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Morfologinių lietuvių, norvegų ir suomių kalbų kauzatyvų sintaksė

Author(s): Sigita Rackevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2004

The article aims at analyzing the syntactic structures, formed by morphological causatives (causative verbs) in Lithuanian, Norwegian and Finnish languages. The performed analysis allows for drawing the following conclusions: 1) Morphological causatives form syntactic opposites of two types with non-causatives of the corresponding meaning: (a) syntactic oppositions, in which the causative has one satellite more than the non-causative of the corresponding meaning and (b) syntactic oppositions, in which the causative has the same number of satellites as the non-causative of the corresponding meaning. 2) In all the three languages under study the absolute majority of morphological causatives participate in syntactic opposites of type (a). In those opposites the causative takes over the satellites of the corresponding non-causative and subordinates one new satellite, i. e. the causator, which occupies the syntactic position of the subject, e. g. “Sniegas tirpsta – Saulė tirpdo sniegą” (“The snow melts – the Sun is melting the snow”). The syntactic positions of the satellites, taken over from the non-causative in a causative environment depend on the semantics of the causative. 3) In the syntactic oppositions of type (b) there are morphological causatives, expressing causation of a psychic/psychic-physical state. They take over the satellites of the non-causative and do not subordinate any new satellites. The syntactic position of the subject is most frequently taken by the non-causative satellite, performing the role of the cause for the state, e. g. “Aš pykstu dėl tavo elgesio -- Tavo elgesys mane pykdo” (“I’m upset at your behaviour – You behaviour upsets me”). Such constructions are found in Lithuanian and Finnish languages, since in Norwegian there are no morphological causatives, expressing the causation of a psychic/psychic-physical state.

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BŪDVARDŽIŲ VARTOSENOS YPATYBĖS REKLAMOS KALBOJE

Author(s): Skaistė Nenartavičiūtė,Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 27(32)/2015

The objectives of the study were to identify the semantic groups of the adjectives incorporated into the advertisements and to discuss the relationship between the adjective usage and manipulation strategy of the advertisements. A total number of 400 advertisements (totally 853 adjectives) have been taken from the newspapers Kauno diena, 15 min, Vakaro žinios and magazines Žmonės, Psichologija tau, Panelė, Cosmopolitan, Autocar, and Keturi ratai. The analysis revealed that most often the adjectives in the advertisements have the meanings of value, quality, and physical property. The general conclusion of this study is that advertisements in magazines are conveying information about gender differences through their language. The advertisers’ objective is to cater to women and men’s separate interests and their desires. The language used in male advertisements with fewer modifiers seems to be tougher and more straightforward, while the language in female magazines is more colourful. The adjectives used in male advertisements are precise and concrete; whereas, for female viewers – hyperbolised. They usually emphasize emotions, feelings, and femininity. The analysis of adjectives in the advertisements has shown that advertising does not only form stereotypes and images, but as well reflect peculiarities of contemporary world, consumer behaviour, and their specific features.

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КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННАЯ РЕДУКЦИЯ ГЛАСНЫХ НА МЕСТЕ ГРАФИЧЕСКИХ «А» И «О» ПОСЛЕ ТВЕРДЫХ СОГЛАСНЫХ В РУССКОЙ РЕЧИ В ЛИТВЕ

Author(s): Danutė Balšaitytė,Vitalijus Kodzis / Language(s): Russian Issue: 27(32)/2015

This article analyses the absolute duration (ms) of stressed Russian vowels /a/, /o/ (graphs: “a”, “o”) and their allophones in unstressed positions after the hard consonants in the pronunciation of native and non-native Russian speakers in Lithuania. The results of the conducted spectral analysis reveal the specificities of quantitative reduction in the speech of the Russian speakers in Lithuania and the Lithuanian speakers that are learning the Russian language. These specificities are influenced by the two phonetic systems interaction. The speakers of both languages by the realisation of “a” and “o” violates the relation of unstressed vowel duration that is peculiar to the contemporary Russian language: the post-stressed vowels in closed syllables are shorter than the pre-stressed vowels; the first pre-stressed syllable differs from the second pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables by a longer voice duration. Both Russians and Lithuanians pronounce vowels longer in poststressed syllables than in the pre-stressed syllables. This corresponds to the qualitative reduction of the Lithuanian language vowels /a:/ and /o:/. There are certain differences between the pronunciation of qualitative vowels “a” and “o” reduction among the native and non-native Russian speakers in Lithuania. The Russian speakers in Lithuania pronounce the second pre-stressed vowel longer than the first pre-stressed vowel; this corresponds to the degree of reduction of pre-stressed vowels “a” and “o” in the standardised Russian language. These degrees of quantitative reduction in the Lithuanian pronunciation are peculiar only for “a” in the Russian language. According to the duration ratio, the unstressed allophones “a” and “o” in the Russian language are closer to the unstressed /a:/ and /o:/ in the Lithuanian language in the pronunciation of Russian-Lithuanian bilinguals than in the pronunciation of Lithuanian speakers.

