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Формально-структурная характеристика аналитических прилагательных (русско-чешский сопоставительный аспект)

Author(s): Lukáš Plesník / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

The article focuses on the problems of analytical adjectives. These lexical units act, as a rule, in relation to the control word in the definition function. Theoretical information about analytical adjectives (A. A. Reformatsky, M. V. Panov) is the starting point for further research on such lexical units. The presence of analytical adjectives in modern Slavic languages, including Russian and Czech, is closely related to reinforcing trends in analytism and agglutination. The main attention is paid to the formal and structural characteristics of the studied lexical units in the comparative Russian-Czech aspect. Analytical adjectives have a rather diverse and rich formal and structural expression.

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Czeskie i polskie somatyzmy z leksemami hmat/dotyk i kůže/skóra (symbolika i ekwiwalencja wzajemna)

Author(s): Dariusz Tkaczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The use of names of senses and sense organs as a basic component of so-called somatisms, i.e. phraseological units referring to human (animal) body/organism and its functions has a long history which goes back to ancient times. As a linguist and a Slavic studies specialist, the author of this article examines the fact that such phraseological expressions exist in closely related languages and investigates the issue of their equivalence – their mutual translatability. Phraseological expressions play an essential role in the teaching of Czech or Polish and in the work of translators of these languages, since learning, active knowledge and awareness of the content of rich phraseology, which has great semantic significance, are equally important as the knowledge of the vocabulary. In the course of the investigation, the author of this article indicates the meaning, sense and symbolism of taste and the tongue in world cultures, excerpts 40 (2+38) Czech and Polish phrasemes (without proverbs) containing these lexemes from available ‘classic’ dictionaries in which the particular sense hmat/dotyk (“touch”) and sense organ kůže/skóra (“skin”) make the main entry, orders and compares them in terms of equivalence, and presents the quantitative statistical data and the typology by means of three graphs.

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„Gnój” Wojciecha Kuczoka w chorwackim i serbskim przekładzie, czyli o dwóch strategiach tłumaczenia gwary śląskiej

Author(s): Paulina Pycia-Košćak,Nikola Košćak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

This article deals with the Croatian and Serbian translation of the Silesian dialect, which appears in Wojciech Kuczok’s novel Gnój. The analysis includes the dialect stylization present in the source text, as well as the strategies and techniques used for its translations. The various translation solutions used by the translators also were compared and evaluated.

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Czy mówisz po polsku, sąsiedzie? Potrzeby i oczekiwania Czechów i Litwinów wobec platformy do nauki języka polskiego polski.info

Author(s): Irena Masojć,Jiří Muryc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

In their article, Irena Masojć and Jiří Muryc present a multilingual e-learning platform www.polski.info. It is innovative, interactive and user-friendly. Its aim is to facilitate access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for people with different skills, interests and needs. The platform uses modern ICT tools and allows students to learn the language from the very beginning, offering attractive exercises. It is available in several languages and caters to interested parties from many countries. The portal is designed for adults who want to learn Polish and expand their knowledge about Poland. It includes, among many things, Polish language courses at A1 and A2 levels (B1 level in preparation), a guide to Polish grammar, a dictionary with recordings of the correct pronunciation of individual words and phrases, tools for communicating with recipients and sharing posts on social networking sites. On the one hand, Masojć and Muryc refer to the broader context of the needs of potential users of this platform, especially in the area of statistics and the attitudes and recommendations of the European Union. On the other hand, they analyze prospective users’ expectations on the basis of research conducted in two neighboring countries, the Czech Republic and Lithuania. The use of quantitative and qualitative methods in the analysis of survey data has allowed the scholars to determine and compare the needs of Czechs and Lithuanians when it comes to learning Polish and to show the extent to which the structure and content of the emerging e-learning platform will be able to meet them.

