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The article aims at a comprehensive presentation of the title topic, based on the vast literature on the subject, a significant part of which comprise the previous publications by the article’s author. The author points to our insufficient knowledge concerning the latest period of Polish language history, Modern Polish.
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The article presents the results of a linguistic and stylistic analysis of 500 Polish-language slogans used during street protests of the Youth Climate Strike in years 2019-2020. The primary goal of the study was to show the treatments that transform street slogans into viral content and internet memes spread on social media. The analysis determined the constructs of the sender and receiver used, types of speech acts, rhetorical figures, mechanisms of language games and intertextual references.
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The article is focused on the research of borrowings and international words in contemporary European languages in the field of fashion design and clothing terminology. The first part of the article presents the reasons for borrowing and considers different scholars’ points of view. Further on the authors provide the periods of terminological borrowings into Russian and Czech languages and determine the supplier language of borrowings into these languages. The body of international words used in five European languages belonging to different families (English, German, French, Russian and Czech) is distinguished on the basis of the terms analysis. In the conclusion the authors emphasize the increasing influence of American English on languages in general and terminologies in particular.
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The differences in cognitive perception of the concept ‘work activity’ in both languages influenced the onomastic mechanism of designation of work. The paper deals with the semantics of Russian lexical units ‘work’ (дело) within the concept ‘work activity’ in comparison with Czech. The selected lexeme is language-specific in Russian. The presented research focuses on one of the possibilities of signification ‘work activity’. The exact definition of the lexical meaning of the selected lexeme is questionable in Russian; therefore the proper use of the expression is for a non-native speaker very difficult. The amount of expressions, in which the lexical unit work (дело) acquires other meanings, is worth further exploration in terms of conceptualizing the work process within the Russian language picture of the world.
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The article deals with the questions of the influence of cultural codes as a means of categorization and evaluation in the sphere of expression and sense aspects of proverbs in Russian, English and Czech. It results from the detailed analysis of the proverbs on the truth and the lies in the languages mentioned above that there are several differences among these languages. Based on the relation of the reference type of the proverbs and the cultural code of the appropriate language, we can assume that ethical rules prevail in the Russian proverbs, and partially in the Czech proverbs while the utilitary rules prevail in the English proverbs.
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Indexical expressions are typical linguistic means aimed at identifying objects in the surroundings of communication participants. Sometimes, however, by using them, one can single out objects beyond the boundaries of the communication context. For example, by using the pronoun he supplemented by an act of ostension directed at a work of art, one can identify the author of that artwork, not the work itself. This is a case of an indirect indexical identification, which consists in the fact that the object of ostension is different from the object of identification of the use of the indexical expression. This phenomenon poses a challenge to semantic theories of indexical expressions. Their content must be modeled such that the transition from the object of ostension to the object of identification is captured. The paper proposes an explanation according to which the semantic content of the occurrence of an indexical expression used for indirect identification is descriptive (rather than referential). Specifically, it is a content in which the object of identification is described on the basis of its contextually relevant relationship to the object of ostension, which can also be expressed through a suitable descriptive expression. Such an explanation avoids some of the problems that indexical terms used for indirect identification bring.
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This text is part of a forthcoming study that examines the male-female agenda, focusing on the involvement of the zoomorphic code and the animal metaphors in shaping the male/ female stereotypes and their relationships in two cognate Slavic languages. Our main idea is to list and compare the animal metaphors (zoometaphors) used in the construction of the images of the man and the woman as a piece of the puzzle that is usually called linguistic picture of the world. With this we hope to clearly outline the ethno-cultural features of the studied problems.
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This article is a response to a discussion by Svorad Zavarský, who criticized the author's previous article on Slovak Panslavism and the historiographical misrepresentation of Kollár and Štúr. The author argues that Zavarský's positivist approach is inappropriate for historical research because it introduces anachronism and ignores the social constructivist theories of nationalism. The author also defends his use of the original nineteenth-century terminology and his analysis of the linguistic taxonomies of Šafařík, Kollár and Štúr. The author concludes that Zavarský's comments reflect his unfamiliarity with the social and political context of the early nineteenth century Habsburg monarchy and the rhetorical choices of the Panslavist thinkers.