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O nowszych złożeniach w języku prasy polskiej na Litwie

Author(s): Miroslav Davlevič / Language(s): Polish Issue: -/2015

The aim of the article is to present and analyse group compound words that were recently observed in the Polish press in Lithuania. The process of internationalisation of the analysed lexis is connected to the rise of new means of word formation and constituents in the Polish language. As a result, hybrid constructions emerged, i.e., constructions in which foreign international elements of word formation such as: agro-, bio-, cyber-, eko-, euro-, e-, foto-, tele-, wideo- etc are found. The status of the elements of prefix and parts of these compounds is often difficult to determine — we cannot always explain with most certainty —whether the foreign word structure arose on the Polish ground, or was adapted to it and the separation of the morphological element happened only later. The emerging derived words indicate that foreign lexemes are also rooted in the Polish language in Lithuania. Lexems, presented in the article, are a good example of the international words being an evidence of the unified tendencies within the European lexical division.

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Mежславянские семантические заимствования в русском приказном языке ХVII века

Author(s): Liudmila Pavlovna Garbul / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2014

The article examines the history of the following words found in the MXVIIth-cen. Muscovite diplomatic correspondence: verne ‘devoted (to), faithfully’, vol(’)no ‘one may, one is allowed’, gruda ‘frozen clod on the road’, dokonati ‘realize, carry out; fulfill, put into practice’, zaživati ‘use, employ’, zamykati ‘complete, conclude (about speech, text)’, zaperetisja ‘deny, refuse to admit; keep one’s mouth shut’. The author shows that these words, in the meanings provided here, are cross-Slavic calques in the Russian written language of the XVIIth. The author argues that these specific meanings of verne, gruda, dokonati, zamykati, and zaperetisja are most likely calques from Polish, and vol(’)no, zaživati in the examined sense are probably semantic calques from the written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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Новая английская конструкция типа [N [N]] в славянских языках и причины ее отсутсвия в балтийских языках

Author(s): Cynthia M. Vakareliyska / Language(s): English Issue: -/2011

Наряду с потоком английских лексических заимствований, хлынувшим в славян¬ские языки после 1990 г., в них появилось не свойственное славянским языкам явле¬ние — атрибутивные словосочетания, в которых определяемому имени существи¬тельному предшествует определяющее имя существительное, подобное английской конструкции типа [N [N]], ср. jazz singer и action figure. В этой конструкции, заим¬ствованной независимо друг от друга всеми славянскими языками, определяемое имя представляет собой субстантив — заимствование, вошедшее в язык ранее и, как правило, не через английский язык, а определяющим существительным являет¬ся английский субстантив в нетрансформированной английской морфологической форме, без суффикса, переводящего субстантив в прилагательное, и без окончания, напр.: болг. джаз певец или екшън фигура. Такие определительные конструкции довольно частотны и продуктивны, несмотря на то, что отсутствие прилагательного и флексии в определительной конструкции со вторым определяемым словом пред¬ставляет собой значительное нарушение основных славянских морфологических и морфосинтаксических правил. В статье предлагаются объяснения (с учетом исто-рической перспективы) того факта, что болгарский (и, вероятно, македонский) язык опережает другие славянские языки по частотности и продуктивности рассматрива¬емой конструкции, а также когнитивные основания, по которым славянские языки эту конструкцию допускают, несмотря на трудности усвоения. Обращается внима¬ние на отличие в этом отношении родственных современных балтийских языков.