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Neukazovacie druhy zámen ako formálne vetné členy

Author(s): Ján Kačala / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

The author proceeds from the general meaning of pronouns as a word class and shows how the general (categorical) meaning of individual types of pronouns translates into particular subtypes of pronouns. The author explains different kinds of pronominal meaning. He pays special attention to the occurrence of relative meaning in pronouns with basic indefinite and demonstrative meaning. The findings are based on living linguistic evidence from Slovak literary praxis.

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Duóm hor nohami a gazďiná f posťeli

Author(s): Dagmar Šimunová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

Duóm hor nohami a gazďiná f posťeli; Dze stoji, tam śpi; Dze baba śedzi na zatku, tam malo poratku – aj takto sa v Betliari (o. Rožňava) či v Dlhej Lúke pri Bardejove hovorilo o gazdinách, ktoré nič nerobia, rady iba vyspávajú alebo vysedávajú, jednoducho sú lenivé. V Tisovci (o. Rimavská Sobota) sa uloží do posťeľi aňi posťeľňica, aby nemusela pracovať, predstiera chorobu, a v Kláštore pod Znievom (o. Martin) o takej, ktorá sa nepriberá do roboty, hovoria, že tá bi ľen románi čítala.

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Polskie archaizmy na tle ich odpowiedników w języku bułgarskim

Author(s): Petar Sotirov / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The subject are Polish archaic words whose equivalents are in active use in modern Bulgarian. The aim is to reveal the composition of this group of archaisms and to show the main reasons that led to the Polish-Bulgarian asymmetry in terms of archaism. The conducted research shows that about 140 lexemes that have been archaized in Polish are present in Bulgarian. Among them, lexical and semantic archaisms prevail, while archaic words are in a smaller number. The thematically studied archaisms belong mainly to categories related to human, for example, to physical and mental characteristics, to everyday life or to interpersonal relations. By origin, archaisms are both native and borrowed words. From a formal point of view, Polish archaic words and their modern Bulgarian counterparts are identical, with minimal or more divergence. From the point of view of semantics, most Polish-Bulgarian lexical pairs have the same meaning, there are also pairs with a greater or lesser meaning divergence consisting in broadening or narrowing the semantics of the Bulgarian word compared to the Polish one. The reasons that contributed to the occurrence of the Polish-Bulgarian asymmetry in the field of the archaization of lexis are not strictly linguistic in nature, but represent the social, historical and political aspect of the language. They reflect the way in which scientific terminology was developed, social attitudes towards influences from foreign languages, the specificity of social relations and the process of shaping the standard language in both countries.

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CHYBY V POUŽÍVANÍ PREPOZÍCIÍ V TEXTOCH CUDZINCOV UČIACICH SA PO SLOVENSKY

Author(s): Vladimíra Bashir Géčová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

The paper presents the results of research in the field of Slovak acquisition as a Foreign Language in the initial phase (language level A1). The aim of our work is to use the method of Error Analysis to justify errors in the use of prepositions in the accusative case and locative case in singular form in written communications speaking the mother tongue of non-Slavic and nonphilological focus. We notice student's interlanguage as a means of understanding in the process of second language learning. In the research part we will try to analyze the errors that occurred during the collection of language data - 24 texts of students of the Faculty of Medicine at the Slovak Medical University in Bratislava created for teaching during the first semester of study. The data serve as background material for current dissertation research

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Speech of the inhabitants of Spisz: Sociolinguistic observations about the disappearance of selected dialectal features

Author(s): Rafał L. Górski,Helena Grochola-Szczepanek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In the present paper we examine the extent to which age, gender, and education affect the use of the Spisz regional dialect. It is widely assumed that only elderly speakers use pure dialect with no influences of the standard variety of Polish, whereas other generations mix the dialectal with the standard grammar. The data are drawn from the Spisz Corpus. Eight features were chosen, six of them pertaining to inflection, two others to syntax. Though the number of non-dialectal features increases with each generation, it remains, however, quite limited. Still, this is not true in the case of the syntactic idiosyncrasies of the regional dialect, which are almost entirely abandoned by younger generations. Also, women are more prone to use dialectal forms compared to men. Finally, the higher the education of the speaker, the higher the amount of non-dialectal forms, again with the notable exception of academic degree holders, who master code-switching better. In general, however, the Spisz regional dialect is well-preserved by its speakers.