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Review of: Dubichynskyi, Volodymir/ Jaskólski, Adam/ Muszyńska-Wolny, Dorota (2021), Leksykograficzna interpretacja rosyjsko-polskich paraleli frazeologicznych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwerystetu Warszawskiego, ss. 237, ISBN 978-83-235-4933-8
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This article discusses the topic of echoic verbs related to the act of eating in the context of their expressive nature in contemporary Polish. The author pays attention to verbs that, according to Maciej Mączyński, indicate the “piggish” model of eating (including ciamkać, glamać, mlaskać, siorbać), verifies which of them are noticed in modern general dictionaries of the Polish language with meanings related to food, and analyses the microstructure of the entries, pointing to indications of the expressive nature of the verbs. She refers the conclusions on the contemporary expressive nature of the analysed verbs to the findings of psychologists regarding misophonia. Moreover, she bases them on observing new phenomena and trends on the Internet, including ASMR, mukbangs, and food challenges. The analysis of contexts has shown that the today’s attitude to the sounds made while eating is differentiated and determined by biological, cultural, psychological, and social factors.
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The article presents the figure of Nikita Ilyich Tolstoy, the founder of the Moscow School of Ethnolinguistics, a historical philologist, linguist, and ethnologist. Nikita Tolstoy researched in the history of Slavic cultures and languages, Slavic comparative linguistics, folk studies, ethnography, and mythology. In his approach, he jointly considered language and spiritual culture, the language of creative activity of a community, and the relationships between them. The article presents and discusses the main ideas of Tolstoy’s rich body of research.
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This article will present the longtime research by Nikita I. Tolstoy in the history of pre-standard Slavic literature. That research was based on his concept of Slavia Orthodoxa as a homogeneous cultural area. Its culture was taken to be very different from the cultural paradigms of non-orthodox Slavia or Western Europe. Tolstoy´s approach is compared here with the official Soviet doctrine of the history of Russian literary language (this view is still being subscribed to). A comparative approach of this kind will hopefully help discover methodological leaks of the Soviet doctrine and will also underpin the need for a broad and comparative approach that includes the whole area of Slavia Orthodoxa.
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This article relates to the work of Nikita I. Tolstoy on the concept of corner in folk beliefs. It covers the intersection of two linguistic fields: phraseology and historical word formation, with elements of etymology. There are two Slavic etymons reconstructed for that concept: *ko˛tъ ‘angle’ and *o˛gъlъ ‘corner’. In contemporary Slavic languages, continuants of either one or both can be preserved. The concept corner (similarly to others concepts related to elements of the house) is rich in connotations. This study presents an analysis of phraseological units with the components kąt ‘angle’ or węgieł ‘corner’ (and their counterparts in other Slavic languages), as well as an etymological and semantic analysis. The etymological analysis concerns the continuants of the Slavic *ko˛t’a ‘house’, derived from *ko˛tъ ‘angle’. The article points to phraseological and etymological connections between the concepts corner and house.
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The paper presents a pilot study of stylometric analysis of Czech Church Slavonic texts. The aim of the study is to measure similarities / differences among texts based on selected quantitative characteristics. Specifically, the average token length (ATL), moving average type-token ratio (MATTR), and text distances determined by normalized frequencies of the most frequent words (MFW) are applied. For the analysis, we used a corpus of twelve Church Slavonic literary writings attributed (with various probability) to Czech authors in the 10th and 11th centuries. In addition, two more textual sources were added (Codex Suprasliensis and the Life of St. Methodius) to compare the results and get a more complex view of relationships among texts. The results show the plausibility of the application of methods on this specific sample of texts.
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Members of the Department of Slovak Language and Literature at the Faculty of Education of Trnava University in Trnava engage in scientific research in the fields of synchrony, diachrony, and language didactics. Their research dedicated to Slovak sign language is unique in a nationwide context. In terms of project and publication activities, research primarily encompasses onomastics, onomastic terminology, historical lexis, territorial and social dialects, translation, analysis and interpretation of Old Church Slavonic texts, philosophy of language, stylistics, orthography, didactics of Slovak language and Slovak sign language. In addition to monographic publications in the field of onomastics, philosophy of language, research of Old Church Slavonic, and sign language interpretation, the department has also produced bilingual dictionaries dedicated to Slovak sign language. Additionally, a significant number of didactic works and scientific studies, often of fundamental significance (e.g., in the fields of Old Church Slavonic translations and Slovak sign language), have been published by department members. As part of its future plans, the department aims to continue working on ongoing projects, plan new projects, collaborate with external partners and media, and contribute to the popularization of science.