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К вопросу о формировании польскиx говоров в Литве: полемика вокруг Г. Турской

Author(s): Viktorija Ušinskienė / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2016

One of the most controversial problems in Polish historical dialectology is the ques¬tion of the genesis of the Polish language in the North-East Borderland of Poland, i.e., the variety of the Polish language which has developed in the former territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). Some important aspects of the evolution of this language – first of all – its dialectical substrate and the chronology of the development of its different variants, have still not received an unambiguous interpretation, and this has inspired fur¬ther scientific research. The article deals with the systematization of the main approaches to the chronology of the formation of Polish dialects in Lithuania. It includes a system¬ic survey of the concepts made by important researchers of the Polish language of the borderland, such as K. Nitsch, H. Turska, J. Rieger, I. Grek-Pabisowa, I. Maryniakowa, V. Chekmonas and others. Historical circumstances in the GDL created a special relationship between the local Polish subdialects and the standard (cultural) dialect. Within the conditions of the autoch¬thonic development of the language, its official sub-system is formed on the basis of the dialects, while we can observe the reverse process in Lithuania, as the Polish standard dialect was formed there much earlier than the rural dialects. The areas of the Polish rural subdialects had been formed in the GDL around the second half of the 19th century as a result of the gradual polonization of the Lithuanian and Belarusian countryside. The at¬tempts of several scholars to shift the time of their formation to an earlier period of time, namely to the 16th-18th centuries, seem to be insufficiently convincing.

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Сводный каталог кириллических рукописных книг, хранящихся в Литве: Предварительные материалы

Author(s): Nadezhda (Nadežda) Morozova / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2016

The catalogue was prepared in 2008–2011, within the framework of the research project Lithuanica: Literary Heritage of the Ethnoconfessional Minorities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Part II, funded by the Research Council of Lithuania (contract LIT–1–39). The paper provides brief information about all the Cyrillic manuscripts preserved in the libraries and museums of Lithuania. The catalogue is built on the database principle and includes the following fields: 1) title of the manuscript; 2) keeping place; 3) signature; 4) dating; 5) size; 6) storage; 7) provenance. The database contains information about 426 Cyrillic manuscripts: 419 of the manuscripts are kept in Vilnius, 6 books are found in the Biržai Region Museum Sėla and 1 — in the Rokiškis Region Museum. The collected data about the Cyrillic manuscripts preserved in the libraries and museums of Lithuania suggest that Lithuania has the biggest collection of these artifacts among the Baltic States.

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A corpus-driven analysis of structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments in English and their translation into Lithuanian

Author(s): Donata Berūkštienė / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2017

Formulaicity is one of the characteristic features of legal discourse, which manifests itself not only at the level of wording, “but also in the content, structure and layout” of legal texts (Ruusila & Londroos 2016, 123). Formulaic language, which includes phrasal and prepositional verbs, idioms, collocations, lexico-grammatical associations, lexical bundles, etc., are building blocks of legal discourse shaping legal text meanings. However, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the nature of frequently occurring “sequences of three or more words that show a statistical tendency to co-occur” (Biber & Conrad 1999, 183), i.e. lexical bundles, in different genres of legal texts. Most studies in the field of lexical bundles in legal texts have only been based on one language (e.g. Jablonkai 2009; Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011; Breeze 2013), whereas translation-oriented contrastive studies on lexical bundles are lacking. In respect of the aforementioned gaps, the aim of this pilot study is to analyse structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in English and to examine the way these structures are rendered into Lithuanian. To gain insights into the frequency and structure of lexical bundles, the present study uses the methodological guidelines of corpus linguistics. The classification of lexical bundles into structural types is based on the framework suggested by Biber et al. (1999, 2004). For the purpose of this study, a parallel corpus of court judgments was compiled comprising approximately 1 million words of original court judgments in the English language and about 8 hundred thousand words of court judgments translated into Lithuanian. Lexical bundles in this research were identified using the corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony 2015). A concordance program AntPConc 1.2.0 (Anthony 2017) was employed to find Lithuanian equivalents of the most frequent lexical bundles identified in the English court judgments. The evidence from this study suggests that different structural types of lexical bundles have more or less regular equivalents in Lithuanian; however, in most cases, these equivalents tend to be shorter.