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Transfer negatywny w nauczaniu Słoweńców języka polskiego jako obcego – trudności i rozwiązania

Author(s): Marta Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2022

The article deals with the topic of teaching Polish as a foreign language to Slovenes. The aim is to present the impact of the negative transfer on learning Polish by Slovenes and to discuss the errors they make due to interference. The material was excerpted from the written works of MA students of Polish Studies in Ljubljana. Negative transfer occurs at all levels of language education, also among students who are fluent in Polish. The article also presents effective strategies for working with Slovenes to eliminate negative transfer errors, i.e. a departure from a communication strategy in favour of a contrastive approach, translation tasks and exercises based on the technique of language drill.

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Polska frazeologia gwarowa – próba bilansu

Author(s): Maciej Rak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article is a summary of research conducted to date in the field of polish dialectal phraseology. In the following parts, the author discuss-es: 1) the history of research on polish dialectal phraseology; 2) achievements in this field; 3) methods used to describe dialectal phraseological material; 4) research perspectives (most of all the most urgent needs); 5) ways to use dialectal phraseology by representatives of other fields.

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Cтан і проблеми досліджень фразеології українського говіркового мовлення

Author(s): Natalіja Kovalenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2022

Phraseology as a science has significant developments and achievements, which is confirmed by a considerable number of works by researchers devoted to the problems of the nature and semantics of phrasemes that function in Ukrainian dialect speech. In the article lexicographic works and atlases, directions for solving theoretical problems in scientific research, the choice and justification of methodology and principles in the systematization and description of the phraseological units of Ukrainian dialect speech have been analyzed; the importance of complex studies, which combine structural and semantic analysis of phraseological units has been noted, their functional features and semantic organization, contextual possibilities have been taken into account.The method of autocommenting for records and analysis of phraseological units of dialects is described, that will enable faster and more complete filling of the empirical base of the Ukrainian language; methods of textoriented processing of folk phraseology are substantiated and tested.

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Z zagadnień etymologii gwarowej – luskopy

Author(s): Renata Kucharczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The aim of the article is to establish the etymology of a subdialectal word luskopy ‘shoulder yoke for carrying buckets of water. Luskopy functions as an indivisible word but it probably originated from the German compositum. The noticeable parallelism between the names of yokes and harness parts suggests that the first segment of the analysed compound may come from the German Ross ‘horse’. The second part of the compound may be derived from the German Koppel meaning a ‘leather belt’ or a ‘yoke’, or Kappe ‘headgear’.

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Językowo-kulturowe znaczenie swaczyny na Śląsku

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała,Dorota Świtała-Trybek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The subject of the article is swaczyna – a little-known dialect name for an afternoon meal. The aim of the article is to analyze the meaning of this word, to show its functioning against the background of the region’s folk culture, to discuss its origin and synonyms, as well as to show how the lexeme’s meaning changed together with the cultural behaviour patterns denoted by it. The analysis combines the linguistic and cultural perspectives. The research is based on chronologically diverse ethnographic materials, own field materials and materials extracted from the record of Słownik gwar śląskich [Dictionary of Silesian Sub-dialects]. The subject is a part of an important and current effort to protect intangible cultural heritage, which – in accordance to the UNESCO convention of 2003 – consists in the preservation of and passing the heritage (in the form of language and customs), for instance by examining and documenting it.