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The paper discusses the results of the latest scholarly research of the members of the Linguistics section of the Department of Slavic Philologies of the Faculty of Arts, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, which have been achieved primarily within the framework of research grant schemes over the last 5 to 6 years. These scholarly activities and their results are currently the core of the research trends of the Nitra Slovak studies. Their characteristics are presented in the text in 8 chapters with an introductory brief information about the institutional history of the department. The individual chapters focus on the areas of actual linguistic research in the department, such as mainly the fields of historical linguistics, cognitive linguistics and textual linguistics, sociolinguistics and the theory of standard language, standard norm, machine translation or Slovak language islands abroad. The respective research areas are primarily covered by presentations of recently completed grant projects, or in the relevant parts also by very brief references to research follow-up within the department. The description of the above-mentioned activities of the Nitra Slovak studies concludes with a quick outline of the perspectives of the forthcoming research prospects of the institution under review.
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The paper presents the research and publishing outputs of the Department of Slovak Studies, Slavonic Philologies and Communication at the Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice as a starting point for reflections on the communication nature of texts, especially from the point of view of the author’s intention. In contemporary society, the balance is shifting to what is called “certainty” messages, scientific texts being only a part of them. We see the basic communication difference in the type of sciences in which the texts come into being. Natural sciences discover theories on the basis of which things are produced, humanities and social sciences invent mainly social principles on the basis of which they formulate rules but only philologies study text also as an artistic means of communication having the direct effect not only through reason but through emotions, too. Based on what has been said, we propose – within sciences, on one side natural sciences, and on the other side humanities, and within humanities to separately single out philology/ philologies and adequately assess its (and not only its) research outputs.
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The survey is focused on the presence of essays regarding Slovene culture and language in the Italian journal “Ricerche slavistiche”, during its full seventy years of history, from the beginning to the present time. More specifically, it will establish the amount, typology and continuity of those contributions, trying at the same time to determine how their presence unfolded and developed. Although basically a descriptive survey, an attempt to evaluate the meaning of their presence in the journal will also be made. There were forty Slovene-focused essays published in the journal, unevenly distributed over the time period considered: just a dozen in the first fifty years, whereas in the last twenty years (from 2003 on) there is a very sharp increase in number,entirely due, we must say, to the publication of two special issues, both covering the proceedings of two conferences on Slovene Studies. On the other hand, data clearly shows that the scientific value is constantly high and the typological range constantly wide, throughout the seventy years of life of the journal. From the very beginning, in fact, we find names of prominent scholars, together with younger ones that will become well-known in due time. In both cases, they published interesting and groundbreaking work. In the survey, in the case of people (and research) more distant in time, we provided a detailed context, investigating their relationships, even the personal ones, with Slovene scholars in Italian universities (such as Rome, Padua, Naples and, obviously, Trieste), or viceversa. Instead, in the case of colleagues closer to us in time, we thought it more useful to describe – although in a cursory and rather sketchy way – the content of their research. To summarize, we can say that the oldest Italian journal of Slavic Studies seems to mirror the familiar state of affairs of Slovene Studies in Italy: although scarce in quantity, especially in the first five decades, and somewhat discontinuous, nonetheless the value is good or even excellent, thanks to scholars working either in Slovenia and in Italy, or even in both countries.
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The article is devoted to the research of the semantic scope of the word родина/homeland in modern Slavic languages and its representation in concepts of “the community of people related by kinship”, “a group of close relatives living together” and “the place where a person was born”. The comparison of cultural concepts is aimed at clarifying what semantic transformations this word has undergone in the history of the Russian language. The research has shown that the word родина is still closely related to the word род from which it is derived, not only by word-formation connections, but also by semantic relations that determine the intersection of the concepts in which they participate. As a result of comparative analysis, it was revealed that in some languages the word родина was assigned to one concept; in some it serves two concepts, and in only one language it is spread across all concepts. Only a few languages retained the original affiliation of the word родина with the concept of “a group of close relatives living together”. At the end of the research, it was concluded that in the Russian language the word родина has moved from the concept of “a group of close relatives living together” to the concept of “the place where a person was born”. However, despite the fact that in Russian this word has lost its original meaning of “family”, native speakers of the Russian language continue to intuitively feel it, distinguishing it from other words included in the concept “the place where a person was born”.
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In the article, I review the most recent monographs on Slavic mythology published in the Slovak academic sphere. Since the research in the field of mythology is actively done mostly by linguists and literary scholars, I focus on the contributions from these disciplines. The most fundamental works are the papers and monographs by Martin Golema. In the study, I consider his influence on the contemporary Slavic Studies and young researchers. Special attention is paid to the monograph by Ľubomír Gábor, whose methodological approach is based on Golema’s works. Among the authors, who contributed to the recent research of Slavic mythology in Slovakia, Martin Pukanec is worth mentioning. Pukanec’s work is therefore further discussed in the article. Analyzing his work allows us to see the current state of Slavic mythology from the Slovak perspective and further discuss it.
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