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Лексика прибалтийско-финского и балтийского происхождения в русских говорах Северо-Запада

Author(s): Sergey Myznikov / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2017

The problem of Baltic-Finnish, Baltic and Slavic (Russian) interaction has already been examined by us in various aspects: the differentiation of the Baltic-Finnish substratum in the North Russian dialects; the relationship of these Baltic and Baltic-Finnish origins in the Russian dialects of the Northwest; the Baltisms that are included in the Russian dialects through the medium of the Baltic-Finnish languages, etc. In this article, an attempt is made, on the basis of dialectal materials, to analyze the lexical units included in Russian dialects from the Baltic-Finnic languages with their final Baltsky source. The lexical data considered by us as lexemes of the Baltic-Finish origin are, in some cases, not native to this soil but represent earlier Baltic borrowings. These units of the Baltic-Finnish language continuum are its integral part; they often have a transformed form and semantics in comparison with the Baltic etymons. Later attempts were made either to expand or narrow the list of such units. Some of the lexemes of Baltic origin, being an integral part of the Baltic-Finnish continuum, had spread further to the North Russian dialects.

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Псковские говоры в их синхронно-диахронных отношениях с соседними языками (к фиксации и исследованию)

Author(s): Larisa Kostyuchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2017

The collection and research of the Pskov folk speech have resulted in an understanding of the role of synchronic and diachronic relations of the Pskov dialect to its neighboring languages in the borderzone. Certain unique peculiarities of the Pskov dialect distinguish it from the East Slavic languages and all Russian dialects. The multi-faceted lexicographic work on the Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data compels us to search for the explanation of specific dialectic aspects of certain words (кеп, всегли, мочигло, подпояхаться, приведи булку, etc.) and to find investigational solutions that change established academic judgments. Archaeological data are relevant for the study of the Pskovian ancestors’ contacts with the native speakers of other linguistic systems (Baltic and Finno-Ugrian in the first place). The 20th century has demonstrated that records of the folk speech throughout all stages of preservation must be accurate, as the consideration of even rare facts may lay the foundation of an important discovery and new theoretical conclusions.

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Juk and gi, and “particles” in contemporary Lithuanian: Explaining language-particular elements in a cross-linguistic context

Author(s): Vladimir Panov / Language(s): English Issue: 72/2019

In this paper, I propose to take a fresh look at the elements traditionally termed “particles” in descriptions of Lithuanian. I establish criteria that would allow one to come up with a meaningful classification of such elements, and argue for the descriptive language-particular category of “sentence particles”. I then turn to the syntax and functions of juk and gi, two prominent elements of this category. In order to understand their functions better, I invoke cross-linguistic comparison. I demonstrate that the ideas expressed in the literature on the German particles doch and ja can also be applied to Lithuanian. All four particles exhibit a common meaning component, which I describe as framing the proposition as uncontroversial, but also significant differences. Finally, I provide a brief overview of similar categories in some neighboring and genealogically related languages, and introduce the general methodological and areal-typological dimension of the phenomenon.

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Emotion or Reason? Heart as a Container in English and Lithuanian

Author(s): Inesa Šeškauskienė / Language(s): English Issue: 73/2020

Body part lexemes are among the most frequently metaphorised lexemes across languages and cultures. Heart is often conceptualised as a container for feelings and emotions, especially in Western languages and cultures. The paper sets out to examine a typical construction signalling the image schema of heart as a container: in the/my/his/ her heart in English and šird-yje (heart-loc.sg) in Lithuanian to determine the relevance of the image schema for the semantics of the above construction, especially in reference to emotions and feelings. Also types of containers in each language are identified. The investigation is based on corpus data and the key principles of metaphor identification procedure. The results demonstrate that the construction is mostly used metaphorically in both languages and the container image schema is paramount in interpreting the semantics of the construction. It is employed in at least three senses: container for emotions and feelings, centrality and hiding. However, the distribution of the senses in the two languages is quite different with Lithuanian showing more adherence to the metaphor of a container for emotions and feelings and English giving preference to heart as centre of activity and attraction.