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Siara w kulinarnej kulturze wsi Z terenowej eksploracji materiału leksykograficznego

Author(s): Jerzy Sierociuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article shows the richness of field material which has been practically neglected in previous explorations. Due to the lack of relevant certificates in the available studies, the assumption was to present relatively extensive field documentation. The nature of the study combines lexicographic invetigations with the presentation of the results of these explorations. The mentioned material was obtained in the years 2005–2020; these are reports from the inhabitants of various parts of Poland – mainly, however, from Greater Poland – with almost 70 research points. Contrary to the accepted view that colostrum is not used in traditional cooking, the presented material proves that this tradition is very alive in rural areas.

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Metody opracowywania historycznych materiałów gwarowych na przykładzie ankiet Georga Wenkera

Author(s): Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article presents the general characteristics of Georg Wenker’s questionnaires for the German Language Atlas written in Slavonic languages (Czech, Lusatian, Kashubian, and Polish) and the methods used to compile them. The materials from East Masuria (e.g. phonetic features, lexis) are discussed in detail. The text points out the importance of questionnaires in the reconstruction of the old dialect system and the study of language change, especially in border areas. Moreover, attention has been drawn to the use of surveys as a source of information on old customs, folk costumes and reli-gious practices.

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Badanie pola tematycznego z zakresu stroju ludowego na podstawie danych z Korpusu Spiskiego

Author(s): Helena Grochola-Szczepanek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The purpose of the article is to discuss the names of folk costumes from contemporary speech of the inhabitants of Spiš in Poland. It is common knowledge that as the traditional forms of rural life disappear, so do archaic names replaced by new, more general terms.The data come from the Spiš Dialect Corpus. The obtained results consist of a collection of about 150 names of elements of folk costumes. The description is divided into thematic fields concerning men’s and women’s outfits. The names vary in terms of formality, semantics, geography and frequency.

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Rzeczownik hasen i formacje pochodne w gwarze Bugaja na Pogórzu na tle innych gwar

Author(s): Halina Karaś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article focuses on the noun hasen / hasyn / hasynt, as well as the verb hasnować together with its prefix derivatives as they function in the local dialect of the village Bugaj at the Carpathian Foothills (Biecz commune, Gorlice county). In the local dialect of the Biecz region, the verb hasnować ‘to benefit from sth., to be profitable, beneficial’) – a derivative from the Slovak word hasen ‘profit, benefit, income,’ itself being of Hungarian origin (or considered to be a direct Hungarian borrowing) –has gained a new meaning: ‘to waste, to squander,’ and has come to collocate with names of material goods, money, property, etc. The article presents the lex-icographic documentation of the analysed group of words, the territorial range of their usage, origin, meanings, as well as a hypothesis on the reasons underlying the semantic changes.

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Dialektologiczne badania terenowe na podstawie kolekcji muzealnej jako metoda budowania nowych kontekstów kulturowych

Author(s): Katarzyna Konczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Dialectological field research in areas with acomplicated sociolinguistic situation requires the explorer to have historical and ethnographic knowledge. This paper presents amethod of examining language contacts in aborderland based on archival materials and museum objects. By using this method, aresearcher learns about new cultural contexts, obtains new dialect material; it also facilitates contacts with the informants. This method allows us to look at museum materials as helpful instruments in dialectological field research rather than only “dead” matter

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Deminutiva gwarowe w systemie i w tekście.

Author(s): Jerzy Sierociuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article is an attempt at verifying the general opinion about “a vast multitude” of diminutives in Slavic languages, including dialects. An analysis has been carried out of texts recorded by Z. Sobierajski in 1951-1953 and published in a volume of slightly more than 200 pages of texts from 11 locations in western Wielkopolska region (Sobierajski, 1985). Contrary to the expectations, the number of diminutives in these texts is negligible. They do not represent more than 0.5% of the registered word forms (whose total number in the volume amounts to 62,711). What is surprising is the redundant, surplus expression of ‘smallness’ by means of the MAŁY (small) type. MAŁY + a diminutive appeared 38 times thus representing 61.29% of the MAŁY lexeme in the texts.

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