaching during the first semester of study. The data serve as background material for current dissertation research
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In the present paper we examine the extent to which age, gender, and education affect the use of the Spisz regional dialect. It is widely assumed that only elderly speakers use pure dialect with no influences of the standard variety of Polish, whereas other generations mix the dialectal with the standard grammar. The data are drawn from the Spisz Corpus. Eight features were chosen, six of them pertaining to inflection, two others to syntax. Though the number of non-dialectal features increases with each generation, it remains, however, quite limited. Still, this is not true in the case of the syntactic idiosyncrasies of the regional dialect, which are almost entirely abandoned by younger generations. Also, women are more prone to use dialectal forms compared to men. Finally, the higher the education of the speaker, the higher the amount of non-dialectal forms, again with the notable exception of academic degree holders, who master code-switching better. In general, however, the Spisz regional dialect is well-preserved by its speakers.
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The article deals with the topic of teaching Polish as a foreign language to Slovenes. The aim is to present the impact of the negative transfer on learning Polish by Slovenes and to discuss the errors they make due to interference. The material was excerpted from the written works of MA students of Polish Studies in Ljubljana. Negative transfer occurs at all levels of language education, also among students who are fluent in Polish. The article also presents effective strategies for working with Slovenes to eliminate negative transfer errors, i.e. a departure from a communication strategy in favour of a contrastive approach, translation tasks and exercises based on the technique of language drill.
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The article is a summary of research conducted to date in the field of polish dialectal phraseology. In the following parts, the author discuss-es: 1) the history of research on polish dialectal phraseology; 2) achievements in this field; 3) methods used to describe dialectal phraseological material; 4) research perspectives (most of all the most urgent needs); 5) ways to use dialectal phraseology by representatives of other fields.
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Phraseology as a science has significant developments and achievements, which is confirmed by a considerable number of works by researchers devoted to the problems of the nature and semantics of phrasemes that function in Ukrainian dialect speech. In the article lexicographic works and atlases, directions for solving theoretical problems in scientific research, the choice and justification of methodology and principles in the systematization and description of the phraseological units of Ukrainian dialect speech have been analyzed; the importance of complex studies, which combine structural and semantic analysis of phraseological units has been noted, their functional features and semantic organization, contextual possibilities have been taken into account.The method of autocommenting for records and analysis of phraseological units of dialects is described, that will enable faster and more complete filling of the empirical base of the Ukrainian language; methods of textoriented processing of folk phraseology are substantiated and tested.
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The aim of the article is to establish the etymology of a subdialectal word luskopy ‘shoulder yoke for carrying buckets of water. Luskopy functions as an indivisible word but it probably originated from the German compositum. The noticeable parallelism between the names of yokes and harness parts suggests that the first segment of the analysed compound may come from the German Ross ‘horse’. The second part of the compound may be derived from the German Koppel meaning a ‘leather belt’ or a ‘yoke’, or Kappe ‘headgear’.
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The subject of the article is swaczyna – a little-known dialect name for an afternoon meal. The aim of the article is to analyze the meaning of this word, to show its functioning against the background of the region’s folk culture, to discuss its origin and synonyms, as well as to show how the lexeme’s meaning changed together with the cultural behaviour patterns denoted by it. The analysis combines the linguistic and cultural perspectives. The research is based on chronologically diverse ethnographic materials, own field materials and materials extracted from the record of Słownik gwar śląskich [Dictionary of Silesian Sub-dialects]. The subject is a part of an important and current effort to protect intangible cultural heritage, which – in accordance to the UNESCO convention of 2003 – consists in the preservation of and passing the heritage (in the form of language and customs), for instance by examining and documenting it.
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The article shows the richness of field material which has been practically neglected in previous explorations. Due to the lack of relevant certificates in the available studies, the assumption was to present relatively extensive field documentation. The nature of the study combines lexicographic invetigations with the presentation of the results of these explorations. The mentioned material was obtained in the years 2005–2020; these are reports from the inhabitants of various parts of Poland – mainly, however, from Greater Poland – with almost 70 research points. Contrary to the accepted view that colostrum is not used in traditional cooking, the presented material proves that this tradition is very alive in rural areas.
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The article presents the general characteristics of Georg Wenker’s questionnaires for the German Language Atlas written in Slavonic languages (Czech, Lusatian, Kashubian, and Polish) and the methods used to compile them. The materials from East Masuria (e.g. phonetic features, lexis) are discussed in detail. The text points out the importance of questionnaires in the reconstruction of the old dialect system and the study of language change, especially in border areas. Moreover, attention has been drawn to the use of surveys as a source of information on old customs, folk costumes and reli-gious practices.
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The purpose of the article is to discuss the names of folk costumes from contemporary speech of the inhabitants of Spiš in Poland. It is common knowledge that as the traditional forms of rural life disappear, so do archaic names replaced by new, more general terms.The data come from the Spiš Dialect Corpus. The obtained results consist of a collection of about 150 names of elements of folk costumes. The description is divided into thematic fields concerning men’s and women’s outfits. The names vary in terms of formality, semantics, geography and frequency.