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VEIKSMAŽODŽIO EITI KONSTRUKCIJOS XVI A. LIETUVIŲ KALBOS RAŠTUOSE

Author(s): Agnė Lisauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

This research investigates the semantics and the structure of the constructions with the verb eiti ‘to go’ extracted from the old Lithuanian written texts, dating back to the 16th century. It aims to examine the meanings and the structure of the constructions that contain the motion verb eiti ‘to go’ within their structure. There is a considerable body of research investigating various aspects of motion verbs in different languages of the world, including Lithuanian. However, no studies have so far targeted constructions with the verb eiti ‘to go’, found in the 16th century Lithuanian writings. The present study is based on the qualitative content analysis, quantitative analysis, and frame semantics methodology. The concordances of the Lithuanian texts have been filtered out from the Database of Old Writings digitalised by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. The examples were taken from Martynas Mažvydas’ Katekizmas (MžK) and Forma krikštymo (MžF), Jonas Bretkūnas’ Biblija (BB), Giesmės Duchaunos (BG), Kancionalas (BKa) and Kolektos (BKo), Mikalojus Daukša’s Katekizmas (DK) and Postilė (DP). The frames of Motion, State, Law, Eternity, Service, Opposition, Law, etc., evoked by the selected constructions, were examined using the frame semantics (FrameNet Project). The research has shown that the current constructions with the motion verb eiti ‘to go’ can form the core of the mentioned frames. The observation that has emerged from this analysis is that some meanings of the analysed constructions are conserved in the current Lithuanian language while others have already disappeared. This work could be useful for historical linguists.

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KAI KURIOS POVILO VIŠINSKIO PUBLICISTINIŲ RAŠTŲ RAŠYBOS IR KALBOS YPATYBĖS

Author(s): Bronius Maskuliūnas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

Povilas Višinskis was a significant figure of the Lithuanian culture, society, and politics at the end of the 19th c. and the beginning of the 20th c., an active advocate of the Lithuanian national movement, a member of the national revival organisation Varpas, and a supporter of the movement to regain the banned Latin characters for the Lithuanian language. His creative legacy includes various publicistic works, found in the press or published as separate booklets; that has yet received little attention. The paper analyses some characteristic spelling and language features of publicistic works by Višinskis. Concerning the spelling, a special focus should be on its promiscuity and randomness. The principles of spelling are mixed up, different word forms are used side by side in the same text, and often it is difficult to explain the reasons and consistency of a particular spelling. With this in mind, it is rather difficult to tell which language and spelling is authentic, and which is edited, proofread or corrected by editors. At the same time, it should be pointed out that such variation in spelling is common to Lithuanian writings of that time, reflecting a phase of the developmental process of the standard language at that time. What concerns the language of Višinskis’ publicistic works, it is characterised by the use of some Samogitian features, rather frequent retention of archaic morphological forms (dual number of nouns and verbs, supinum, athematic verbs, archaic pronominal forms) and cases of stem mixing of nouns. His vocabulary is full of dialecticisms, barbarisms, and semantic archaisms. His syntax contains a lot of non-Lithuanian, foreign constructions, especially those with prepositions. In conclusion, one could say that gradually Višinskis’ language and spelling became more homogeneous. In his latest publicistic works, this language and spelling uniformity becomes clear, while particular forms and constructions are used more consistently.

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Žemaitės kūrybos sklaida 1905–1914 metų švietimo sistemoje

Author(s): Ramunė Bleizgienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2020

The article describes the syllabi of Lithuanian language subject for public and private schools prepared in 1905-1914 for the developing modern Lithuanian education system with the aim to determine the extent of representation of Žemaitė’s literary fiction. Referring to previous works by V. Pupšys, V. Pukienė, M. Karčiauskienė, A. Piročkinas and analysis of their sources, 9 syllabi of Lithuanian language and their recommended textbooks have been described in this article. The analysis has shown that Žemaitė first established herself in the Lithuanian education system as the author of the textbook Rinkinėlis vaikams, first published in 1904 and intended for primary schools. Žemaitė emerges as the author of short stories and a co-author of dramas for the first time in 1912 in the syllabus published by J. Kairiūkštis. The attention allocated to her and the list of her works is the same as for the majority of other fiction authors of the time. In 1912 M. Biržiška’s project of the Lithuanian language syllabus Žemaitė is referred to as one of the four women prose writers of the end of the 19th century among G. Petkevičaitė-Bitė, Šatrijos Ragana, and Lazdynų Pelėda.