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The article focuses on the noun hasen / hasyn / hasynt, as well as the verb hasnować together with its prefix derivatives as they function in the local dialect of the village Bugaj at the Carpathian Foothills (Biecz commune, Gorlice county). In the local dialect of the Biecz region, the verb hasnować ‘to benefit from sth., to be profitable, beneficial’) – a derivative from the Slovak word hasen ‘profit, benefit, income,’ itself being of Hungarian origin (or considered to be a direct Hungarian borrowing) –has gained a new meaning: ‘to waste, to squander,’ and has come to collocate with names of material goods, money, property, etc. The article presents the lex-icographic documentation of the analysed group of words, the territorial range of their usage, origin, meanings, as well as a hypothesis on the reasons underlying the semantic changes.
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Dialectological field research in areas with acomplicated sociolinguistic situation requires the explorer to have historical and ethnographic knowledge. This paper presents amethod of examining language contacts in aborderland based on archival materials and museum objects. By using this method, aresearcher learns about new cultural contexts, obtains new dialect material; it also facilitates contacts with the informants. This method allows us to look at museum materials as helpful instruments in dialectological field research rather than only “dead” matter
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This article presents the most relevant information on the history of dialectological research in Poznań and its context, the academic achievements of the Poznań University enjoyed in cooperation with the Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences. The two institutions have greatly contributed to the development of Polish studies including dialectology.The presented information pertains chiefly to the relatively unknown accomplishments of the dialectol-ogy team, for example a phonographic archive containing recordings of utterances of informants born in the second half of the 19th century (the oldest interlocutor was born in 1855). Together with contempo-rary recordings, the collection contains approximately 3,700 hours of rural speech. The entire archive is available in a digital version.The text is supplemented with information about the history of Poznań dialectology and the contemporary activities of the team of the Dialectology Workshop at the Poznań University, mainly lexicographic works
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This article presents the most relevant information on the history of dialectological research in Poznań and its context, the academic achievements of the Poznań University enjoyed in cooperation with the Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences. The two institutions have greatly contributed to the development of Polish studies including dialectology.The presented information pertains chiefly to the relatively unknown accomplishments of the dialectology team, for example a phonographic archive containing recordings of utterances of informants born in the second half of the 19th century (the oldest interlocutor was born in 1855). Together with contempo-rary recordings, the collection contains approximately 3,700 hours of rural speech. The entire archive is available in a digital version.The text is supplemented with information about the history of Poznań dialectology and the contemporary activities of the team of the Dialectology Workshop at the Poznań University, mainly lexicographic works
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This work connects with the dialectological aspect of linguistic geography. The analysed material consists of inventory ledgers kept in Wielkopolska in the second half of the 18th century for nobility possessions. It is assumed that the then regional variety of the Polish language spoken in Wielkopolska was geographically diverse and this diversity was anything but accidental. It was affected by the education of the communication actors (including the writers) and their command of the literary Polish language, dialectal influences, impact of foreign languages, presence of archaic and innovative elements. This diversity is reflected in inventory ledgers; an analysis thereof was aimed at excerpting examples of lexical variants. This work contains 4 selected examples: ‘bogaty chłop’ [a wealthy farmer], ‘ziemniaki’ [potatoes], ‘mała izba’[a small room], ‘niebieski’ [blue]. Maps have been created for them. The analytical part is followed by generalisation of the variability in the surveyed sources (types of variability, its sources, levels, types of variants).
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The article is an attempt at verifying the general opinion about “a vast multitude” of diminutives in Slavic languages, including dialects. An analysis has been carried out of texts recorded by Z. Sobierajski in 1951-1953 and published in a volume of slightly more than 200 pages of texts from 11 locations in western Wielkopolska region (Sobierajski, 1985). Contrary to the expectations, the number of diminutives in these texts is negligible. They do not represent more than 0.5% of the registered word forms (whose total number in the volume amounts to 62,711). What is surprising is the redundant, surplus expression of ‘smallness’ by means of the MAŁY (small) type. MAŁY + a diminutive appeared 38 times thus representing 61.29% of the MAŁY lexeme in the texts.
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The subject of this article is the machine translation (MT) of the German terms Lehrbefugnis (“authorisation to teach”) and Lehrbefähigung (“teaching qualification”) into Polish. After highlighting the role of these terms in international academic careers, their semantics are described and basic information about the principles of MT are outlined. The structural equivalents of German terms in Polish and typical mistakes made by translators are also discussed. The analysis concludes that translators are not yet able to translate such specific terms correctly, therefore further work (also of a linguistic nature) is necessary to improve the quality of translations, e.g. by supplementing lexical resources.
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The aim of the article is to describe the first separate dictionary of Polish veterinary terminology, published two times in 1876. The first time as a supplement to Uzupełnienie słownika łacińsko-polskiego wyrazów lekarskich (Supplement to the Latin-Polish Dictionary of Medical Terms) of 1876 and the other time as an offprint of this supplement. The sixteen-page dictionary has 297 foreign-language entries (mainly Latin and German) with Polish equivalents – single terms or in synonymic series. The Polish material comprises a total of 303 terms. These are mainly multi-word names (172). Polish veterinary terms are predominantly native; borrowings or derivatives from them rarely appear among them. The terms collected in Słowniczek refer to various animals (they are most often names of their diseases), however, terms concerning horses predominate. The material in the dictionary is provided with numerous (usually short) annotations. Most of them (over 100) concern Polish terms. Some of these comments are geographical and stylistic qualifiers. The majority of the entries from Słowniczek (283) were repeated in the most important medical dictionary of the 19th century published in 1881.
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