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Vilniaus universiteto Lietuvių literatūros katedra 2020 metais

Author(s): Dalia Čiočytė,Darius Kuolys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2020

Šiemet sukako 80 metų, kai Vilniaus universitete buvo įkurtos Lietuvių literatūros ir Lietuvių kalbos katedros. Šiai sukakčiai paminėti Lietuvių literatūros katedra kartu su kitomis lituanistinėmis katedromis ir Filologijos fakulteto dekanatu surengė „Lituanistikos dienas“ – kultūrinių ir mokslinių renginių ciklą. Pirmajame ciklo renginyje, spalio 15 d. Šv. Jonų bažnyčioje vykusiame Konstantino Sirvydo trikalbio žodyno 400 m. sukakties minėjime, buvo aptartos senajame Vilniaus universitete kurtos lituanistikos tradicijos. Jame pranešimus perskaitė profesoriai Dainora Pociūtė ir Bonifacas Stundžia, Sirvydo postilės ištraukas skaitė aktorius Algirdas Latėnas, Johanno Sebastiano Bacho kūrinius vargonams atliko Vidas Pinkevičius. Spalio 16 d. VU Mažojoje auloje vyko seminaras ir diskusija „Lituanistika Lietuvos universitetuose: ateitį kurianti tradicija“. Pranešimus seminare skaitė VU rektorius prof. Rimvydas Petrauskas, Lietuvos Respublikos kultūros ministras doc. Mindaugas Kvietkauskas, profesoriai Egidijus Aleksandravičius, Bonifacas Stundžia, Meilutė Ramonienė, Brigita Speičytė. Pranešėjai ir kiti seminaro nariai dalyvavo diskusijoje „Būsimi lituanistikos dešimtmečiai: iššūkiai ir uždaviniai“, kurią moderavo doc. Darius Kuolys.

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Birutė Jasiūnaitė. Lietuvių velniavardžiai

Author(s): Elena Konickaja,Bronė Stundžienė / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The review of: Birutė Jasiūnaitė. Lietuvių velniavardžiai. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2018. 312 p. ISBN 978-609-07-0090-7.

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Markučiai — Markucie — Маркутье: история названий одной виленской местности

Author(s): Birute Sinochkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article deals with the historical Russian toponyms corresponding to the aboriginal Lithuanian Markučiai. In the past, this area has changed a number of names, the historical Russian forms of Маркутье and Маркуци have survived to this day. Based on the data of texts of various genre and stylistic attribution, the functioning of both toponyms can be traced during the 2nd half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The article is an attempt to identify the factors that determined the duality of the historical Russian name. The study showed that the fate of competing toponyms was influenced not only by the real linguistic situation in the Vilna region, but also by the purposeful russification activity of the authorities after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863–1864. The forms of the same type of Belarusian oikonyms, Baltic in origin and ascending to Lithuanian personal names, confirm the non-systemic nature of the Vilna toponym Маркутье.

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Vertimas į lietuvių gestų kalbą per spaudos konferencijas ekstremaliomis COVID-19 pandemijos sąlygomis

Author(s): Natalija Stankevič,Dalia Mankauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14/2021

The article presents a study of the work of Lithuanian Sign Language (LSL) interpreters in the spring of 2020, when live press conferences on the COVID-19 pandemic were interpreted. At the onset of the pandemic, LSL interpreters, like many other national sign language interpreters, were faced with a new form of live interpreting − interpreting under extreme conditions. Over the years the broadcast news interpreting has become routine for LSL interpreters and can be considered as interpreting under normal conditions. During the pandemic, however, LSL interpreters suddenly found themselves having to interpret live press conferences of politicians and experts on the evolving situation of COVID-19, which was a major challenge. Until then, none of them had to interpret under similar conditions in an environment of tension and uncertainty, and without special training on how to interpret in an emergency. The study was based on the methodology of R. L. McKee (2014) for studying the sign language interpreters’ work under extreme conditions during the natural disasters in Australia and New Zealand which distinguished environmental, linguistic, paralinguistic and interpersonal factors, and on in-depth interviews with all 9 LSL interpreters who interpreted during live press conferences on the COVID-19 pandemic. It examines how the aforementioned four factors influenced the work of LSL interpreters.

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